Female koalas have a backward-opening pouch
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.
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The aye-aye is a long-fingered lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar with rodent-like teeth that perpetually grow and a special thin middle finger that they can use to catch grubs and larvae out of tree trunks. It is the world's largest nocturnal primate.
The Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are the foundational Sanskrit treatises of Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, dating between 7th century BCE and 2nd century CE. Charaka focuses on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa), promoting general health, while Sushruta excels in surgery (Shalya-chikitsa), covering over 300 procedures like rhinoplasty.
Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies
With reference to India, consider the following Statement:
1.India is one of the members in Minerals Security Partnership to bolster critical Mineral Supply chain
2.District Mineral Foundation (DMF) has been spread across 23 States of India to benefit of people and areas affected by mining.
3.Xenotime and Monazite found in some parts of Indian coastal line, which is the primary ore for thorium, a nuclear fuel.
4.Lithium/white gold is extracted from brine in certain parts of Karnataka and mining jurisdiction with the State Government
5.To Export Rare earth element, India needs to obey guideline parameter of Global Ocean Commission
Which of the following statements given above are correct?
A) 3,5 only
B) 2,5 only
C) 1,2,3,4,5 only
D) 2,3,4 only
Heavy mineral concentrates containing ~2% xenotime (a phosphate mineral of yttrium and heavy rare earth elements) in the riverine placer deposits of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
#PRELIMS2023
1.India is one of the members in Minerals Security Partnership to bolster critical Mineral Supply chain
2.District Mineral Foundation (DMF) has been spread across 23 States of India to benefit of people and areas affected by mining.
3.Xenotime and Monazite found in some parts of Indian coastal line, which is the primary ore for thorium, a nuclear fuel.
4.Lithium/white gold is extracted from brine in certain parts of Karnataka and mining jurisdiction with the State Government
5.To Export Rare earth element, India needs to obey guideline parameter of Global Ocean Commission
Which of the following statements given above are correct?
A) 3,5 only
B) 2,5 only
C) 1,2,3,4,5 only
D) 2,3,4 only
Heavy mineral concentrates containing ~2% xenotime (a phosphate mineral of yttrium and heavy rare earth elements) in the riverine placer deposits of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
#PRELIMS2023
Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies (SP)
🍀Composition
🌴the Committee on Government Assurances is an Indian innovation designed for effective monitoring of government commitments. It ensures that the executive remains accountable for the assurances given in Parliament.
🫶The Committee on Government Assurances examines three key commitments made by ministers in Parliament:
✅ Assurance – A general commitment by a minister.
📌 Example: "We will improve rural healthcare soon."
✅ Promise – A stronger, specific commitment.
📌 Example: "I promise MSP for wheat will increase next year."
✅ Undertaking – A definite action with an obligation.
📌 Example: "We will submit an environmental impact report in six months."
1️⃣ Can an Extension Be Given?
✅ Extension: Yes, ministries can request more time from the Committee on Government Assurances if needed.
✅ Responsible Ministry: The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs collects, monitors, and reports assurance data.
😍Why is it an Innovative Mechanism?
✅ Bridges the Gap Between Promise & Implementation – Ministers often make assurances on policies, schemes, or actions in Parliament. This committee ensures follow-through.
✅ Systematic Tracking of Government Commitments – Unlike other parliamentary oversight bodies, this committee focuses exclusively on promises made by ministers and tracks them until they are fulfilled.
✅ Transparency & Accountability – It prevents political assurances from becoming empty statements, ensuring real action is taken.
✅ Periodic Reports & Follow-ups – The committee submits reports to Parliament, compelling the government to explain delays or failures.
✅ No Similar Model in Many Democracies – While many parliaments have public accounts and ethics committees, a specialized Assurance Committee is rare, making this an Indian parliamentary innovation.
