With reference to India, consider the following Statement:
1.India is one of the members in Minerals Security Partnership to bolster critical Mineral Supply chain
2.District Mineral Foundation (DMF) has been spread across 23 States of India to benefit of people and areas affected by mining.
3.Xenotime and Monazite found in some parts of Indian coastal line, which is the primary ore for thorium, a nuclear fuel.
4.Lithium/white gold is extracted from brine in certain parts of Karnataka and mining jurisdiction with the State Government
5.To Export Rare earth element, India needs to obey guideline parameter of Global Ocean Commission
Which of the following statements given above are correct?
A) 3,5 only
B) 2,5 only
C) 1,2,3,4,5 only
D) 2,3,4 only
Heavy mineral concentrates containing ~2% xenotime (a phosphate mineral of yttrium and heavy rare earth elements) in the riverine placer deposits of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

#PRELIMS2023

1. "The rest of the year is cool and dry."

This refers to the dry season in regions with a Tropical Savanna Climate (or Tropical Wet and Dry Climate). After the summer rainy season, the climate becomes cooler and drier for the rest of the year. This is due to the shift in wind patterns and the influence of high-pressure systems that suppress rainfall.

2. "The annual rainfall for Kano, which is located at a height of 1,539 feet above sea level, is 34 inches and is almost entirely concentrated in the summer."

Kano, a city in northern Nigeria, experiences a Tropical Savanna Climate. Its annual rainfall is 34 inches, most of which falls during the summer months when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) brings moist air to the region. The rest of the year is dry. The elevation of 1,539 feet (469 meters) may slightly moderate temperatures but does not significantly affect the rainfall pattern.

3. "But the amount varies from 48 inches at Bathurst, in Gambia on the coast to only 5 inches at Khartoum, in Sudan in the interior."

This highlights the spatial variation in rainfall across the Tropical Savanna Climate zone:

Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia: Located on the coast, it receives 48 inches of rainfall annually due to its proximity to the ocean, which provides ample moisture.

Khartoum, Sudan: Located in the interior, it receives only 5 inches of rainfall annually because it is farther from moisture sources and closer to the desert, where dry conditions dominate.

4. "Both the length of the rainy season and the annual total rainfall decrease appreciably from the equatorial region polewards towards the desert fringes."

This explains the latitudinal variation in the Tropical Savanna Climate:

Near the equator, the rainy season is longer, and annual rainfall is higher due to the stronger influence of the ITCZ.

As you move polewards (toward the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), the rainy season becomes shorter, and annual rainfall decreases, transitioning into the desert climate at the fringes.

5. "On the whole, the annual precipitation is less than that of the Tropical Monsoon Climate and the length of the wet and dry seasons differs with the locality."

This compares the Tropical Savanna Climate with the Tropical Monsoon Climate:

The Tropical Savanna Climate generally has less annual rainfall than the Tropical Monsoon Climate.

The length of the wet and dry seasons varies depending on the location, with coastal areas having longer wet seasons and interior areas having shorter ones.

6. "In the southern hemisphere, the rainy season is from October to March (the southern summer) as shown in Fig. 129(b) of Salisbury, in Rhodesia."

In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March) when the ITCZ shifts southward, bringing moist air and rainfall.

Salisbury (now Harare), Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), is an example of a city in the Southern Hemisphere with this rainfall pattern. Figure 129(b) likely illustrates the seasonal distribution of rainfall in this region.

7. "Its annual precipitation of 32 inches also varies much from year to year."

Salisbury (Harare) receives 32 inches of rainfall annually, but this amount can vary significantly from year to year. This variability is typical of the Tropical Savanna Climate, where rainfall depends on the strength and position of the ITCZ and other atmospheric factors.

Summary of Key Points:
The Tropical Savanna Climate has a distinct wet season (summer) and a cool, dry season (rest of the year).

Rainfall varies widely across regions, from 48 inches in coastal areas (e.g., Bathurst) to 5 inches in interior areas (e.g., Khartoum).

Rainfall decreases and the wet season shortens as you move from the equator toward the desert fringes.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March).

Annual rainfall in this climate is generally less than in the Tropical Monsoon Climate and varies significantly from year to year.

The savanna and Sudan climate
🌴Malleefowl-The malleefowl is a stocky ground-dwelling Australian bird about the size of a domestic chicken. It is notable for the large nesting mounds constructed by the males and lack of parental care after the chicks hatch.
🌴Mallee refers to small, multi-stemmed Eucalyptus species that grow in arid Australian scrublands, characterized by a large underground woody tuber (lignotuber). These trees are used to produce oil, as firewood, and in habitat conservation for the Mallee fowl. Synonyms/types include scrubland, dwarf eucalypt, red mallee, and blue mallee.
🌴Acacia pycnantha, most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae(Nitogen fixation)
🌴Mulga (Acacia aneura) is a hardy, iconic Australian shrub or small tree, 3–10m tall, dominating arid landscapes (mulga country). I

Spinifex is a genus of tough, perennial coastal grasses commonly known as sand-binding grasses, found on beaches in Africa, Asia, and Australasia. @savanna or Sudan Climate*

💐Medicago sativa, commonly known as👻 alfalfa👻 in North America and lucerne in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Native to warmer temperate climates, alfalfa has long been cultivated as livestock fodder, perhaps since antiquity

In India, maize is primarily a Kharif (monsoon) crop, with over 78–83% of total production occurring during this season (June–October). However, it is a versatile, year-round crop, with significant, high-yield Rabi (winter) cultivation (November–April) expanding, particularly in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
🍀Maize (corn) originated in southern Mexico/Guatemala

The Alps span eight European countries, forming a ~1,200 km arc across the continent. The primary Alpine countries are Austria (28.7% of the range) and Italy (27.2%), followed by France (21.4%), Switzerland (13.2%), Germany (5.8%), Slovenia (3.6%), Liechtenstein (0.08%), and Monaco