Initially the expansion was slowing down, now it is speeding up.
There was a Cosmic Jerk because of this. Several estimates to the Hubble parameter has been made. It has evolved over the 90 years from 500 kms/sec/Mpc to 69 kms/sec/Mpc. The disparity in the value was because of the underestimation of distance. The Cepheid Stars were used as distance calibrators, however there are different types of Cepheid stars and this fact was not considered for the estimation of the Hubble parameter.
Hubble Time
The Hubble constant gives us a realistic estimate of the age of the universe. The HoHo would give the age of the universe provided the galaxies have been moving with the same velocity. The inverse of HoHo gives us Hubble time.
tH=1HotH=1Ho
Replacing the present value of Ho,tHHo,tH = 14 billion years. Rate of expansion has been constant throughout the beginning of the Universe. Even if this is not true, HoHo gives a useful limit on the age of the universe. Assuming a constant rate of expansion, when we plot a graph between distance and time, the slope of the graph is given by velocity.
In this case, the Hubble time is equal to the actual time. However, if the universe had been expanding faster in the past and slower in the present, the Hubble time gives an upper limit of age of the universe. If the universe was expanding slowly before, and speeding up now, then the Hubble time will give a lower limit on age of the universe.
· tH=tagetH=tage − if rate of expansion is constant.
· tH>tagetH>tage − if universe has expanded faster in the past and slower in the present.
· tH<tagetH<tage − if universe has expanded slower in the past and faster in the present.
Consider a group of 10 galaxies which are at 200 Mpc from another group of galaxies. The galaxies within a cluster never conclude that the universe is expanding because kinematics within a local group is governed by gravitation.
Points to Remember
· Cosmology is the study of the past, present and future of our Universe.
· Our universe is ∼14 billion years old.
· The universe is continuously expanding.
· Hubble parameter is a measure of the age of the universe.
· Current value of Ho is 69 kms/sec/Mpc.
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@BIOOZOO @BIOOZOO
There was a Cosmic Jerk because of this. Several estimates to the Hubble parameter has been made. It has evolved over the 90 years from 500 kms/sec/Mpc to 69 kms/sec/Mpc. The disparity in the value was because of the underestimation of distance. The Cepheid Stars were used as distance calibrators, however there are different types of Cepheid stars and this fact was not considered for the estimation of the Hubble parameter.
Hubble Time
The Hubble constant gives us a realistic estimate of the age of the universe. The HoHo would give the age of the universe provided the galaxies have been moving with the same velocity. The inverse of HoHo gives us Hubble time.
tH=1HotH=1Ho
Replacing the present value of Ho,tHHo,tH = 14 billion years. Rate of expansion has been constant throughout the beginning of the Universe. Even if this is not true, HoHo gives a useful limit on the age of the universe. Assuming a constant rate of expansion, when we plot a graph between distance and time, the slope of the graph is given by velocity.
In this case, the Hubble time is equal to the actual time. However, if the universe had been expanding faster in the past and slower in the present, the Hubble time gives an upper limit of age of the universe. If the universe was expanding slowly before, and speeding up now, then the Hubble time will give a lower limit on age of the universe.
· tH=tagetH=tage − if rate of expansion is constant.
· tH>tagetH>tage − if universe has expanded faster in the past and slower in the present.
· tH<tagetH<tage − if universe has expanded slower in the past and faster in the present.
Consider a group of 10 galaxies which are at 200 Mpc from another group of galaxies. The galaxies within a cluster never conclude that the universe is expanding because kinematics within a local group is governed by gravitation.
Points to Remember
· Cosmology is the study of the past, present and future of our Universe.
· Our universe is ∼14 billion years old.
· The universe is continuously expanding.
· Hubble parameter is a measure of the age of the universe.
· Current value of Ho is 69 kms/sec/Mpc.
@LAQMC @LAQMC
@BIOOZOO @BIOOZOO
Fundamental Forces
There are four fundamental forces in nature. They are Electromagnetism, the Weak Nuclear Force, the Strong Nuclear Force and Gravitation.
The Weak Nuclear Force is associated with radioactivity in unstable nuclei, specifically the decay of a neutron into a proton in the form of Beta radiation. The gauge bosons that mediate the force are the W and Z bosons. This interaction can cause quarks to change flavours.
