What is Foreign Exchange Market?
The foreign exchange market, also known as forex, FX, or the currencies market is an over the counter (OTC) global marketplace that determines the exchange rate for currencies around the world. Participants in these markets can buy, sell, exchange, and speculate on the relative exchange rates of various currency pairs.
Foreign exchange markets are made up of banks, forex dealers, commercial companies, central banks, investment management firms, hedge funds, retail forex dealers, and investors.
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The foreign exchange market, also known as forex, FX, or the currencies market is an over the counter (OTC) global marketplace that determines the exchange rate for currencies around the world. Participants in these markets can buy, sell, exchange, and speculate on the relative exchange rates of various currency pairs.
Foreign exchange markets are made up of banks, forex dealers, commercial companies, central banks, investment management firms, hedge funds, retail forex dealers, and investors.
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What is Spot Market?
The spot market or cash market is a public financial market in which financial instruments or commodities are traded for immediate delivery. It contrasts with a futures market, in which delivery is due at a later date.
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The spot market or cash market is a public financial market in which financial instruments or commodities are traded for immediate delivery. It contrasts with a futures market, in which delivery is due at a later date.
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What are Treasury Bills?
Treasury bills are money market instruments issued by the Government of India as a promissory note with guaranteed repayment at a later date. Funds collected through such tools are typically used to meet short term requirements of the government, hence, to reduce the overall fiscal deficit of a country.
Government treasury bills can be procured by individuals at a discount to the face value of the security and are redeemed at their nominal value, thereby allowing investors to pocket the difference.
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Treasury bills are money market instruments issued by the Government of India as a promissory note with guaranteed repayment at a later date. Funds collected through such tools are typically used to meet short term requirements of the government, hence, to reduce the overall fiscal deficit of a country.
Government treasury bills can be procured by individuals at a discount to the face value of the security and are redeemed at their nominal value, thereby allowing investors to pocket the difference.
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What is Commercial Paper?
Commercial paper is a commonly used type of unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations, typically used for the financing of payroll, accounts payable and inventories, and meeting other short-term liabilities.
Maturities on commercial paper typically last several days, and rarely range longer than 270 days.1 Commercial paper is usually issued at a discount from face value and reflects prevailing market interest rates.
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Commercial paper is a commonly used type of unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations, typically used for the financing of payroll, accounts payable and inventories, and meeting other short-term liabilities.
Maturities on commercial paper typically last several days, and rarely range longer than 270 days.1 Commercial paper is usually issued at a discount from face value and reflects prevailing market interest rates.
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What is certificate of deposit?
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a savings account that holds a fixed amount of money for a fixed period of time, such as six months, one year, or five years, and in exchange, the issuing bank pays interest. When you cash in or redeem your CD, you receive the money you originally invested plus any interest.
Certificates of deposit are considered to be one of the safest savings options.
Almost all consumer financial institutions offer them, although it’s up to each bank which CD terms it wants to offer, how much higher the rate will be compared to the bank’s savings and money market products, and what penalties it applies for early withdrawal.
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A certificate of deposit (CD) is a savings account that holds a fixed amount of money for a fixed period of time, such as six months, one year, or five years, and in exchange, the issuing bank pays interest. When you cash in or redeem your CD, you receive the money you originally invested plus any interest.
Certificates of deposit are considered to be one of the safest savings options.
Almost all consumer financial institutions offer them, although it’s up to each bank which CD terms it wants to offer, how much higher the rate will be compared to the bank’s savings and money market products, and what penalties it applies for early withdrawal.
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What Is a Bill of Exchange?
A bill of exchange is a written order used primarily in international trade that binds one party to pay a fixed sum of money to another party on demand or at a predetermined date.
Bills of exchange are similar to checks and promissory notes—they can be drawn by individuals or banks and are generally transferable by endorsements.
A bill of exchange is a written order binding one party to pay a fixed sum of money to another party on demand or at some point in the future.
A bill of exchange is used in international trade to help importers and exporters fulfill transactions.
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A bill of exchange is a written order used primarily in international trade that binds one party to pay a fixed sum of money to another party on demand or at a predetermined date.
Bills of exchange are similar to checks and promissory notes—they can be drawn by individuals or banks and are generally transferable by endorsements.
