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Topics Covered in this E-Book

Chapter - 1 : Introduction to Java
Chapter - 2 : Getting Started with Java
Chapter - 3 : Control Structures
Chapter - 4 : Functions and Methods
Chapter - 5 : Object-Oriented in Java
Chapter - 6 : Collections and Generics
Chapter - 7 : Multithreading and Concurrency
Chapter - 8 : File I/O and Data Persistence
Chapter - 9 : User Interfaces with JavaFX
Chapter - 10 : Advanced Topics

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Coding Interviews

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List of Java Project Ideas 💡👨🏻‍💻☕

Beginner Projects

🔹 Calculator
🔹 To-Do List App
🔹 Number Guessing Game
🔹 Password Generator
🔹 Flashcard Quizzer
🔹 Simple Chatbot
🔹 Weather App
🔹 Unit Converter
🔹 Rock-Paper-Scissors Game

Intermediate Projects

🔸 Personal Diary
🔸 Web Scraping Tool
🔸 Expense Tracker
🔸 Spring Boot Blog
🔸 Image Gallery
🔸 Chat Application
🔸 Pomodoro Timer
🔸 Basic Game with JavaFX

Advanced Projects

🔺 Social Media Dashboard
🔺 Machine Learning Model
🔺 Data Visualization Tool
🔺 Blockchain Simulation
🔺 Chatbot with NLP
🔺 File Organizer

Free Java Resources: https://t.me/Java_Programming_Notes

✅ List and Set in Java Collections Framework :

🔅 LIST :

🔸 List in Java provides the facility to maintain the ordered collection.

🔹 It contains the index-based methods to insert, update, delete and search the elements.

🔸 It can have the duplicate elements also.

🔹 We can also store the null elements in the list.

🔅 SET :

🔸 Set interface in Java is present in jave.util package.

🔹It extends the Collection interface.

🔸 It represents the unordered set of elements which doesn't allow us to store the duplicate items.

🔹 We can store at most one null value in Set.

🔸 Set is implemented by HashSet, LinkedHashSet and TreeSet.

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Optimize queries, indexes, and partitions to speed up data retrieval and improve overall DB performance.

2 Month Roadmap to learn Java and Spring from basics to advanced

Week 1-2: Core Java

- Basic Syntax: Data types, operators, loops (for, while, do-while)
- OOP Concepts: Classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction
- Collections Framework: List, Set, Map, Queue, Iterator, etc.
- Exception Handling: Try-catch, custom exceptions, multi-catch
- File I/O: Reading/writing files using java.io and java.nio
- Java 8+ Features: Lambdas, Streams, Optional, Functional Interfaces
- Multithreading: Threads, Runnable, ExecutorService, Future, and basic synchronization

Week 3-4: Advanced Java & JDBC

- JVM Internals: ClassLoader, JIT, memory management, garbage collection
- Generics: Usage and wildcards
- Design Patterns: Singleton, Factory, Strategy, Observer, Dependency Injection (Intro)
- JDBC: Connecting with databases (CRUD operations), PreparedStatement, Connection pooling

Week 5-6: Spring Framework (Basics)

- Spring Core
- Dependency Injection (DI) and Inversion of Control (IoC)
- Beans, Scopes, and Bean Life Cycle
- Autowiring and Spring Annotations
- Spring AOP: Aspect-Oriented Programming fundamentals
- Spring Data JPA: Basic CRUD operations with JPA
- Entities, Repositories, and Custom Queries

Week 7: Spring Boot (Basics)

- Spring Boot Fundamentals: Understanding the Spring Boot architecture
- REST API creation
- Spring Boot Annotations (@RestController, @RequestMapping, etc.)
- Running a Spring Boot application
- Spring Boot Auto Configuration: Application properties and profiles
- Spring Boot with Database: Integrate Spring Boot with MySQL using Spring Data JPA

Week 8: Spring Boot (Advanced)

- Security: Introduction to Spring Security (Basic Authentication)
- Advanced Spring Boot Features: Exception handling (@ControllerAdvice)
- Logging with Spring Boot
- Pagination and Sorting
- Testing: Write unit tests using JUnit and Mockito in Spring Boot

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Java Basics every beginner should learn to build a strong foundation:

1. Hello World & Setup

Install JDK and an IDE (like IntelliJ or Eclipse)

Write your first program: public class HelloWorld

2. Data Types & Variables

Primitive types: int, double, char, boolean

Non-primitive types: String, Arrays, Objects

Type casting (implicit & explicit)

3. Operators

Arithmetic: + - * / %

Comparison: == != > < >= <=

Logical: && || !