The Strong Nuclear Force binds together quarks to form nucleons, in turn, it also acts to bind these nucleons together, forming atomic nuclei. The force is mediated by an exchange of gluons, which are a type of gauge boson. The charge associated with this force, analogous to the electric charge associated with electromagnetism, is the Colour charge, of which there are three varieties; Red, Green and Blue. The mathematical theory describing the elementary particles interacting with this force, Quarks and Gluons, is known as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). At atomic levels, it is by far the strongest of all forces, but only interacts on a scale on the order of 10-15m, and therefore, whilst incredibly important for the formation of matter, does not play any observable role in day to day life.
Electromagnetism is a force associated with the electric charge associated with certain molecules. Along with gravitation, is is one of the four forces that has a major noticeable effect on day to day human life. It manifests as two different fields electric fields and magnetic fields, although they are aspects of the same force and therefore interact with each other through electromagnetic induction. The gauge boson that mediates this force is the photon, which is also the quanta (discrete packet) of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as infra-red radiation (most thermal radiation), X-rays, Ultraviolet radiation etc..
Gravitation is a force of attraction between two massive bodies. Objects on Earth are attracted to the Earth via gravitation, why is why, when an apple falls from a tree, it falls down towards the Earth, instead of in any other direction. Gravitation also gives weight to objects, weight being the mass of an object multiplied by the gravitational force acted upon it by another object. Gravitation on a Universal scale is described by Einstein's theory of General Relativity, where it is described as being a result of curved spacetime. Classically, it has been described by Newton's law of gravitation, which is an accurate approximation up to a certain level of detail. Gravitation is mediated by the still-hypothetical gauge boson the Graviton. On a quantum level, there is no sufficient theory that can explain the force, although string and M-Theory are potential candidates. Explaining gravity on a quantum level is one of the major challenges in present-day physics.
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There are four fundamental forces in nature. They are Electromagnetism, the Weak Nuclear Force, the Strong Nuclear Force and Gravitation.
The Weak Nuclear Force is associated with radioactivity in unstable nuclei, specifically the decay of a neutron into a proton in the form of Beta radiation. The gauge bosons that mediate the force are the W and Z bosons. This interaction can cause quarks to change flavours.
The Strong Nuclear Force binds together quarks to form nucleons, in turn, it also acts to bind these nucleons together, forming atomic nuclei. The force is mediated by an exchange of gluons, which are a type of gauge boson. The charge associated with this force, analogous to the electric charge associated with electromagnetism, is the Colour charge, of which there are three varieties; Red, Green and Blue. The mathematical theory describing the elementary particles interacting with this force, Quarks and Gluons, is known as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). At atomic levels, it is by far the strongest of all forces, but only interacts on a scale on the order of 10-15m, and therefore, whilst incredibly important for the formation of matter, does not play any observable role in day to day life.
Electromagnetism is a force associated with the electric charge associated with certain molecules. Along with gravitation, is is one of the four forces that has a major noticeable effect on day to day human life. It manifests as two different fields electric fields and magnetic fields, although they are aspects of the same force and therefore interact with each other through electromagnetic induction. The gauge boson that mediates this force is the photon, which is also the quanta (discrete packet) of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as infra-red radiation (most thermal radiation), X-rays, Ultraviolet radiation etc..
Gravitation is a force of attraction between two massive bodies. Objects on Earth are attracted to the Earth via gravitation, why is why, when an apple falls from a tree, it falls down towards the Earth, instead of in any other direction. Gravitation also gives weight to objects, weight being the mass of an object multiplied by the gravitational force acted upon it by another object. Gravitation on a Universal scale is described by Einstein's theory of General Relativity, where it is described as being a result of curved spacetime. Classically, it has been described by Newton's law of gravitation, which is an accurate approximation up to a certain level of detail. Gravitation is mediated by the still-hypothetical gauge boson the Graviton. On a quantum level, there is no sufficient theory that can explain the force, although string and M-Theory are potential candidates. Explaining gravity on a quantum level is one of the major challenges in present-day physics.
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@BIOOZOO @BIOOZOO
11 Amazing Facts
1. The first person to look into space with a telescope was Galileo, nearly 400 years ago
2. Because fragrance is dependent on several environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and a flower’s age, flowers smell differently in space than they do on Earth. The fragrance of a variety of roses grown on the space shuttle Discovery was later replicated and incorporated into “Zen,” a perfume sold by the Japanese company Shiseido.