A bill of exchange is a written order binding one party to pay a fixed sum of money to another party on demand or at some point in the future.
A bill of exchange is used in international trade to help importers and exporters fulfill transactions.
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Types of Derivatives Contracts in Stock Market
There are mainly four types of derivatives that can be traded in stock market. Every derivative are different from the other and has different contract conditions, risk factor, etc.
The different types of derivatives are as follows:
1 - Forward Contracts
2 - Future Contracts
3 - Options Contracts
4 - Swap Contracts
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There are mainly four types of derivatives that can be traded in stock market. Every derivative are different from the other and has different contract conditions, risk factor, etc.
The different types of derivatives are as follows:
1 - Forward Contracts
2 - Future Contracts
3 - Options Contracts
4 - Swap Contracts
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What is Forward Contract?
A forward contract is a type of hedging mechanism where there are two parties involved. It is an agreement that is done on the spot between them regarding buying and selling an asset, but the action is required to be made in the future.
Now, one party will buy, and the other party will sell irrespective of the current market price and the condition of the stock market on a specific future date. The other party will be bound to buy the asset if it is not profitable to do so since they are bound by the contract, and the second party will be riskless in his entire transaction.
This is a mechanism to hedge the risk to a certain level. Forward contracts can be tailored to a specific commodity, amount, and delivery date.
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A forward contract is a type of hedging mechanism where there are two parties involved. It is an agreement that is done on the spot between them regarding buying and selling an asset, but the action is required to be made in the future.
Now, one party will buy, and the other party will sell irrespective of the current market price and the condition of the stock market on a specific future date. The other party will be bound to buy the asset if it is not profitable to do so since they are bound by the contract, and the second party will be riskless in his entire transaction.
This is a mechanism to hedge the risk to a certain level. Forward contracts can be tailored to a specific commodity, amount, and delivery date.
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What is Future Contract?
A futures contract is also a risk minimization mechanism. It is quite similar to forwarding contracts, but the only difference is that the futures contract can easily be transferred, and there is a guarantee of performance.
The forward contracts are not liquid. Suppose after 15 days of your decision to buy, and you finally decide to backtrack. Now, you want to get rid of the obligation to buy because of the market conditions. Therefore, here if the contract is a futures contract, then this conversion is possible. The buyer can now enter into a second contract, and he can shift his obligation to others.
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A futures contract is also a risk minimization mechanism. It is quite similar to forwarding contracts, but the only difference is that the futures contract can easily be transferred, and there is a guarantee of performance.
The forward contracts are not liquid. Suppose after 15 days of your decision to buy, and you finally decide to backtrack. Now, you want to get rid of the obligation to buy because of the market conditions. Therefore, here if the contract is a futures contract, then this conversion is possible. The buyer can now enter into a second contract, and he can shift his obligation to others.
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What is Option Contact?
An option is considered as a contract where there is no liability. The return from option depends upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of certain events in the stock market. Therefore, it is also considered as a contingent.
Basically, in options, the holder of an option is given a right to either buy an asset or sell without any obligation. If the holder of the option opts to buy an asset, it is called a call option, and if he wants to sell, then it is known as a put option. The price at which this is exercised is called the exercise price or strike price.
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An option is considered as a contract where there is no liability. The return from option depends upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of certain events in the stock market. Therefore, it is also considered as a contingent.
Basically, in options, the holder of an option is given a right to either buy an asset or sell without any obligation. If the holder of the option opts to buy an asset, it is called a call option, and if he wants to sell, then it is known as a put option. The price at which this is exercised is called the exercise price or strike price.
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What is Swap Contact?
A swap is a derivative contract through which two parties exchange the cash flows or liabilities from two different financial instruments.
Most swaps involve cash flows based on a notional principal amount such as a loan or bond, although the instrument can be almost anything. Usually, the principal does not change hands. Each cash flow comprises one leg of the swap. One cash flow is generally fixed, while the other is variable and based on a benchmark interest rate, floating currency exchange rate, or index price.
The most common kind of swap is an interest rate swap. Swaps do not trade on exchanges, and retail investors do not generally engage in swaps. Rather, swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) contracts primarily between businesses or financial institutions that are customized to the needs of both parties.
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A swap is a derivative contract through which two parties exchange the cash flows or liabilities from two different financial instruments.