🤢Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
🤢Article 118: Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulations, subject to the provisions of this constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business
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Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies (SP)
🌴Modern day paithan(Pratishthana-GODAVARI) was ruled by SATAVAHANAS
😘 Sopara (Nalasopara/Shurparaka) is an ancient, historically significant inland port town located near Mumbai in Maharashtra’s Palghar district
😎 The Kanishka Stupa, a massive Buddhist reliquary, was built by King Kanishka of the Kushan Empire at Purushapura (modern-day Peshawar, Pakistan)
🌴Satavahana dynasty controlled the port of Baruch (also known as Bharukachcha). Baruch was a crucial port city located on the western coast of India, at the mouth of the Narmada River
🌴Hala’s ‘Gathasaptashati’(Erotic Poem)Prakrit text-Satavahanas Last ruler or king*
🌴Junapani megalithic site in Nagpur, Maharashtra, is a significant archaeological location known for its extensive collection of stone circles, cairns, and burial mounds, dating back to the Iron Age
🌴Kodumanal inscribed in Patittrupathu of Sangam Literature.It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River, a tributary of the Cauvery.
🌿Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, Karnataka and flows towards east eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.The basin lies in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
😎 The Ikshvaku dynasty (Andhra Ikshvakus) flourished in the eastern Krishna River valley (Andhra Pradesh) during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, primarily under the patronage of their early kings, notably Vasishthiputra Chamtamula.During whose reign Buddhism flourished in the capital, Vijayapuri (modern Nagarjunakonda).
🌴Satavahana dynasty controlled the port of Baruch (also known as Bharukachcha). Baruch was a crucial port city located on the western coast of India, at the mouth of the Narmada River
🌴Hala’s ‘Gathasaptashati’(Erotic Poem)Prakrit text-Satavahanas Last ruler or king*
🌴Junapani megalithic site in Nagpur, Maharashtra, is a significant archaeological location known for its extensive collection of stone circles, cairns, and burial mounds, dating back to the Iron Age
🌴Kodumanal inscribed in Patittrupathu of Sangam Literature.It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River, a tributary of the Cauvery.
🌿Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, Karnataka and flows towards east eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.The basin lies in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
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Forwarded from GEO-P
1. "The rest of the year is cool and dry."
This refers to the dry season in regions with a Tropical Savanna Climate (or Tropical Wet and Dry Climate). After the summer rainy season, the climate becomes cooler and drier for the rest of the year. This is due to the shift in wind patterns and the influence of high-pressure systems that suppress rainfall.
2. "The annual rainfall for Kano, which is located at a height of 1,539 feet above sea level, is 34 inches and is almost entirely concentrated in the summer."
Kano, a city in northern Nigeria, experiences a Tropical Savanna Climate. Its annual rainfall is 34 inches, most of which falls during the summer months when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) brings moist air to the region. The rest of the year is dry. The elevation of 1,539 feet (469 meters) may slightly moderate temperatures but does not significantly affect the rainfall pattern.
3. "But the amount varies from 48 inches at Bathurst, in Gambia on the coast to only 5 inches at Khartoum, in Sudan in the interior."
This highlights the spatial variation in rainfall across the Tropical Savanna Climate zone:
Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia: Located on the coast, it receives 48 inches of rainfall annually due to its proximity to the ocean, which provides ample moisture.
Khartoum, Sudan: Located in the interior, it receives only 5 inches of rainfall annually because it is farther from moisture sources and closer to the desert, where dry conditions dominate.
4. "Both the length of the rainy season and the annual total rainfall decrease appreciably from the equatorial region polewards towards the desert fringes."
This explains the latitudinal variation in the Tropical Savanna Climate:
Near the equator, the rainy season is longer, and annual rainfall is higher due to the stronger influence of the ITCZ.
As you move polewards (toward the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), the rainy season becomes shorter, and annual rainfall decreases, transitioning into the desert climate at the fringes.
5. "On the whole, the annual precipitation is less than that of the Tropical Monsoon Climate and the length of the wet and dry seasons differs with the locality."
This compares the Tropical Savanna Climate with the Tropical Monsoon Climate:
The Tropical Savanna Climate generally has less annual rainfall than the Tropical Monsoon Climate.
The length of the wet and dry seasons varies depending on the location, with coastal areas having longer wet seasons and interior areas having shorter ones.
6. "In the southern hemisphere, the rainy season is from October to March (the southern summer) as shown in Fig. 129(b) of Salisbury, in Rhodesia."
