β€οΈHuman Reproduction - Introduction:β€οΈ
Reproduction is a process of producing progenies, and the reproductive system is a system of organs that partakes in this reproduction process.Humans are viviparous, and they are sexually reproducing their offspring. The rate of reproduction is always logier in sexual reproduction.
The humanβs reproductive system consists of three distinguishable sex organs; these are:
Primary Sex Organs: Primary sex organs are also considered as gonads that form gametes like ovary in females and testis in males.
Secondary Sex Organs: Glands and ducts are essential for sexual reproduction and do not produce gametes that are considered secondary sex organs.
Accessory/External Sex Characters: These are the criteria which do not possess a direct role in reproduction but significantly provide definite structures to both male and female.
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Reproduction is a process of producing progenies, and the reproductive system is a system of organs that partakes in this reproduction process.Humans are viviparous, and they are sexually reproducing their offspring. The rate of reproduction is always logier in sexual reproduction.
The humanβs reproductive system consists of three distinguishable sex organs; these are:
Primary Sex Organs: Primary sex organs are also considered as gonads that form gametes like ovary in females and testis in males.
Secondary Sex Organs: Glands and ducts are essential for sexual reproduction and do not produce gametes that are considered secondary sex organs.
Accessory/External Sex Characters: These are the criteria which do not possess a direct role in reproduction but significantly provide definite structures to both male and female.
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(ii) Evidences from Comparative Anatomy: In all the living animals, the basic substance of life is Protoplasm. If the species had been created separately, then there should be no relationship in the various organs and systems of animals. But on the contrary, we see that large number of animals although unlike in appearance show most of the systems and organs made on the same plan. The resemblance is very close in the members of the same group.
(iii) Evidences from Physiology: Various types of chemical tests exhibit many basic similarities in physiological and chemical properties that show a physiological relationship among animals.
(iv) Evidences from Serology: This is a method by which the reactions of blood serum are observed. From the blood are also extracted the crystals of Oxyhaemoglobin. The structure differs in different vertebrates, but in a definite order. The reaction is nearly identical in man and anthropoid monkeys, but slightly less identical with other mammals.
(v) Evidences from Embryology: With the exception of a few, every multi-cellular animal originates from a zygote. The development from zygote to adult shows many similarities in various organisms. The development is termed as ontogeny
(vi) Evidences from Palaeontology: The study of fossils and their interpretation forms one of the great evidences of evolution. An Italian scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, was the first person to recognize their importance and said they were either remains of organisms of their impressions on some sort of clay or rock.
(vii) Evidences from geographic distribution: If the study of horizontal distribution of animals on the face of this earth is made, it would be seen that animals are not evenly distributed. Two identical places with the same climate and vegetation may not have same sort of animal fauna
(viii) Evidences from Genetics: Johan Gregor Mendel in 1866 published his work on experimental breeding. He bred two individuals differing in certain well-defined characters, and observed the ratio in which various contrasting parental characters appeared in successive generations.
Theories of organic evolution
(i) Lamarckism: Lamarck (1744 β1829) was one of the most brilliant stars on the horizon of the history of evolution. He was the first naturalist to put forward a general theory of evolution in his famous book. Philosophic Zoologique published in 1809. His evolutionary theory may be summarised in the form of following laws:
(a) The internal forces of life tend to increase the size of an organism.
(b) The necessity in animals to produce new structures.
(c) The effect of use and disuse.
(d) Inheritance of acquired characters.
(iii) Darwinism: Charles Robert Darwin was undoubtedly the first naturalist who put the idea of organic evolution on sound footing. His statements and theories were based upon practical experiences and large number of proofs which he collected directly from the nature.
His main ideas about the evolution are given below β
(a) Over β production of offspring
(b) Limited supply of food and shelter
(c) Struggle for existence:
(i) Intra βspecific
(ii) Inter βspecific
(iii) Environment
(d) Survival of the fittest
(e) Universal occurrence of variations
(f) Inheritance
(g) Natural selection
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(iii) Evidences from Physiology: Various types of chemical tests exhibit many basic similarities in physiological and chemical properties that show a physiological relationship among animals.
(iv) Evidences from Serology: This is a method by which the reactions of blood serum are observed. From the blood are also extracted the crystals of Oxyhaemoglobin. The structure differs in different vertebrates, but in a definite order. The reaction is nearly identical in man and anthropoid monkeys, but slightly less identical with other mammals.