Most swaps involve cash flows based on a notional principal amount such as a loan or bond, although the instrument can be almost anything. Usually, the principal does not change hands. Each cash flow comprises one leg of the swap. One cash flow is generally fixed, while the other is variable and based on a benchmark interest rate, floating currency exchange rate, or index price.
The most common kind of swap is an interest rate swap. Swaps do not trade on exchanges, and retail investors do not generally engage in swaps. Rather, swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) contracts primarily between businesses or financial institutions that are customized to the needs of both parties.
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What is Over-the-counter or OTC Contract?
Over-the-counter or off-exchange trading is done directly between two parties, without the supervision of an exchange. It is contrasted with exchange trading, which occurs via exchanges. A stock exchange has the benefit of facilitating liquidity, providing transparency, and maintaining the current market price.
In an OTC trade, the price is not necessarily publicly disclosed.
OTC trading, as well as exchange trading, occurs with commodities, financial instruments (including stocks), and derivatives of such products.
In OTC, market contracts are bilateral (i.e. the contract is only between two parties), and each party could have credit risk concerns with respect to the other party.
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Over-the-counter or off-exchange trading is done directly between two parties, without the supervision of an exchange. It is contrasted with exchange trading, which occurs via exchanges. A stock exchange has the benefit of facilitating liquidity, providing transparency, and maintaining the current market price.
In an OTC trade, the price is not necessarily publicly disclosed.
OTC trading, as well as exchange trading, occurs with commodities, financial instruments (including stocks), and derivatives of such products.
In OTC, market contracts are bilateral (i.e. the contract is only between two parties), and each party could have credit risk concerns with respect to the other party.
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What Is Absolute Advantage?
Absolute advantage is the ability of an individual, company, region, or country to produce a greater quantity of a good or service with the same quantity of inputs per unit of time, or to produce the same quantity of a good or service per unit of time using a lesser quantity of inputs, than another entity that produces the same good or service.
An entity with an absolute advantage can produce a product or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using a smaller number of inputs or a more efficient process than another entity producing the same good or service.
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Absolute advantage is the ability of an individual, company, region, or country to produce a greater quantity of a good or service with the same quantity of inputs per unit of time, or to produce the same quantity of a good or service per unit of time using a lesser quantity of inputs, than another entity that produces the same good or service.
An entity with an absolute advantage can produce a product or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using a smaller number of inputs or a more efficient process than another entity producing the same good or service.
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What is an Annual Percentage Rate (APR)?
The term “annual percentage rate (APR)” refers to the annual rate of interest charged to borrowers and paid to investors.
APR is expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan or income earned on an investment. This includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take compounding into account.
The APR provides consumers with a bottom-line number they can easily compare with rates from other lenders.
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The term “annual percentage rate (APR)” refers to the annual rate of interest charged to borrowers and paid to investors.
APR is expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan or income earned on an investment. This includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take compounding into account.
The APR provides consumers with a bottom-line number they can easily compare with rates from other lenders.
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Why should we worry about Rising Market Power?
Think of a young manufacturer that cannot break out of its local market, or a start-up retailer whose prices are undercut by a big rival that temporarily sells below cost to keep entrants at the door.
As you know, the COVID-19 hit very hard to Small and Medium enterprises, and caused massive job losses and economic slowdown. But the dominant firms emerged even stronger while eliminating their rivals.
When excessive market power is concentrated in few hands, it leads to slowdown of medium term growth and less innovation and investment.
Market dynamism is much needed in a crisis like Covid pandemic. But these excessive market power in few hands are blocking the new emerging firms. Which will ultimately undermine the recovery from Covid-19 crisis.
(Give your opinion and comment below)
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Think of a young manufacturer that cannot break out of its local market, or a start-up retailer whose prices are undercut by a big rival that temporarily sells below cost to keep entrants at the door.
As you know, the COVID-19 hit very hard to Small and Medium enterprises, and caused massive job losses and economic slowdown. But the dominant firms emerged even stronger while eliminating their rivals.
When excessive market power is concentrated in few hands, it leads to slowdown of medium term growth and less innovation and investment.
Market dynamism is much needed in a crisis like Covid pandemic. But these excessive market power in few hands are blocking the new emerging firms. Which will ultimately undermine the recovery from Covid-19 crisis.
