What is Over-the-counter or OTC Contract?
Over-the-counter or off-exchange trading is done directly between two parties, without the supervision of an exchange. It is contrasted with exchange trading, which occurs via exchanges. A stock exchange has the benefit of facilitating liquidity, providing transparency, and maintaining the current market price.
In an OTC trade, the price is not necessarily publicly disclosed.
OTC trading, as well as exchange trading, occurs with commodities, financial instruments (including stocks), and derivatives of such products.
In OTC, market contracts are bilateral (i.e. the contract is only between two parties), and each party could have credit risk concerns with respect to the other party.
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Over-the-counter or off-exchange trading is done directly between two parties, without the supervision of an exchange. It is contrasted with exchange trading, which occurs via exchanges. A stock exchange has the benefit of facilitating liquidity, providing transparency, and maintaining the current market price.
In an OTC trade, the price is not necessarily publicly disclosed.
OTC trading, as well as exchange trading, occurs with commodities, financial instruments (including stocks), and derivatives of such products.
In OTC, market contracts are bilateral (i.e. the contract is only between two parties), and each party could have credit risk concerns with respect to the other party.
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What Is Absolute Advantage?
Absolute advantage is the ability of an individual, company, region, or country to produce a greater quantity of a good or service with the same quantity of inputs per unit of time, or to produce the same quantity of a good or service per unit of time using a lesser quantity of inputs, than another entity that produces the same good or service.
An entity with an absolute advantage can produce a product or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using a smaller number of inputs or a more efficient process than another entity producing the same good or service.
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Absolute advantage is the ability of an individual, company, region, or country to produce a greater quantity of a good or service with the same quantity of inputs per unit of time, or to produce the same quantity of a good or service per unit of time using a lesser quantity of inputs, than another entity that produces the same good or service.
An entity with an absolute advantage can produce a product or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using a smaller number of inputs or a more efficient process than another entity producing the same good or service.
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What is an Annual Percentage Rate (APR)?
The term “annual percentage rate (APR)” refers to the annual rate of interest charged to borrowers and paid to investors.
APR is expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan or income earned on an investment. This includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take compounding into account.
The APR provides consumers with a bottom-line number they can easily compare with rates from other lenders.
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The term “annual percentage rate (APR)” refers to the annual rate of interest charged to borrowers and paid to investors.
APR is expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan or income earned on an investment. This includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take compounding into account.
The APR provides consumers with a bottom-line number they can easily compare with rates from other lenders.
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Why should we worry about Rising Market Power?
Think of a young manufacturer that cannot break out of its local market, or a start-up retailer whose prices are undercut by a big rival that temporarily sells below cost to keep entrants at the door.
As you know, the COVID-19 hit very hard to Small and Medium enterprises, and caused massive job losses and economic slowdown. But the dominant firms emerged even stronger while eliminating their rivals.
When excessive market power is concentrated in few hands, it leads to slowdown of medium term growth and less innovation and investment.
Market dynamism is much needed in a crisis like Covid pandemic. But these excessive market power in few hands are blocking the new emerging firms. Which will ultimately undermine the recovery from Covid-19 crisis.
(Give your opinion and comment below)
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Think of a young manufacturer that cannot break out of its local market, or a start-up retailer whose prices are undercut by a big rival that temporarily sells below cost to keep entrants at the door.
As you know, the COVID-19 hit very hard to Small and Medium enterprises, and caused massive job losses and economic slowdown. But the dominant firms emerged even stronger while eliminating their rivals.
When excessive market power is concentrated in few hands, it leads to slowdown of medium term growth and less innovation and investment.
Market dynamism is much needed in a crisis like Covid pandemic. But these excessive market power in few hands are blocking the new emerging firms. Which will ultimately undermine the recovery from Covid-19 crisis.
(Give your opinion and comment below)
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What Are Assets Under Management (AUM)?
Assets under management (AUM) is the total market value of the investments that a person or entity manages on behalf of clients.
In the calculation of AUM, some financial institutions include bank deposits, mutual funds, and cash in their calculations.
Overall, AUM is only one aspect used in evaluating a company or investment. However, investors often consider higher investment inflows and higher AUM comparisons as a positive indicator of quality and management experience.
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Assets under management (AUM) is the total market value of the investments that a person or entity manages on behalf of clients.
In the calculation of AUM, some financial institutions include bank deposits, mutual funds, and cash in their calculations.
Overall, AUM is only one aspect used in evaluating a company or investment. However, investors often consider higher investment inflows and higher AUM comparisons as a positive indicator of quality and management experience.
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What Is Working Capital?
Working capital, also known as net working capital (NWC), is the difference between a company’s current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers’ unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and its current liabilities, such as accounts payable.
Net operating working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity and refers to the difference between operating current assets and operating current liabilities. In many cases these calculations are the same and are derived from company cash plus accounts receivable plus inventories, less accounts payable and less accrued expenses.
Working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity, operational efficiency and its short-term financial health.
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Working capital, also known as net working capital (NWC), is the difference between a company’s current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers’ unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and its current liabilities, such as accounts payable.