3. Space is flexible. It’s been expanding at a measurable rate since the beginning of time.
4. There is no sound in space.
5. In the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, Bowman should have exhaled instead of inhaling before attempting to re-enter the ship from the pod after HAL locks him out. The vacuum of space would have damaged his lungs if they had been full of air.
6. On Earth, a flame will rise. In space, however, a flame will move outward from its source in all directions. Because space has no gravity, the expanding hot air experiences equal resistance in all directions, so it moves spherically from its source. A match would need to be struck in a space vehicle or station with an oxygen-bearing atmosphere because a flame needs oxygen.
7. The first woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova, a Soviet cosmonaut who flew aboard the Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
8. Because there is no gravity in space, there is no natural convection, which means body heat won’t rise off the skin. Because of this, the body will constantly perspire to cool itself but, unfortunately, the sweat won’t drip or evaporate—it will just build up.
9. Because there is no gravity in space, there is no buoyant force, which means nothing pushes bubbles up and out of carbonated drinks in space. Therefore, it is impossible to burp out the gas of, say, a root beer.
10. Astronomers hypothesize three different possible scenarios for our universe: 1) we have a closed universe, which means the universe will eventually collapse into another singularity; 2) we have an open universe, which means that the universe will keep expanding forever until everything is so far apart that the universe becomes inert and dead; and 3) we have a flat universe, which means gravity is just right and will hold the universe together at just the right dimensions to allow things to go on indefinitely. This last scenario is also known as the Goldilocks effect, where everything is “just right.”
11. Cosmic rays are highly energetic particles that flow throughout our solar system from deep in outer space, but astronomers are unsure of their origins.
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@BIOOZOO @BIOOZOO
1. The first person to look into space with a telescope was Galileo, nearly 400 years ago
2. Because fragrance is dependent on several environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and a flower’s age, flowers smell differently in space than they do on Earth. The fragrance of a variety of roses grown on the space shuttle Discovery was later replicated and incorporated into “Zen,” a perfume sold by the Japanese company Shiseido.
3. Space is flexible. It’s been expanding at a measurable rate since the beginning of time.
4. There is no sound in space.
5. In the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, Bowman should have exhaled instead of inhaling before attempting to re-enter the ship from the pod after HAL locks him out. The vacuum of space would have damaged his lungs if they had been full of air.
6. On Earth, a flame will rise. In space, however, a flame will move outward from its source in all directions. Because space has no gravity, the expanding hot air experiences equal resistance in all directions, so it moves spherically from its source. A match would need to be struck in a space vehicle or station with an oxygen-bearing atmosphere because a flame needs oxygen.
7. The first woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova, a Soviet cosmonaut who flew aboard the Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
8. Because there is no gravity in space, there is no natural convection, which means body heat won’t rise off the skin. Because of this, the body will constantly perspire to cool itself but, unfortunately, the sweat won’t drip or evaporate—it will just build up.
9. Because there is no gravity in space, there is no buoyant force, which means nothing pushes bubbles up and out of carbonated drinks in space. Therefore, it is impossible to burp out the gas of, say, a root beer.
10. Astronomers hypothesize three different possible scenarios for our universe: 1) we have a closed universe, which means the universe will eventually collapse into another singularity; 2) we have an open universe, which means that the universe will keep expanding forever until everything is so far apart that the universe becomes inert and dead; and 3) we have a flat universe, which means gravity is just right and will hold the universe together at just the right dimensions to allow things to go on indefinitely. This last scenario is also known as the Goldilocks effect, where everything is “just right.”
11. Cosmic rays are highly energetic particles that flow throughout our solar system from deep in outer space, but astronomers are unsure of their origins.
@LAQMC @LAQMC
@BIOOZOO @BIOOZOO
The Perseverance Rover (Astronomy Club)
Rover is a man made device made to explore planetary surface or planets. Such types of device or vehicle are made to travel on planets or planetary mass celestial bodies, like Mars, Venus, Moon and other planets.
Rovers use solar powers or nuclear power to keep working since rovers are electrical vehicles.
Purpose
Rovers are made to study other planets surface, scientist have sent rovers to moon and mars, more specifically rovers are send to Mars. This is because it is believed that 4.1 billion years ago both Mars and Earth were similar. They both have liquid water and magnetic field that protect them from dangerous solar winds. So scientists speculate that if life developed at that time on our planet, could it also have developed at mars?