(v) Evidences from Embryology: With the exception of a few, every multi-cellular animal originates from a zygote. The development from zygote to adult shows many similarities in various organisms. The development is termed as ontogeny
(vi) Evidences from Palaeontology: The study of fossils and their interpretation forms one of the great evidences of evolution. An Italian scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, was the first person to recognize their importance and said they were either remains of organisms of their impressions on some sort of clay or rock.
(vii) Evidences from geographic distribution: If the study of horizontal distribution of animals on the face of this earth is made, it would be seen that animals are not evenly distributed. Two identical places with the same climate and vegetation may not have same sort of animal fauna
(viii) Evidences from Genetics: Johan Gregor Mendel in 1866 published his work on experimental breeding. He bred two individuals differing in certain well-defined characters, and observed the ratio in which various contrasting parental characters appeared in successive generations.
Theories of organic evolution
(i) Lamarckism: Lamarck (1744 β1829) was one of the most brilliant stars on the horizon of the history of evolution. He was the first naturalist to put forward a general theory of evolution in his famous book. Philosophic Zoologique published in 1809. His evolutionary theory may be summarised in the form of following laws:
(a) The internal forces of life tend to increase the size of an organism.
(b) The necessity in animals to produce new structures.
(c) The effect of use and disuse.
(d) Inheritance of acquired characters.
(iii) Darwinism: Charles Robert Darwin was undoubtedly the first naturalist who put the idea of organic evolution on sound footing. His statements and theories were based upon practical experiences and large number of proofs which he collected directly from the nature.
His main ideas about the evolution are given below β
(a) Over β production of offspring
(b) Limited supply of food and shelter
(c) Struggle for existence:
(i) Intra βspecific
(ii) Inter βspecific
(iii) Environment
(d) Survival of the fittest
(e) Universal occurrence of variations
(f) Inheritance
(g) Natural selection
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NOTICE π :
MIND MAP : CELL THE UNIT OF LIFE by Anand Mani is uploaded in our private NEET CHANNEL do Join that guys.
MIND MAP : CELL THE UNIT OF LIFE by Anand Mani is uploaded in our private NEET CHANNEL do Join that guys.
Properties of Scalar Product:-
(i) Scalar product is commutative, i.e., A * B= B*A
(ii) Scalar product is distributive, i.e., A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C
(iii) Scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is zero. A * B = AB cos 90Β°=O
(iv) Scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes, i.e., A * B = AB cos 0Β° = AB
(v) Scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude, i.e.,
A * A = AA cos 0Β° = A2
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(i) Scalar product is commutative, i.e., A * B= B*A
(ii) Scalar product is distributive, i.e., A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C
(iii) Scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is zero. A * B = AB cos 90Β°=O
(iv) Scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes, i.e., A * B = AB cos 0Β° = AB
(v) Scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude, i.e.,
A * A = AA cos 0Β° = A2
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π Terminologies in Progressive Wave Motionπ
βAmplitude
βPeriod
βWavelength
βFrequency
βWave velocity
βPhase or phase angle (O)
βPhase difference
βPath difference
βTime difference
πΉAmplitude (A): The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of any particle of the medium from its equilibrium position.
πΉPeriod (T): Period (T) of a wave is the time taken by any particle of the medium to complete one vibration during a period (T).
πΉWavelength (Ξ»): Wavelength (Ξ») is equal to the distance between two consecutive particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration it is equal to the distance travelled by the wave by its time period (T).
πΉFrequency (f): It is the number of vibrations made per second by any particles of the medium (f = 1/T). Since the frequency of a wave is a characteristic property of the source which is producing the wave motion, hence, the frequency of a wave does not change when a wave travels from one medium to another medium.
πΉPhase or Phase Angle (Ξ¦): It represents the state of vibration of the particle of a medium with respect to its mean position.
πΉPhase Difference Ξ(Ξ¦): It represents the different state of vibration of a particle at two different instants (or) any pair of particles at the same instant. ΞΞ¦ = Ξ¦2 β Ξ¦1.
Wave Velocity (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second (v = Ξ»/T). It is determined by the mechanical properties of the medium through which the wave propagates. The velocity of wave motion is measured with respect to the medium, the wave velocity changes when the medium is in motion i.e. speed of sound through air changes when the wind is blowing.