Net operating working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity and refers to the difference between operating current assets and operating current liabilities. In many cases these calculations are the same and are derived from company cash plus accounts receivable plus inventories, less accounts payable and less accrued expenses.
Working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity, operational efficiency and its short-term financial health.
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What is Acid-Test Ratio?
The acid-test ratio uses a firm's balance sheet data as an indicator of whether it has sufficient short-term assets to cover its short-term liabilities.
This metric is more useful in certain situations than the current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, since it ignores assets such as inventory, which may be difficult to quickly liquidate.
The acid-test ratio is also commonly known as the quick ratio.
The acid-test ratio disregards current assets that are difficult to liquidate quickly such as inventory.
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The acid-test ratio uses a firm's balance sheet data as an indicator of whether it has sufficient short-term assets to cover its short-term liabilities.
This metric is more useful in certain situations than the current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, since it ignores assets such as inventory, which may be difficult to quickly liquidate.
The acid-test ratio is also commonly known as the quick ratio.
The acid-test ratio disregards current assets that are difficult to liquidate quickly such as inventory.
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What is an Acquisition?
An acquisition is when one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.
Purchasing more than 50% of a target firm's stock and other assets allows the acquirer to make decisions about the newly acquired assets without the approval of the company’s other shareholders.
Acquisitions, which are very common in business, may occur with the target company's approval, or in spite of its disapproval.
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An acquisition is when one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.
Purchasing more than 50% of a target firm's stock and other assets allows the acquirer to make decisions about the newly acquired assets without the approval of the company’s other shareholders.
Acquisitions, which are very common in business, may occur with the target company's approval, or in spite of its disapproval.
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What is Adverse Selection?
Adverse selection refers generally to a situation in which sellers have information that buyers do not have, or vice versa, about some aspect of product quality. In other words, it is a case where asymmetric information is exploited.
Asymmetric information, also called information failure, happens when one party to a transaction has greater material knowledge than the other party.
Typically, the more knowledgeable party is the seller. Symmetric information is when both parties have equal knowledge.
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Adverse selection refers generally to a situation in which sellers have information that buyers do not have, or vice versa, about some aspect of product quality. In other words, it is a case where asymmetric information is exploited.
Asymmetric information, also called information failure, happens when one party to a transaction has greater material knowledge than the other party.
Typically, the more knowledgeable party is the seller. Symmetric information is when both parties have equal knowledge.
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What is an Angel Investor?
An angel investor (also known as a private investor, seed investor or angel funder) is a high-net-worth individual who provides financial backing for small startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
Often, angel investors are found among an entrepreneur's family and friends.
The funds that angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business get off the ground or an ongoing injection to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
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An angel investor (also known as a private investor, seed investor or angel funder) is a high-net-worth individual who provides financial backing for small startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
Often, angel investors are found among an entrepreneur's family and friends.
The funds that angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business get off the ground or an ongoing injection to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
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Types of Credit
Credit is the arrangement where the borrower receives the money from the lender and in turn, agrees to pay the interest for the period during which money is held with borrower and promise to re-pay after a pre-determined time.
List of Top 8 Types of Credit
1 - Trade Credit
2 - Consumer Credit
3 - Bank Credit
4 - Revolving Credit
5 - Open Credit
6 - Installment Credit
7 - Mutual Credit
8 - Service Credit
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Credit is the arrangement where the borrower receives the money from the lender and in turn, agrees to pay the interest for the period during which money is held with borrower and promise to re-pay after a pre-determined time.
List of Top 8 Types of Credit
1 - Trade Credit
2 - Consumer Credit
3 - Bank Credit
4 - Revolving Credit
5 - Open Credit
6 - Installment Credit
7 - Mutual Credit
8 - Service Credit
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What is Trade Credit?
Trade Credit refers to credit in business dealings like selling goods on credit where the customer promise to pay money later, buying goods on credit were we being the customer of supplier promise to pay to the supplier on a later date. It is given on the basis of the financial capability of the borrower i.e. credit taker.
In some cases, it is given on the basis of a relationship with the person asking for credit or it depends upon the rules of business. In a large organization, the rules for credit is the same for all the customers.
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Trade Credit refers to credit in business dealings like selling goods on credit where the customer promise to pay money later, buying goods on credit were we being the customer of supplier promise to pay to the supplier on a later date. It is given on the basis of the financial capability of the borrower i.e. credit taker.
In some cases, it is given on the basis of a relationship with the person asking for credit or it depends upon the rules of business. In a large organization, the rules for credit is the same for all the customers.
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What is Consumer Credit?
Consumer Credit refers to money, goods, or services provided on the agreement with the consumer to pay on the later date with the charges for using the credit.
Consumer credit involves the hire purchase goods, personal loans, credit insurance, vehicle finance, etc. consumer credit is given on the basis credit-worthiness of the consumer, and rules of credit is the same for all the parties. consumer credit is specifically designed for consumers to give them various benefits.
Purchasing goods on EMI is also an example of consumer credit. The overdraft facility is given by the bank also falls under consumer credit.
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Consumer Credit refers to money, goods, or services provided on the agreement with the consumer to pay on the later date with the charges for using the credit.
