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👉🏻Cost Analysis

In economics, the Cost Analysis refers to the measure of the cost – output relationship, i.e. the economists are concerned with determining the cost incurred in hiring the inputs and how well these can be re-arranged to increase the productivity (output) of the firm.

In other words, the cost analysis is concerned with determining money value of inputs (labor, raw material), called as the overall cost of production which helps in deciding the optimum level of production.

There are several cost concepts relevant to the business operations and decisions and for the convenience of understanding these can be grouped under two overlapping categories:

1. Cost Concepts Used for Accounting Purposes: Generally, the accountants use these cost concepts to study the financial position of the firm. They are concerned with arranging the finances of the firm and therefore keep a track of the assets and liabilities of the firm. The accounting costs are used for taxation purposes and calculating the profit and loss of the firm. These are:
➖Opportunity Cost
➖Business Cost
➖Full Cost
➖Explicit Cost
➖Implicit Cost
➖Out-of-Pocket Cost
➖Book Cost

2. Analytical Cost Concepts Used for Economic Analysis of Business Activities: These cost concepts are used by the economists to analyze the likely cost of production in the future. They are concerned with how the cost of production can be managed or how the input and output can be re-arranged such that the overall profitability of the firm gets improved. These costs are:

➖Fixed Cost
➖Variable Cost
➖Total Cost
➖Average Cost
➖Marginal Cost
➖Short-run Cost
➖Long-Run Cost
➖Incremental Cost
➖Sunk Cost
➖Historical Cost
➖Replacement Cost
➖Private Cost
➖Social Cost

In business, the manager must have a clear understanding of the cost-output relation as it helps in cost control, marketing, pricing, profit, production, etc. The cost-output relation can be expressed as:

C = f (S, O, P, T)
Where, C =cost, S = Size of the firm, O = output, P = Price and T = Technology.

With the increase in the size of the firm, the economies of scale also increase and as a result the cost of per unit production comes down. There is a positive relation between the cost and the output, as the output increases the cost also increases and vice-versa. Likewise, the price of inputs is directly related to the price, as the input price increases the cost of production also increases. But however, the technology is inversely related to the cost, i.e. with an improved technology the cost of production decreases.

Thus, the cost analysis is pivotal in business decision-making as the cost incurred in the input and output is to be carefully understood before planning the production capacity of the firm.



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✅ PM SVANidhi Yojana 2020 - A Street Vendor's Scheme

PM SVANIDHI Yojana 2020 launched by the central government aims at enabling the street vendors to resume their livelihood which has been adversely affected due to COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lock down imposed by the government. This special micro-credit facility scheme will provide affordable loans to street vendors.

🔷Objective of PM SVANidhi yojana
➖ To provide affordable working capital loans to street vendors which can help them to resume their livelihood activities post-countrywide lock down imposed by government (due to Covid-19 pandemic.)
➖ To incentivize regular repayment of loans by provisions like cash-back, higher loans on subsequent demands etc.


🔷Scheme Benefits
➖ Vendors can avail a working capital loan of up to Rs. 10,000, which is repayable in monthly installments in the tenure of one year.
➖ A vendor does not have to provide any collateral security to access the loan.
➖ On timely/ early repayment of the loan, an interest subsidy @ 7% per annum will be credited to the bank accounts of beneficiaries through Direct Benefit Transfer on quarterly basis.
➖ The scheme promotes digital transactions through cash back incentives up to an amount of Rs. 100 per month.
➖ The vendors can avail the facility of escalation of the credit limit on timely/ early repayment of loan.


🔷Beneficiaries
This scheme targets to benefit over 50 lakh Street Vendors. (Those street vendors as on/before 24th March 2020)

A vendor, according to the scheme guidelines is any person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or merchandise of daily use or offering services to the public in a street, footpath, pavement etc., from a temporary built up structure or by moving from place to place.

The goods supplied by them include vegetables, fruits, ready-to-eat street food, tea, pakodas, breads, eggs, textile, apparel, artisan products, books/ stationary etc. and the services include barber shops, cobblers, pan shops, laundry services etc.


🔷Scheme implementation Bodies
➖ Regional Rural Banks
➖ Scheduled Commercial Banks
➖ Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
➖ Micro-Finance Institutions
➖ Cooperative banks
➖ Non-banking financial companies
➖ Self Help Groups (SHG) Banks.



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