4. Control Flow

If, else if, else

Switch-case

Loops: for, while, do-while

break and continue

5. Functions (Methods)

Syntax: public static returnType methodName(params)

Method overloading

Return types & parameter passing

6. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes & Objects

this keyword

Constructors (default & parameterized)

7. OOP Concepts

Encapsulation (private variables + getters/setters)

Inheritance (extends keyword)

Polymorphism (method overriding)

Abstraction (abstract classes & interfaces)

8. Arrays & ArrayList

Declaring and iterating arrays

ArrayList methods: add, remove, get, size

Multidimensional arrays

9. Exception Handling

Try-catch-finally blocks

throw and throws

Custom exceptions

10. Basic Input/Output

Scanner class for user input

System.out.println() for output

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Typical java interview questions sorted by experience


Junior
* Name some of the characteristics of OO programming languages
* What are the access modifiers you know? What does each one do?
* What is the difference between overriding and overloading a method in Java?
* What’s the difference between an Interface and an abstract class?
* Can an Interface extend another Interface?
* What does the static word mean in Java?
* Can a static method be overridden in Java?
* What is Polymorphism? What about Inheritance?
* Can a constructor be inherited?
* Do objects get passed by reference or value in Java? Elaborate on that.
* What’s the difference between using == and .equals on a string?
* What is the hashCode() and equals() used for?
* What does the interface Serializable do? What about Parcelable in Android?
* Why are Array and ArrayList different? When would you use each?
* What’s the difference between an Integer and int?
* What is a ThreadPool? Is it better than using several “simple” threads?
* What the difference between local, instance and class variables?

Mid
* What is reflection?
* What is dependency injection? Can you name a few libraries? (Have you used any?)
* What are strong, soft and weak references in Java?
* What does the keyword synchronized mean?
* Can you have “memory leaks” on Java?
* Do you need to set references to null on Java/Android?
* What does it means to say that a String is immutable?
* What are transient and volatile modifiers?
* What is the finalize() method?
* How does the try{} finally{} works?
* What is the difference between instantiation and initialisation of an object?
* When is a static block run?
* Why are Generics are used in Java?
* Can you mention the design patterns you know? Which of those do you normally use?
* Can you mention some types of testing you know?

Senior
* How does Integer.parseInt() works?
* Do you know what is the “double check locking” problem?
* Do you know the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
* How is a StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
* What does Class.forName method do?
* What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?
* What’s the difference between an Enumeration and an Iterator?
* What is the difference between fail-fast and fail safe in Java?
* What is PermGen in Java?
* What is a Java priority queue?
* *s performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double and Float?
* What is the Java Heap?
* What is daemon thread?
* Can a dead thread be restarted?

Source: medium.

18 Most common used Java List methods

1. add(E element) - Adds the specified element to the end of the list.
2. addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) - Adds all elements of the specified collection to the end of the list.
3. remove(Object o) - Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the list.
4. remove(int index) - Removes the element at the specified position in the list.
5. get(int index) - Returns the element at the specified position in the list.
6. set(int index, E element) - Replaces the element at the specified position in the list with the specified element.
7. indexOf(Object o) - Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in the list.
8. contains(Object o) - Returns true if the list contains the specified element.
9. size() - Returns the number of elements in the list.
10. isEmpty() - Returns true if the list contains no elements.
11. clear() - Removes all elements from the list.
12. toArray() - Returns an array containing all the elements in the list.
13. subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) - Returns a view of the portion of the list between the specified fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
14. addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) - Inserts all elements of the specified collection into the list, starting at the specified position.
15. iterator() - Returns an iterator over the elements in the list.
16. sort(Comparator<? super E> c) - Sorts the elements of the list according to the specified comparator.
17. replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) - Replaces each element of the list with the result of applying the given operator.
18. forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) - Performs the given action for each element of the list until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.