Consumer credit involves the hire purchase goods, personal loans, credit insurance, vehicle finance, etc. consumer credit is given on the basis credit-worthiness of the consumer, and rules of credit is the same for all the parties. consumer credit is specifically designed for consumers to give them various benefits.
Purchasing goods on EMI is also an example of consumer credit. The overdraft facility is given by the bank also falls under consumer credit.
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What is Bank Credit?
Bank Credit is an extension of consumer credit. In bank credit bank gives the loans and credit facilitates to clients.
Consumer credits are given on the basis of credit-worthiness, analysis of financial statements, and value of the asset given by consumers as security.
The example of consumer credit is mortgage loans, cash credit facility, housing loans, etc. letter of credits, bank guarantee, discounting of bills of exchange also falls under the bank credit facility.
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Bank Credit is an extension of consumer credit. In bank credit bank gives the loans and credit facilitates to clients.
Consumer credits are given on the basis of credit-worthiness, analysis of financial statements, and value of the asset given by consumers as security.
The example of consumer credit is mortgage loans, cash credit facility, housing loans, etc. letter of credits, bank guarantee, discounting of bills of exchange also falls under the bank credit facility.
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What is Revolving Credit?
Revolving credit involves the continuous credit in which lender gives the extension of credit to the borrower so long as the account is regular and open by regular payments like in case of credit card the credit is given on regular basis and limit of credit is given and payment to be done on monthly or quarterly basis. And account will continue till it is closed i.e. credit is extended every month.
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Revolving credit involves the continuous credit in which lender gives the extension of credit to the borrower so long as the account is regular and open by regular payments like in case of credit card the credit is given on regular basis and limit of credit is given and payment to be done on monthly or quarterly basis. And account will continue till it is closed i.e. credit is extended every month.
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What is Open Credit?
Open Credit has a feature of both installment credit and revolving credit.
In open credit limit is not set the credit card is given and then one will use it throughout the month and at the end of the month, the bill will be given to cardholder to re-pay and to continue the service.
Electricity bills, gas bills, telephone bills, etc. are examples of open credit i.e. use first and then pay later and available for all.
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Open Credit has a feature of both installment credit and revolving credit.
In open credit limit is not set the credit card is given and then one will use it throughout the month and at the end of the month, the bill will be given to cardholder to re-pay and to continue the service.
Electricity bills, gas bills, telephone bills, etc. are examples of open credit i.e. use first and then pay later and available for all.
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What is Installment Credit?
Installment credit is the extension of bank credit.
When we obtain credit from banks by way of loan the bank sets the fixed monthly installment as repayment type of loan along with interest up to a certain period of time till the loan gets re-paid along with interest.
Here bank or finance company charges the penalty if the borrower is unable to pay the installment.
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Installment credit is the extension of bank credit.
When we obtain credit from banks by way of loan the bank sets the fixed monthly installment as repayment type of loan along with interest up to a certain period of time till the loan gets re-paid along with interest.
Here bank or finance company charges the penalty if the borrower is unable to pay the installment.
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What is Mutual Credit?
In mutual credit, money is not used as in this case if one person owes another person for something and that another person also owes to the first one then the credit becomes the mutual credit.
So credit gets cancel with each other and in case if a balance remains after that then the same is settled by the mode of cash or equivalent.
Like in business one person is creditor as well as debtor. Hence, they mutually settle the payments.
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In mutual credit, money is not used as in this case if one person owes another person for something and that another person also owes to the first one then the credit becomes the mutual credit.
So credit gets cancel with each other and in case if a balance remains after that then the same is settled by the mode of cash or equivalent.
Like in business one person is creditor as well as debtor. Hence, they mutually settle the payments.
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What is Service Credit?
In-service credit the credit is given for services availed earlier. Like lawyers ask for final fees once the case is over, the accountants charge after filing the returns, electricity bills, telephone bills, gas bills, and all post-paid bills are the examples of service credit.
Service credit borrower is allowed to pay after availing the service at the fixed intervals. But if the service receiver fails to pay at fixed intervals it may result in cancellation of services or charging of penalty for the late payments.
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In-service credit the credit is given for services availed earlier. Like lawyers ask for final fees once the case is over, the accountants charge after filing the returns, electricity bills, telephone bills, gas bills, and all post-paid bills are the examples of service credit.
Service credit borrower is allowed to pay after availing the service at the fixed intervals. But if the service receiver fails to pay at fixed intervals it may result in cancellation of services or charging of penalty for the late payments.
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What are Financial Instruments?
Financial instruments are certain contracts or any document that acts as financial assets such as debentures and bonds, receivables, cash deposits, bank balances, swaps, cap, futures, shares, bills of exchange, forwards, FRA or forward rate agreement, etc to one organization and as a liability to another organization and these solely taken into use for trading purposes.
Types of the Financial Instrument
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Financial instruments are certain contracts or any document that acts as financial assets such as debentures and bonds, receivables, cash deposits, bank balances, swaps, cap, futures, shares, bills of exchange, forwards, FRA or forward rate agreement, etc to one organization and as a liability to another organization and these solely taken into use for trading purposes.
Types of the Financial Instrument
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