To answer that question scientist sent rovers to study and collect information about Mars, the terrain, and to take crust samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. Because of that, Rovers are essential tools in space exploration.
Pervious rovers
The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.
• Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
• Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair. Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
• Opportunity rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
• Curiosity rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.
What make Perseverance rover different?
The Perseverance rover will land today February 18 at dangerous sandy pits at Mars’s Jezero Crater. The reason they planned to land it at such point or place is because it is believed that this Crater was once filled with liquid water. And once the rover land and start driving toward the actual science location it can shave off a year or more of drive time.
And that is why they named it Perseverance because perseverance means persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.
This is not the only reason it is different from the previous rover. The Perseverance rovers contain something new, and that is it has a little helicopter or drone named Ingenuity.
Ingenuity will test the first controlled flight on other planet
This is not the only thing the rover contains it contain many complicated technology that mankind ever made.
Links if you want to see the live steam.
Live stream: https://youtu.be/gm0b_ijaYMQ
Mark Rober video: https://youtu.be/tH2tKigOPBU
Veritasium: https://youtu.be/GhsZUZmJvaM
Join our channel:
👉 @scienceQM
👉 @LAQMC
Rover is a man made device made to explore planetary surface or planets. Such types of device or vehicle are made to travel on planets or planetary mass celestial bodies, like Mars, Venus, Moon and other planets.
Rovers use solar powers or nuclear power to keep working since rovers are electrical vehicles.
Purpose
Rovers are made to study other planets surface, scientist have sent rovers to moon and mars, more specifically rovers are send to Mars. This is because it is believed that 4.1 billion years ago both Mars and Earth were similar. They both have liquid water and magnetic field that protect them from dangerous solar winds. So scientists speculate that if life developed at that time on our planet, could it also have developed at mars?
To answer that question scientist sent rovers to study and collect information about Mars, the terrain, and to take crust samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. Because of that, Rovers are essential tools in space exploration.
Pervious rovers
The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.
• Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
• Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair. Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
• Opportunity rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
• Curiosity rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.
What make Perseverance rover different?
The Perseverance rover will land today February 18 at dangerous sandy pits at Mars’s Jezero Crater. The reason they planned to land it at such point or place is because it is believed that this Crater was once filled with liquid water. And once the rover land and start driving toward the actual science location it can shave off a year or more of drive time.
And that is why they named it Perseverance because perseverance means persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.
This is not the only reason it is different from the previous rover. The Perseverance rovers contain something new, and that is it has a little helicopter or drone named Ingenuity.
Ingenuity will test the first controlled flight on other planet
This is not the only thing the rover contains it contain many complicated technology that mankind ever made.
Links if you want to see the live steam.
Live stream: https://youtu.be/gm0b_ijaYMQ
Mark Rober video: https://youtu.be/tH2tKigOPBU
Veritasium: https://youtu.be/GhsZUZmJvaM
Join our channel:
👉 @scienceQM
👉 @LAQMC
YouTube
Watch NASA’s Perseverance Rover Land on Mars!
Watch an epic journey unfold on Thursday, Feb. 18 as our Perseverance rover lands on Mars. To reach the surface of the Red Planet, the rover has to survive the harrowing final phase known as Entry, Descent, and Landing.
Only then can the rover – the biggest…
Only then can the rover – the biggest…
What If: What If You Fell Into Jupiter?
YouTube
What If You Fell Into Jupiter?
Humans have explored the Moon, Mars, and of course, Earth. But what do we know about Jupiter?
For the most part, this gas giant is a mystery. So what would happen if you wanted to discover it for yourself and jumped right onto the planet? Or should we say…
For the most part, this gas giant is a mystery. So what would happen if you wanted to discover it for yourself and jumped right onto the planet? Or should we say…
CrashCourse: Jupiter's Moons: Crash Course Astronomy #17
YouTube
Jupiter's Moons: Crash Course Astronomy #17
Before moving on from Jupiter to Saturn, we’re going to linger for a moment on Jupiter’s moons. There are 67 known moons, 4 of which are the huge ones that we want to explore in greater detail. Ganymede is the largest - larger, in fact, than any other moon…
🌔Galilean Moons🌖
✨The Galilean moons are the four biggest of Jupiter's moons. They were discovered by Galileo, centuries before astronomers identified the others, smaller ones.