(Give your opinion and comment below)
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What Are Assets Under Management (AUM)?
Assets under management (AUM) is the total market value of the investments that a person or entity manages on behalf of clients.
In the calculation of AUM, some financial institutions include bank deposits, mutual funds, and cash in their calculations.
Overall, AUM is only one aspect used in evaluating a company or investment. However, investors often consider higher investment inflows and higher AUM comparisons as a positive indicator of quality and management experience.
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Assets under management (AUM) is the total market value of the investments that a person or entity manages on behalf of clients.
In the calculation of AUM, some financial institutions include bank deposits, mutual funds, and cash in their calculations.
Overall, AUM is only one aspect used in evaluating a company or investment. However, investors often consider higher investment inflows and higher AUM comparisons as a positive indicator of quality and management experience.
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What Is Working Capital?
Working capital, also known as net working capital (NWC), is the difference between a company’s current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers’ unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and its current liabilities, such as accounts payable.
Net operating working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity and refers to the difference between operating current assets and operating current liabilities. In many cases these calculations are the same and are derived from company cash plus accounts receivable plus inventories, less accounts payable and less accrued expenses.
Working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity, operational efficiency and its short-term financial health.
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Working capital, also known as net working capital (NWC), is the difference between a company’s current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers’ unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and its current liabilities, such as accounts payable.
Net operating working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity and refers to the difference between operating current assets and operating current liabilities. In many cases these calculations are the same and are derived from company cash plus accounts receivable plus inventories, less accounts payable and less accrued expenses.
Working capital is a measure of a company's liquidity, operational efficiency and its short-term financial health.
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What is Acid-Test Ratio?
The acid-test ratio uses a firm's balance sheet data as an indicator of whether it has sufficient short-term assets to cover its short-term liabilities.
This metric is more useful in certain situations than the current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, since it ignores assets such as inventory, which may be difficult to quickly liquidate.
The acid-test ratio is also commonly known as the quick ratio.
The acid-test ratio disregards current assets that are difficult to liquidate quickly such as inventory.
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The acid-test ratio uses a firm's balance sheet data as an indicator of whether it has sufficient short-term assets to cover its short-term liabilities.
This metric is more useful in certain situations than the current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, since it ignores assets such as inventory, which may be difficult to quickly liquidate.
The acid-test ratio is also commonly known as the quick ratio.
The acid-test ratio disregards current assets that are difficult to liquidate quickly such as inventory.
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What is an Acquisition?
An acquisition is when one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.
Purchasing more than 50% of a target firm's stock and other assets allows the acquirer to make decisions about the newly acquired assets without the approval of the company’s other shareholders.
Acquisitions, which are very common in business, may occur with the target company's approval, or in spite of its disapproval.
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An acquisition is when one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.
Purchasing more than 50% of a target firm's stock and other assets allows the acquirer to make decisions about the newly acquired assets without the approval of the company’s other shareholders.
Acquisitions, which are very common in business, may occur with the target company's approval, or in spite of its disapproval.
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What is Adverse Selection?
Adverse selection refers generally to a situation in which sellers have information that buyers do not have, or vice versa, about some aspect of product quality. In other words, it is a case where asymmetric information is exploited.
Asymmetric information, also called information failure, happens when one party to a transaction has greater material knowledge than the other party.
Typically, the more knowledgeable party is the seller. Symmetric information is when both parties have equal knowledge.
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Adverse selection refers generally to a situation in which sellers have information that buyers do not have, or vice versa, about some aspect of product quality. In other words, it is a case where asymmetric information is exploited.
Asymmetric information, also called information failure, happens when one party to a transaction has greater material knowledge than the other party.
Typically, the more knowledgeable party is the seller. Symmetric information is when both parties have equal knowledge.
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What is an Angel Investor?
An angel investor (also known as a private investor, seed investor or angel funder) is a high-net-worth individual who provides financial backing for small startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
Often, angel investors are found among an entrepreneur's family and friends.
The funds that angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business get off the ground or an ongoing injection to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
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An angel investor (also known as a private investor, seed investor or angel funder) is a high-net-worth individual who provides financial backing for small startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
Often, angel investors are found among an entrepreneur's family and friends.
The funds that angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business get off the ground or an ongoing injection to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
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