β Check: Sound Waves
There are two velocities associated with a wave. One is the wave velocity and the other one is particle velocity (which is the speed with which the particle of the medium vibrate when the wave passes through the medium).
πΉPath Difference (Ξx) or (x): It indicates the distance between two points measured along the direction of propagation of the wave through the medium.
πΉTime Difference (ΞT): It indicates the time taken by the wave to travel from one point to another through the medium.
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βAmplitude
βPeriod
βWavelength
βFrequency
βWave velocity
βPhase or phase angle (O)
βPhase difference
βPath difference
βTime difference
πΉAmplitude (A): The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of any particle of the medium from its equilibrium position.
πΉPeriod (T): Period (T) of a wave is the time taken by any particle of the medium to complete one vibration during a period (T).
πΉWavelength (Ξ»): Wavelength (Ξ») is equal to the distance between two consecutive particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration it is equal to the distance travelled by the wave by its time period (T).
πΉFrequency (f): It is the number of vibrations made per second by any particles of the medium (f = 1/T). Since the frequency of a wave is a characteristic property of the source which is producing the wave motion, hence, the frequency of a wave does not change when a wave travels from one medium to another medium.
πΉPhase or Phase Angle (Ξ¦): It represents the state of vibration of the particle of a medium with respect to its mean position.
πΉPhase Difference Ξ(Ξ¦): It represents the different state of vibration of a particle at two different instants (or) any pair of particles at the same instant. ΞΞ¦ = Ξ¦2 β Ξ¦1.
Wave Velocity (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second (v = Ξ»/T). It is determined by the mechanical properties of the medium through which the wave propagates. The velocity of wave motion is measured with respect to the medium, the wave velocity changes when the medium is in motion i.e. speed of sound through air changes when the wind is blowing.
β Check: Sound Waves
There are two velocities associated with a wave. One is the wave velocity and the other one is particle velocity (which is the speed with which the particle of the medium vibrate when the wave passes through the medium).
πΉPath Difference (Ξx) or (x): It indicates the distance between two points measured along the direction of propagation of the wave through the medium.
πΉTime Difference (ΞT): It indicates the time taken by the wave to travel from one point to another through the medium.
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π₯Important Points of NCERTπ₯
π All the unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista.
π Histone protein is absent in chromosome of dinoflagellates, due to this reason dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote.
π Pigments present in dinoflagellates are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
π Stored food of dinoflagellates is starch.
π Cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose + silica.
π Pigments present in diatoms are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
π Stored food of diatom is leucosin and fats.
π Mixotrophic nutrition is present in Euglenoids.
π Stored food of Euglenoids is paramylum and fat.
π Slime moulds are also called fungus animal.
π At the time of reproduction slime moulds have cell wall.
π Mode of nutrition is absorptive in fungi
π Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.
π In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogen and oil.
π Mycelium of class phycomycetes is coenocytic aseptate.
π
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π All the unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista.
π Histone protein is absent in chromosome of dinoflagellates, due to this reason dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote.
π Pigments present in dinoflagellates are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
π Stored food of dinoflagellates is starch.
π Cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose + silica.
π Pigments present in diatoms are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
π Stored food of diatom is leucosin and fats.
π Mixotrophic nutrition is present in Euglenoids.
π Stored food of Euglenoids is paramylum and fat.
π Slime moulds are also called fungus animal.
π At the time of reproduction slime moulds have cell wall.
π Mode of nutrition is absorptive in fungi
π Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.
π In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogen and oil.
π Mycelium of class phycomycetes is coenocytic aseptate.
π
Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease in potato. This disease is known as "Famine of Ireland".@jeeneetmaterialschannel
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β€οΈ MNEMONICS β€οΈ
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ππππ ππ πππππππππ πππ πππππ ππππππππππ’ ππ’ππππππ π°
#Nitrogen
βͺοΈImpart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
βͺοΈ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
βͺοΈ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
βͺοΈ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
βͺοΈ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
βͺοΈV shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
βͺοΈStarvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
βͺοΈButtoning in cauliflower.
#Nitrogen
βͺοΈImpart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
βͺοΈ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
βͺοΈ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
βͺοΈ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
βͺοΈ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
βͺοΈV shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
βͺοΈStarvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
βͺοΈButtoning in cauliflower.