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Java Roadmap
|
|-- Fundamentals
| |-- Basics of Programming
| | |-- Introduction to Java
| | |-- Java Development Kit (JDK) and Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
| | |-- Setting Up Development Environment (IDE: IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, etc.)
| |
| |-- Syntax and Structure
| | |-- Basic Syntax
| | |-- Variables and Data Types
| | |-- Operators and Expressions
|
|-- Control Structures
| |-- Conditional Statements
| | |-- If-Else Statements
| | |-- Switch Case
| |
| |-- Loops
| | |-- For Loop
| | |-- While Loop
| | |-- Do-While Loop
| |
| |-- Exception Handling
| | |-- Try-Catch Block
| | |-- Finally Block
| | |-- Throw and Throws Keywords
|
|-- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
| |-- Basics of OOP
| | |-- Classes and Objects
| | |-- Methods and Constructors
| |
| |-- Inheritance
| | |-- Single and Multiple Inheritance
| | |-- Method Overriding
| | |-- Super Keyword
| |
| |-- Polymorphism
| | |-- Method Overloading
| | |-- Runtime Polymorphism
| | |-- Dynamic Method Dispatch
| |
| |-- Encapsulation
| | |-- Access Modifiers (Public, Private, Protected)
| | |-- Getters and Setters
| | |-- Data Hiding
| |
| |-- Abstraction
| | |-- Abstract Classes
| | |-- Interfaces
|
|-- Advanced Java
| |-- Collections Framework
| | |-- List (ArrayList, LinkedList)
| | |-- Set (HashSet, TreeSet)
| | |-- Map (HashMap, TreeMap)
| | |-- Queue (PriorityQueue, LinkedList)
| |
| |-- Concurrency
| | |-- Multithreading (Creating Threads, Thread Lifecycle)
| | |-- Synchronization
| | |-- Concurrency Utilities (Executors Framework, Callable and Future, Locks and Semaphores)
|
|-- Java Standard Libraries
| |-- I/O Streams
| | |-- File Handling (File Class, Reading and Writing Files)
| | |-- Streams (Byte Streams, Character Streams, Buffered Streams)
| |
| |-- Networking
| | |-- Sockets (TCP and UDP, Socket and ServerSocket Classes)
| | |-- URL and HTTP (URL Class, HttpURLConnection)
| |
| |-- JDBC
| | |-- Database Connectivity (JDBC Drivers, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet)
| | |-- PreparedStatement and CallableStatement
|
|-- Java Frameworks
| |-- Spring Framework
| | |-- Spring Core (Dependency Injection, Inversion of Control)
| | |-- Spring MVC (Model-View-Controller Architecture)
| | |-- Spring Boot (Creating Spring Boot Applications, Starters and Auto-Configuration, Actuator)
| |
| |-- Hibernate
| | |-- ORM Basics (Introduction to ORM, Configuration and Mapping)
| | |-- Advanced Hibernate (Caching, Transactions and Concurrency, Criteria API)
|
|-- Web Development with Java
| |-- Java EE (Jakarta EE)
| | |-- Servlets (Lifecycle, Handling HTTP Requests and Responses, Session Management)
| | |-- JavaServer Pages (JSP) (Syntax, Directives, JSTL and Custom Tags, Expression Language)
| |
| |-- RESTful Web Services
| | |-- JAX-RS (Creating RESTful Services, Annotations and HTTP Methods, Consuming RESTful Services)
|
|-- Build Tools and Dependency Management
| |-- Maven
| | |-- Project Object Model (POM), Dependencies, Repositories, Build Lifecycle and Plugins
| |
| |-- Gradle
| | |-- Build Scripts, Dependency Management, Task Automation
|
|-- Testing in Java
| |-- Unit Testing
| | |-- JUnit (Annotations, Assertions, Test Suites and Runners)
| |
| |-- Mockito (Creating Mocks and Spies and Verification)
| |
| |-- Integration Testing
| | |-- Spring Test (Testing Spring Components and WebTestClient)
|
|-- Deployment and DevOps
| |-- Containers and Microservices
| | |-- Docker (Dockerfile, Image Creation, Container Management)
| | |-- Kubernetes (Pods, Services, Deployments, Managing Java Applications on Kubernetes)

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🚀 Roadmap to Become a Java Developer 🔰

📂 Programming Basics
 ∟📂 Master Java Syntax, Variables & Data Types
  ∟📂 Learn Control Flow, Loops & Exception Handling
   ∟📂 Practice with Basic Programs

📂 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
 ∟📂 Understand Classes, Objects & Inheritance
  ∟📂 Dive into Encapsulation, Polymorphism & Abstraction
   ∟📂 Explore Design Patterns in Java

📂 Tools & Build Systems
 ∟📂 Get Comfortable with IDEs (e.g., IntelliJ, Eclipse)
  ∟📂 Master Maven & Gradle for Dependency Management
   ∟📂 Learn Git & Version Control Systems

📂 Data Structures & Algorithms
 ∟📂 Learn Java Collections (Lists, Sets, Maps, etc.)
  ∟📂 Understand Algorithms & Problem Solving
   ∟📂 Tackle Coding Challenges

📂 Web Development & APIs
 ∟📂 Learn Servlets & JSP Basics
  ∟📂 Dive into Spring Boot & RESTful Services
   ∟📂 Understand Microservices Architecture

📂 Database & Persistence
 ∟📂 Master JDBC & SQL Fundamentals
  ∟📂 Explore ORM Tools like Hibernate & JPA
   ∟📂 Practice with Real-World Data

📂 Testing & Debugging
 ∟📂 Get Started with JUnit & Test-Driven Development
  ∟📂 Learn Debugging Techniques & Best Practices
   ∟📂 Automate Testing with Tools

📂 Advanced Topics
 ∟📂 Learn Multithreading & Concurrency
  ∟📂 Understand JVM Internals & Garbage Collection
   ∟📂 Explore Performance Optimization

📂 Projects & Real-World Applications
 ∟📂 Build End-to-End Java Applications
  ∟📂 Contribute to Open-Source Projects
   ∟📂 Showcase on GitHub & Portfolio

📂 Interview Preparation & Job Hunting
 ∟📂 Solve Java Coding Challenges
  ∟📂 Master System Design & Architecture Concepts
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