✨Ganymede is the biggest of Galilean moons. At 5262 km across, it is larger than the planet Mercury.
✨Ganymede looks solid, but under its shell of ice is 900 km of slushy ice and water.
✨At 4806 km across, Callisto is the second biggest moon of Jupiter.
✨Callisto is scarred with craters from bombardment early in the Solar System's life.
✨Io is the third largest moon at 3642 km across.
The surface of Io is a mass of volcanoes caused by it being stretched and squeezed by Jupiter's massive gravity.
✨Io's yellow glow comes from sulphur, which is thrown out as far as 300 km upwards by the moon's volcanoes.
✨The smallest of the Galilean moons is Europa at 3138 km across.
✨Europa has a smooth icy surface full of cracks, but the Galileo probe discovered an ocean of water under the ice where there might be living creatures.
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✨The Galilean moons are the four biggest of Jupiter's moons. They were discovered by Galileo, centuries before astronomers identified the others, smaller ones.
✨Ganymede is the biggest of Galilean moons. At 5262 km across, it is larger than the planet Mercury.
✨Ganymede looks solid, but under its shell of ice is 900 km of slushy ice and water.
✨At 4806 km across, Callisto is the second biggest moon of Jupiter.
✨Callisto is scarred with craters from bombardment early in the Solar System's life.
✨Io is the third largest moon at 3642 km across.
The surface of Io is a mass of volcanoes caused by it being stretched and squeezed by Jupiter's massive gravity.
✨Io's yellow glow comes from sulphur, which is thrown out as far as 300 km upwards by the moon's volcanoes.
✨The smallest of the Galilean moons is Europa at 3138 km across.
✨Europa has a smooth icy surface full of cracks, but the Galileo probe discovered an ocean of water under the ice where there might be living creatures.
@LAQMC
Brian Cox (physicist) - Wikipedia
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)
Wikipedia
Brian Cox (physicist)
Brian Edward Cox (born 3 March 1968) is an English physicist and musician. He is a professor of particle physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester and the Royal Society Professor for Public Engagement in Science. He is…
First-ever 'space hurricane' detected over the North Pole | Live Science
https://www.google.com/m?q=space+hurricane&client=ms-opera-mobile&channel=new&espv=1
https://www.google.com/m?q=space+hurricane&client=ms-opera-mobile&channel=new&espv=1
Google
space hurricane - Google Search
Forwarded from ⚛️LIA Astronomy & Quantum Mechanics Club⚛️ (Kaleab Milion)
Which of the following is not the moon of Saturn?
Anonymous Quiz
23%
A. Hyperion
24%
B. Mimas
37%
C. Ariel
17%
D. Rhea
Forwarded from ⚛️LIA Astronomy & Quantum Mechanics Club⚛️ (Kaleab Milion)
Light travels at 186,282 miles per _________?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
A. hour
14%
B. minute
60%
C. second
4%
D. year
Forwarded from Quality button
Animals are one of the amazing part of our nature. Enjoy these your short time with them.
💁♂Here is all what you want !🤗
💁♂Here is all what you want !🤗
Forwarded from ⚛️LIA Astronomy & Quantum Mechanics Club⚛️ (Kaleab Milion)
On which planet do we find the great red spot?
Anonymous Quiz
61%
A. Jupiter
31%
B. Mars
4%
C. Saturn
4%
D. Uranus
Forwarded from ⚛️LIA Astronomy & Quantum Mechanics Club⚛️ (Kaleab Milion)
Which planet is closest to the sun?
Anonymous Quiz
6%
A. Ceres
84%
B. Mercury
5%
C. Venus
4%
D. Mars
Forwarded from ⚛️LIA Astronomy & Quantum Mechanics Club⚛️ (Kaleab Milion)
How long is a day on Jupiter?
Anonymous Quiz
24%
A. 65 hours
43%
B. 93 hours
5%
C. 24 hours
29%
D. 10 hours
Sedna is an icy solar system body that is so distant, it takes 11,400 years to orbit the sun. It resides roughly 3 times further out from the sun than Neptune, and is two third the size of Pluto. It is one of the most distant objects known in the solar system, and although Sedna is covered in an ice, it appears almost as red as Mars.
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Matter spiralling in to a black hole is torn apart and glow so brightly that it creates the brightest objects in the universe Quasars.
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Comets always have irregular shapes due to the fact that they have low mass so they cannot become spherical under their own gravity.
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