β οΈπ½π²π΄ππ Weπ»π» ππ½π³π΄ππ»πΈπ½π΄π³ BY ππΎπΏπΏπ΄ππ πΎπ΅ π°πΈπΈπΌπ β€οΈ
1. π±πΈπΎπ»πΎπΆπ Class 11- https://photos.app.goo.gl/m5YGw4A5e3Ty54nk8
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4. π²π·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 11 Part 2- https://photos.app.goo.gl/nyCQSngZngVeXerS8
5. π²π·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 12 Part 1- https://photos.app.goo.gl/25jhsUnuGbCn4NoPA
6. Cπ·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 12 Part 2- https://photos.app.goo.gl/Qqr3GDQymLq9WMUu8
#ππ·π°ππ΄ ππππ³π΄π½ππ π²πΎπΌπΌππ½πΈππ
1. π±πΈπΎπ»πΎπΆπ Class 11- https://photos.app.goo.gl/m5YGw4A5e3Ty54nk8
2. π±πΈπΎπ»πΎπΆπ Class 12- https://photos.app.goo.gl/4npg9qbVDZdfmm6p8
3. π²π·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 11 Part 1- https://photos.app.goo.gl/z5Va6MKXzGw72mjo8
4. π²π·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 11 Part 2- https://photos.app.goo.gl/nyCQSngZngVeXerS8
5. π²π·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 12 Part 1- https://photos.app.goo.gl/25jhsUnuGbCn4NoPA
6. Cπ·π΄πΌπΈππππ Class 12 Part 2- https://photos.app.goo.gl/Qqr3GDQymLq9WMUu8
#ππ·π°ππ΄ ππππ³π΄π½ππ π²πΎπΌπΌππ½πΈππ
π²π±ππ΄ Hπ°S ππ΄π°π»π΄π°ππ΄π³ ππ΄ππΌ 2 SQPs
FOR CLASS 10
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FOR π²π»π°ππ 12
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100% NCERT BASED π―COMPLETE BIOLOGY HANDWRITTEN NOTES π
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FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF BRAIN π§
βοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈββͺοΈββͺ
π© CEREBRUM π© : Centre of intelligence, memory and imagination, reasoning,
judgement, expression of will power.β€οΈ
β¬ THALAMUS β¬ : Acts as relay centre to receive and transmit general sensation of pain, touch and temperature.β€οΈ
π₯HYPOTHALAMUSπ₯ : Centre for regulation of body temperature, urge for eating and drinking.β€οΈ
π¨MID BRAINπ¨ : Responsible to coordinate visual reflexes and auditory reflexes.β€οΈ
π¦CEREBELLUM π¦: Maintains posture and equilibrium of the body as well as
coordinates and regulates voluntary movement.β€οΈ
πͺPONS VAROAIπͺ :Relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebral hemisphere and between the hemisphere of cerebrum and cerebellum.β€οΈ
π«MEDULLA OBLONGATA π«:-β€οΈ Centre that control heart beat, breathing, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing.β€οΈ
β― β― β₯Λ ο½‘..... β€οΈπ¦NCERTβ€οΈ.....Λｑ β₯β―β
βοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈβοΈβͺοΈββͺοΈββͺ
π© CEREBRUM π© : Centre of intelligence, memory and imagination, reasoning,
judgement, expression of will power.β€οΈ
β¬ THALAMUS β¬ : Acts as relay centre to receive and transmit general sensation of pain, touch and temperature.β€οΈ
π₯HYPOTHALAMUSπ₯ : Centre for regulation of body temperature, urge for eating and drinking.β€οΈ
π¨MID BRAINπ¨ : Responsible to coordinate visual reflexes and auditory reflexes.β€οΈ
π¦CEREBELLUM π¦: Maintains posture and equilibrium of the body as well as
coordinates and regulates voluntary movement.β€οΈ
πͺPONS VAROAIπͺ :Relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebral hemisphere and between the hemisphere of cerebrum and cerebellum.β€οΈ
π«MEDULLA OBLONGATA π«:-β€οΈ Centre that control heart beat, breathing, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing.β€οΈ
β― β― β₯Λ ο½‘..... β€οΈπ¦NCERTβ€οΈ.....Λｑ β₯β―β