UPSC PRELIMS 2026
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Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies
🌿In the steppes, summer rainfall comes from westerlies causing frontal rain, with some help from convection during hot days β€” enough for grasses, but not dense forests 🌿Seasonal concentration-Most rainfall in steppes is during late spring and summer, when…
Winter wheat grains are:

πŸŸ₯ Hard texture
πŸŸ₯ Less moisture inside grain
This makes storage easier and grain stronger.
It matures in:

β˜€οΈ Hot summer
β˜€οΈ Sunny weather
β˜€οΈ Dry continental climate

These conditions help grain become hard and dry.
Winter wheat is ideal for:

🍞 Bread making

Because hard wheat has more gluten/protein, giving elastic dough.

Also grown in large quantities, so heavily traded internationally.
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πŸ’Polewards = areas closer to poles (higher latitudes).

There winters are extremely cold.
If winter is too severe, seedlings planted in autumn would die.

So farmers wait until spring and plant spring wheat.
πŸ˜„Spring wheat is comparatively:

🟨 Less important globally
🟨 Softer grain than winter wheat
Soft wheat is used for:

🍰 Cakes
πŸͺ Biscuits
πŸ₯Ÿ Pastries / pastes

Because lower gluten = softer flour.
😭😻Areas south of Great Lakes (USA) have milder winters.

So winter wheat can survive there.

Examples: Kansas, Nebraska, Midwest belt.
πŸ₯ΆCanadian Prairies are colder.

So spring wheat is common in:

πŸ‡¨πŸ‡¦ Alberta
πŸ‡¨πŸ‡¦ Saskatchewan
πŸ‡¨πŸ‡¦ Manitoba


Because winters too harsh for winter wheat.
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UPSC PRELIMS 2026
Winter wheat grains are: πŸŸ₯ Hard texture πŸŸ₯ Less moisture inside grain This makes storage easier and grain stronger. It matures in: β˜€οΈ Hot summer β˜€οΈ Sunny weather β˜€οΈ Dry continental climate These conditions help grain become hard and dry. Winter wheat is…
😎Scientists at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (SKUAST-K) have developed two new wheat varieties that could help farmers harvest on time and thus boost the total food grain production of the Union Territory.
In jammu,Besides, SW-3 is also biofortified with iron and zinc content of more than 40 ppm, protein content of 12 %, is disease-resistant, and with a potential productivity of up to 38 quintals per hectare
🌴The new varieties are suited for mid-altitude regions up to about 1,850 m above sea level
🌴Another important trait is resistance to yellow rust, a fungal disease that gives leaves a rusty-yellow appearance and leads to stunting and lower yield. It prevails in Kashmir’s climate.
πŸ˜„Wheat is a Rabi crop. It is sown in the winter months (October-November) and harvested in the spring (March-April), requiring a cool, temperate climate for optimal growth. Wheat is not a Kharif crop, as it cannot withstand the high heat and heavy rain of the monsoon season
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In India, maize is primarily a Kharif (monsoon) crop, with over 78–83% of total production occurring during this season (June–October). However, it is a versatile, year-round crop, with significant, high-yield Rabi (winter) cultivation (November–April) expanding, particularly in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
πŸ€Maize (corn) originated in southern Mexico/Guatemala
The Alps span eight European countries, forming a ~1,200 km arc across the continent. The primary Alpine countries are Austria (28.7% of the range) and Italy (27.2%), followed by France (21.4%), Switzerland (13.2%), Germany (5.8%), Slovenia (3.6%), Liechtenstein (0.08%), and Monaco
❀️Semiconductors are primarily made from high-purity silicon (Si), refined from silica sand (quartzite), making it the most common base material. Other raw materials include germanium (Ge) and compound semiconductors like gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), and silicon carbide (SiC). These materials are refined, crystallized, and sliced into wafers
πŸ₯΄Dopants (Impurities): Boron (B), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), and Antimony (Sb) are added to modify electrical properties
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Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are primarily made from high-purity silicon, derived from quartz sand (silicon dioxide).
The reimbursement to hospitals is being done through the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF),
The number of hospitals empanelled under NHA for Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana is 36,112 as on 09.03.2026.
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2238637&reg=3&lang=2
India has developed several indigenous processors, with the Vikram 32-bit chip (ISRO) being the first fully designed and fabricated, space-grade processor. Other key processors include SHAKTI (IIT Madras), AJIT (IIT Bombay), and DHRUV64 (C-DAC), marking India's move toward self-reliance in semiconductors.
Stringless bee
πŸƒThe length of India’s coastline of 7516.6 km has been re-assessed to 11098.81 km by National Hydrographic Office (NHO) in coordination with Survey of India (SoI) as per the latest terms of references provided by National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS). The updated measurements were carried out using modern GIS software and high-resolution data of High-Water Line (HWL) based on latest surveys thereby capturing more intricate details
πŸ€Yes, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands possess the longest coastline among all Indian states and Union Territories, measuring approximately 1,962 kilometers.