The SCO has two Permanent Bodies: (i) SCO Secretariat in Beijing; and (ii)
Executive Committee of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent.
The current SCO Secretary General Mr. Nurlan Yermekbaev (Former Minister of
Defence of Kazakhstan) assumed charge in January 2025, for a period of three years.
India contributes 5.9% to the SCO annual budget. India also has two quota posts
(Deputy Secretary General and Referent) each in the SCO Secretariat in Beijing and in
the SCO-RATS headquarters in Tashkent
🤢India also directed the cooperation in SCO towards five new verticals like
Startups and Innovation, Traditional Medicine, Science and Technology, Youth
Empowerment and Shared Buddhist Heritage. Varanasi as the 1st SCO Cultural and
Tourism Capital for 2022-23 hosted several events with the active participation from
the Member States.
😜 Laos was officially accepted as a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on September 1, 2025, during the SCO summit in Tianjin, China. This move strengthens the Beijing-led bloc's influence in Southeast Asia and marks a step for Laos towards deeper economic and security integration.
Executive Committee of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent.
The current SCO Secretary General Mr. Nurlan Yermekbaev (Former Minister of
Defence of Kazakhstan) assumed charge in January 2025, for a period of three years.
India contributes 5.9% to the SCO annual budget. India also has two quota posts
(Deputy Secretary General and Referent) each in the SCO Secretariat in Beijing and in
the SCO-RATS headquarters in Tashkent
🤢India also directed the cooperation in SCO towards five new verticals like
Startups and Innovation, Traditional Medicine, Science and Technology, Youth
Empowerment and Shared Buddhist Heritage. Varanasi as the 1st SCO Cultural and
Tourism Capital for 2022-23 hosted several events with the active participation from
the Member States.
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🌿May 2025, Japan enacted a landmark piece of legislation — the Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence-Related Technologies
🍀This model rests on two key assumptions. First, that innovation ecosystems thrive better in the absence of rigid regulatory burdens. Second, that voluntary cooperation — when guided by national coordination and ethical principles — can effectively mitigate risks associated with the misuse of AI. Article 13 of the Act affirms the government’s responsibility to develop guidelines that reflect international norms and prevent harm, such as misuse, privacy breaches, or intellectual property violations. However, it stops short of codifying hard rules or penalties.
💁♀️AI space — under the G7 Hiroshima Process, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development frameworks, and the UN’s AI advisory body
🍀This model rests on two key assumptions. First, that innovation ecosystems thrive better in the absence of rigid regulatory burdens. Second, that voluntary cooperation — when guided by national coordination and ethical principles — can effectively mitigate risks associated with the misuse of AI. Article 13 of the Act affirms the government’s responsibility to develop guidelines that reflect international norms and prevent harm, such as misuse, privacy breaches, or intellectual property violations. However, it stops short of codifying hard rules or penalties.
💁♀️AI space — under the G7 Hiroshima Process, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development frameworks, and the UN’s AI advisory body
IPEF was launched on 23 May 2022 at Tokyo, Japan, comprising 14 countries – Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and USA. The IPEF seeks to strengthen economic engagement and cooperation among partner countries with the goal of advancing growth, economic stability and prosperity in the region.
The framework is structured around four pillars relating to Trade (Pillar I); Supply Chain Resilience (Pillar II); Clean Economy (Pillar III); and Fair Economy (Pillar IV). India has ratified Agreement on Supply Chain Resilience (Pillar II) in February 2024 and has maintained an observer status in Pillar-I
🔡 India has officially signed three of the four pillars under the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), focusing on Supply Chains (Pillar II), Clean Economy (Pillar III), and Fair Economy (Pillar IV)
The framework is structured around four pillars relating to Trade (Pillar I); Supply Chain Resilience (Pillar II); Clean Economy (Pillar III); and Fair Economy (Pillar IV). India has ratified Agreement on Supply Chain Resilience (Pillar II) in February 2024 and has maintained an observer status in Pillar-I
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The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international body established in April 2009 that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system to promote stability. Based in Basel, Switzerland, it coordinates national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies, focusing on risk assessment, regulatory policy development, and implementation monitoring.
The Ministry of Mines has entered into bilateral agreements with mineral-rich countries including Australia, Argentina, Zambia, Peru, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi and Côte d’Ivoire. India also participates in multilateral platforms such as the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) and the initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), which collectively support efforts to build resilient critical minerals supply chains
INS Tushil (commissioned Dec 2024) and INS Tamal (commissioned July 2025) are upgraded Krivak-III class (Project 11356) stealth frigates built by Russia for the Indian Navy. These ~4,000-ton guided-missile ships, equipped with BrahMos missiles and advanced ASW systems, strengthen India's maritime security in the Indo-Pacific.
