Internal Medicine By Doha Rawag
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MBBCh ,Tripoli University๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐ŸŽ“
GP at TUH๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€โš•๏ธ
Studies arab and Libyan board of internal medicine specialists ๐Ÿฉบ
Medical educator at https://t.me/New_Minds_Edu๐Ÿ’ป
ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุงุทู†ุฉ .๐Ÿ’Š๐Ÿ’‰
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ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ๐Ÿค

ูˆ ุงุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุดูŠุช The most common findings in clinical exam ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูุถู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงุณุชูุงุฏูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฏููุนุฉ ูˆ ุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู†ูƒ Examination stations๐Ÿฉบ

ุงู„ุดูŠุช ู‡ุฐุง ุญุทูŠุช ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ ุฌู‡ุฏูŠ ูˆ ุฎุจุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจุงุทู†ุฉ ูˆ ุฑุชุจุชู‡ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู‚ุฑุงูŠุชู‡ ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุจูˆุง ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ
ููŠู‡ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ findings ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุทุงู„ุจูŠู† ุจูŠู‡ุง ูƒ fifith year ู…ุน ุงู„ discussion ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญู†ุชุณุงู„ูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุง ุงู„ DD ูˆ ุงู„ Investigations .๐Ÿ“

ู…ูˆูู‚ูŠู† ูˆ ู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก .๐Ÿค
โค7
ุดูŠุช Examination Chicklist ๐Ÿ“๐Ÿฉบ
๐Ÿ“ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู†ุตุงุฆุญ ู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู†ูƒ๐Ÿฉบ

ุฌู‡ุฒูˆุง ุงู„ุจุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุจุงู„ุทูˆ ูˆ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุนุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ tape measure ูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ instruments ุงู„ู„ูŠ
ู…ุญุชุงุฌูŠู†ู‡ุง

ูˆ ุงู†ุชูˆ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠู† ู„ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ุนุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุดู† ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฃุฏูŠุฑูˆุง ุŒ ุชู„ู‚ูˆู‡ุง ู…ุนู„ู‚ุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ bed ู…ุชุน ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช

ุทุจู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจ introduce yourself ู„ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุง ุชุบุทูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ูˆ ุชุดูƒุฑู‡
ูˆ ุฏูŠู…ุง ุฎู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ุจุชุณู…ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุณุฃู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ูƒุงู† ูŠูˆุฌุน ููŠู‡ ุงูˆ ู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ

ุฎู„ูŠู‡ู… ุตุงุฏู‚ูŠู† ุณูˆุงุก ุนุฑูุชูˆุง findings ุงูˆ ู„ุง ุŒ ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ 3 ู„ุฌุงู† ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู…ุง ุฒุจุทุชุด ููŠ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุชุฒุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุŒ ูˆ ุจุนูˆู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุฌูŠุจูˆู‡ู… ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ

ุงุนุทูˆุง presentation ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ

ู„ู…ุง ุชู†ุณุงู„ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ DD ุญุทูˆุง ููŠ ุจุงู„ูƒู… ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ูˆ ุงุนุทูˆุง ุงู„ most likely DX ู‡ูŠุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
ู…ุชู„ุง ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ signs of UMNL
ู„ู‚ูŠุชู‡ุง ุญูˆูŠุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุนุงู„ุงุบู„ุจ ischemic CVA ุŒ ูˆ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุงุช ุชู„ุงุชูŠู†ุงุช ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุนุงู„ุงุบู„ุจ MS
ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ู„ูƒู„ findings


ูˆ ุงู„ Investigations ุชุจุฏูˆุง ุจุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ most likely DX ูˆ ุชูƒู…ู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ DD

ู…ูˆูู‚ูŠู† ู…ุณุฏุฏูŠู† ุจุนูˆู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ๐Ÿค๐Ÿฉบ
โค23
‏"ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุฅู†ูŠ ุฃุณุนู‰ ุŒ ูˆููŠ ู…ุณุนุงูŠ ุฃุชุนุซู‘ุฑ ูˆุฃุชูˆู‡ ูˆุฃุชูˆู‚ู‘ู ูˆุฃุณู‚ุท
‏ุซู… ุฃุนูˆุฏ ุŒ ูŠุงุฑุจู‘ ุจุงุฑููƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุนู‰ ุจุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„"..

ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ู‚ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏ. ๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿฉบ
โค30๐Ÿ‘2
Internal Medicine By Doha Rawag pinned ยซุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ โœจ๏ธ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู†ูƒ Clinical examination ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุงูŠุณ ูˆ ู…ุด ุนุงุฑูุฉ ุดู† ูŠู‚ุฑุง ู…ู† ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠ ุจุงุด ูŠุบุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุฌูŠ ููŠ ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ Examination ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูŠูƒูˆู† 3 ู…ุญุทุงุช ู„ุฌู†ุฉ general ูˆ ู„ุฌู†ุชูŠู† local๐Ÿฉบ ุฌู‡ุฒุชู„ูƒู… ูƒูˆุฑุณ Examination discussionโ€ฆยป
๐Ÿ“Sleroderma features (Another findings in General examination stations)

ุชุนู‚ู„ูˆุง ุนุงู„ููŠุณ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ููˆู‚ ูˆ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ hands ุชุนู„ู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰
Flexed deformity
Hyperpigmentation + hypopigmented patches
ุฏูŠู…ุง ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ salt on paper appearance ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…
Sclerodactaly

ู…ุฑุงุช ุชู„ู‚ูˆุง ุญุชู‰ ulcer ูˆ gangrene
ุจุณุจุจ ุฑูŠู†ูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง

๐Ÿ“DD
Scleroderma
Chronic Graft versus host diseses

๐Ÿ“Investigations
CBC , ESR , CRP, UEC, LFT ,ANA , Anti centromere antibodies, HRCT , CXR , ECG , Echo, Urine for Routine examination

๐Ÿ“Most common cause of death
Pulmonary hypertension
โค12๐Ÿ”ฅ1
โ—ผ๏ธููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู„ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ findings ููŠ ู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุฑูˆ LMNL ) facial palsy) ุณุฃู„ูˆุง ุญุชู‰ ุนุงู„ treatment ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ DD ูˆ ุงู„ Investigations

๐Ÿ“Bellโ€™s Palsy โ€“ Treatment

Prednisone 50โ€“60 mg daily ร— 5 days โ†’ then taper over 5 days (should be started within 72 hrs).

ยฑ Antiviral (Acyclovir / Valacyclovir) if severe or Ramsay Hunt suspected.

Eye protection: artificial tears (day), ointment + eye patch (night).

Analgesics (paracetamol/NSAIDs) for pain.

Physiotherapy / facial exercises if prolonged weakness.


๐Ÿ‘‰ Most recover fully in 3โ€“6 months.
โค8๐Ÿ”ฅ2
๐Ÿ“ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูŠ Nerve palsy ุงุญูุธูˆุง ุฃุณุจุงุจู‡ ุจุงู„ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ู‡ุฐุง

1-Vascular/ Stroke , Vasculitis, aneurysm , Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
2-Infection/ meningitis, encephalitis, brain Abscess
3-Inflammation/ MS
4-Trauma
5-Tumeur / space occupying lesion (โฌ†๏ธ ICP)
6-Systemic diseases/ DM , sarcoidosis
โค11๐Ÿ”ฅ4
ุทู…ู†ูˆู†ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู‚ุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฌุงูˆุจุชูˆุง ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸูˆ ุดู† ุฌูˆูƒู… ุงู„ stationsุŸ
๐Ÿ“Knee joint examination steps

1. Inspection โ€“ posture, deformity, swelling, scars, muscle wasting

2. Palpation โ€“ warmth, tenderness, effusion (bulge sign, patellar tap), crepitus, quadriceps wasting.

3. Movement โ€“ flexion/extension

4. Special tests ู‡ุงุฏูˆ ู…ุด ู„ูŠูƒู… ุชุจุน ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ

5.assess the gait
โค5๐Ÿ”ฅ2
๐Ÿ“DD of Monoarthritis of the Knee joint


๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธInfectious: Septic arthritis, TB, viral, fungal

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธCrystal-induced: Gout, pseudogout (CPPD)

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธTraumatic/mechanical: Hemarthrosis, meniscal tear, loose body

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธInflammatory/autoimmune: Early RA, SLE, spondyloarthropathies (reactive, psoriatic, enteropathic)

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธDegenerative: Osteoarthritis with effusion

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธNeoplastic/infiltrative: PVNS, synovial chondromatosis, metastasis

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธOthers: Hemophilia, sickle cell, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
โค8
๐Ÿ“What investigations would you like to Elict?