🍀Tajikistan is among the world's most remittance-dependent economies, with funds from migrant workers in Russia accounting for roughly 45% to nearly 50% of its GDP. While India receives the highest absolute volume of remittances globally
👻India emerged as the world’s top recipient of remittances in 2024, accounting for 14.3% of global flows, the highest share recorded so far
🥶For India, these inflows constitute a crucial component of the current account under the Balance of Payments.
🙈According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2023-24 survey, the United States is the largest source of inward remittances to India, accounting for 27.7% of the total. The US surpassed the UAE, which is now the second-largest source at 19.2%.
👻India emerged as the world’s top recipient of remittances in 2024, accounting for 14.3% of global flows, the highest share recorded so far
🥶For India, these inflows constitute a crucial component of the current account under the Balance of Payments.
🙈According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2023-24 survey, the United States is the largest source of inward remittances to India, accounting for 27.7% of the total. The US surpassed the UAE, which is now the second-largest source at 19.2%.
🌿Thurioside is a proteinaceous, insecticidal crystal toxin produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is a specific type of delta-endotoxin used in biopesticides to control insect larvae, particularly by creating pores in the gut, which causes cell lysis and death
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🌴Aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a major threat to groundnut (peanut) quality, causing liver damage and cancer. A "double defence" strategy, developed by ICRISAT researchers, has been shown to make groundnuts nearly immune to this toxin.
The "Double Defence" Line Strategy:
Strategy 1 (Immunity Boost): Researchers inserted two alfalfa genes (antifungal defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4.2) into the groundnut plants. These produce small proteins that boost the plant's immunity to limit fungal infection and stop the mold from growing.
Strategy 2 (Gene Silencing): A "Host-Induced Gene Silencing" (HIGS) technique is used to produce small RNA molecules within the plant. When the fungus attacks, these RNA molecules enter it and shut down the fungal genes (aflM and aflP) responsible for producing the toxin, even if the plant is infected.
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🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology tool that uses synthetic, single-stranded nucleic acids, known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. By hybridizing with the target mRNA, these ASOs block translation or trigger mRNA degradation, effectively silencing gene expression and preventing the production of disease-causing proteins
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology method used to turn off or "knock down" specific genes by introducing a complementary RNA (antisense) strand that binds to the target messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing protein synthesis. While the pGLO system is typically used in education for positive transformation (making bacteria glow using GFP), antisense technology is used for the opposite, such as silencing polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes to delay fruit ripening, as in the Flavr Savr tomat
🌴Aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a major threat to groundnut (peanut) quality, causing liver damage and cancer. A "double defence" strategy, developed by ICRISAT researchers, has been shown to make groundnuts nearly immune to this toxin.
The "Double Defence" Line Strategy:
Strategy 1 (Immunity Boost): Researchers inserted two alfalfa genes (antifungal defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4.2) into the groundnut plants. These produce small proteins that boost the plant's immunity to limit fungal infection and stop the mold from growing.
Strategy 2 (Gene Silencing): A "Host-Induced Gene Silencing" (HIGS) technique is used to produce small RNA molecules within the plant. When the fungus attacks, these RNA molecules enter it and shut down the fungal genes (aflM and aflP) responsible for producing the toxin, even if the plant is infected.
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology tool that uses synthetic, single-stranded nucleic acids, known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. By hybridizing with the target mRNA, these ASOs block translation or trigger mRNA degradation, effectively silencing gene expression and preventing the production of disease-causing proteins
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology method used to turn off or "knock down" specific genes by introducing a complementary RNA (antisense) strand that binds to the target messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing protein synthesis. While the pGLO system is typically used in education for positive transformation (making bacteria glow using GFP), antisense technology is used for the opposite, such as silencing polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes to delay fruit ripening, as in the Flavr Savr tomat
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Canola(Low euric acid) is primarily grown in temperate climates, with Canada being the world's leading producer
The UAE is a major global processor and exporter of canola oil, rather than a primary grower of canola seeds
The UAE is a major global processor and exporter of canola oil, rather than a primary grower of canola seeds
Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) do not cover the Digital Rupee because the digital rupee is a sovereign currency (legal tender)