๐ŸŸจ Arthrocentesis (joint aspiration)
โžก๏ธGross appearance: purulent, bloody, clear, cloudy
โžก๏ธSynovial fluid analysis:
โ—พ๏ธWBC count & differential count
> 50,000/mmยณ โ†’ septic arthritis likely
2,000โ€“50,000/mmยณ โ†’ inflammatory (RA, gout)
<2,000/mmยณ โ†’ non-inflammatory (OA)
โ—พ๏ธGram stain & culture โ†’ rule out septic arthritis
โ—พ๏ธPolarized microscopy โ†’ urate (needle-shaped, negative birefringence), CPPD (rhomboid, positive birefringence)
Glucose & protein (โ†“ glucose in infection)

๐ŸŸจ Blood investigations
โ—พ๏ธCBC, ESR, CRP โ†’ inflammation / infection markers
โ—พ๏ธBlood cultures
if septic arthritis suspected
โ—พ๏ธUric acid level
(may support gout but not diagnostic)
โ—พ๏ธAutoimmune markers
(if chronic/atypical):
Rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP
ANA, HLA-B27 (if spondyloarthropathy suspected)

๐ŸŸจ Imaging
โ—พ๏ธPlain X-ray (knee)
OA: joint space narrowing, osteophytes
Gout: punched-out erosions (late)
CPPD: chondrocalcinosis
Trauma: fracture, effusion

๐ŸŸจUltrasound
Detect effusion, guide aspiration

๐ŸŸจMRI
If internal derangement (meniscal tear, ligament injury) or neoplastic/synovial pathology suspected


๐ŸŸจSpecial tests (when indicated)
โ—พ๏ธSynovial biopsy โ†’ TB arthritis, PVNS, tumors
โ—พ๏ธPCR (TB, gonococcal, viral causes) if culture negative but suspicion high
โ—พ๏ธCoagulation profile if hemarthrosis suspected
๐Ÿ”ฅ2โค1
‏๏ดฟุจููŠูŽุฏููƒูŽ ุงู„ุฎูŽูŠุฑู ุฅูู†ูŽู‘ูƒูŽ ุนูŽู„ู‰ ูƒูู„ูู‘ ุดูŽูŠุกู ู‚ูŽุฏูŠุฑูŒ๏ดพ.๐Ÿฉต


‏ููˆูู‘ุถ ุฃู…ุฑูƒ ู„ู„ู‡, ูˆุฃู†ุช ู…ูุทู…ุฆู† ูˆุชูˆูƒูŽู‘ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู…ู† ุชูˆูƒูŽู‘ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูุบู„ุจ ูˆู…ู† ุงุนุชุตู… ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุงูŠูู‡ุฒู… ูˆุชุฐูƒูŽู‘ุฑ ุฃู†ูŽู‘ ุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุง ุญุฏูŽู‘ ู„ู‡ ูˆู„ุง ู…ู†ุชู‡ู‰.

ูƒู„ ุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ู„ู‚ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† ๐Ÿฉบ๐Ÿ’ช
โค24
Internal Medicine By Doha Rawag pinned ยซุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ โœจ๏ธ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠู†ูƒ Clinical examination ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุงูŠุณ ูˆ ู…ุด ุนุงุฑูุฉ ุดู† ูŠู‚ุฑุง ู…ู† ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠ ุจุงุด ูŠุบุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุฌูŠ ููŠ ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ Examination ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูŠูƒูˆู† 3 ู…ุญุทุงุช ู„ุฌู†ุฉ general ูˆ ู„ุฌู†ุชูŠู† local๐Ÿฉบ ุฌู‡ุฒุชู„ูƒู… ูƒูˆุฑุณ Examination discussionโ€ฆยป
ุทู…ู†ูˆู†ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู‚ุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฌุงูˆุจุชูˆุง ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸูˆ ุดู† ุฌูˆูƒู… ุงู„ stationsุŸ
โค3
ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆ ุนู‚ุจุงู„ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุจุงุชโœจ๏ธโœจ๏ธ
โค5