In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March) when the ITCZ shifts southward, bringing moist air and rainfall.
Salisbury (now Harare), Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), is an example of a city in the Southern Hemisphere with this rainfall pattern. Figure 129(b) likely illustrates the seasonal distribution of rainfall in this region.
7. "Its annual precipitation of 32 inches also varies much from year to year."
Salisbury (Harare) receives 32 inches of rainfall annually, but this amount can vary significantly from year to year. This variability is typical of the Tropical Savanna Climate, where rainfall depends on the strength and position of the ITCZ and other atmospheric factors.
Summary of Key Points:
The Tropical Savanna Climate has a distinct wet season (summer) and a cool, dry season (rest of the year).
Rainfall varies widely across regions, from 48 inches in coastal areas (e.g., Bathurst) to 5 inches in interior areas (e.g., Khartoum).
Rainfall decreases and the wet season shortens as you move from the equator toward the desert fringes.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March).
Annual rainfall in this climate is generally less than in the Tropical Monsoon Climate and varies significantly from year to year.
This refers to the dry season in regions with a Tropical Savanna Climate (or Tropical Wet and Dry Climate). After the summer rainy season, the climate becomes cooler and drier for the rest of the year. This is due to the shift in wind patterns and the influence of high-pressure systems that suppress rainfall.
2. "The annual rainfall for Kano, which is located at a height of 1,539 feet above sea level, is 34 inches and is almost entirely concentrated in the summer."
Kano, a city in northern Nigeria, experiences a Tropical Savanna Climate. Its annual rainfall is 34 inches, most of which falls during the summer months when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) brings moist air to the region. The rest of the year is dry. The elevation of 1,539 feet (469 meters) may slightly moderate temperatures but does not significantly affect the rainfall pattern.
3. "But the amount varies from 48 inches at Bathurst, in Gambia on the coast to only 5 inches at Khartoum, in Sudan in the interior."
This highlights the spatial variation in rainfall across the Tropical Savanna Climate zone:
Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia: Located on the coast, it receives 48 inches of rainfall annually due to its proximity to the ocean, which provides ample moisture.
Khartoum, Sudan: Located in the interior, it receives only 5 inches of rainfall annually because it is farther from moisture sources and closer to the desert, where dry conditions dominate.
4. "Both the length of the rainy season and the annual total rainfall decrease appreciably from the equatorial region polewards towards the desert fringes."
This explains the latitudinal variation in the Tropical Savanna Climate:
Near the equator, the rainy season is longer, and annual rainfall is higher due to the stronger influence of the ITCZ.
As you move polewards (toward the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), the rainy season becomes shorter, and annual rainfall decreases, transitioning into the desert climate at the fringes.
5. "On the whole, the annual precipitation is less than that of the Tropical Monsoon Climate and the length of the wet and dry seasons differs with the locality."
This compares the Tropical Savanna Climate with the Tropical Monsoon Climate:
The Tropical Savanna Climate generally has less annual rainfall than the Tropical Monsoon Climate.
The length of the wet and dry seasons varies depending on the location, with coastal areas having longer wet seasons and interior areas having shorter ones.
6. "In the southern hemisphere, the rainy season is from October to March (the southern summer) as shown in Fig. 129(b) of Salisbury, in Rhodesia."
In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March) when the ITCZ shifts southward, bringing moist air and rainfall.
Salisbury (now Harare), Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), is an example of a city in the Southern Hemisphere with this rainfall pattern. Figure 129(b) likely illustrates the seasonal distribution of rainfall in this region.
7. "Its annual precipitation of 32 inches also varies much from year to year."
Salisbury (Harare) receives 32 inches of rainfall annually, but this amount can vary significantly from year to year. This variability is typical of the Tropical Savanna Climate, where rainfall depends on the strength and position of the ITCZ and other atmospheric factors.
Summary of Key Points:
The Tropical Savanna Climate has a distinct wet season (summer) and a cool, dry season (rest of the year).
Rainfall varies widely across regions, from 48 inches in coastal areas (e.g., Bathurst) to 5 inches in interior areas (e.g., Khartoum).
Rainfall decreases and the wet season shortens as you move from the equator toward the desert fringes.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the rainy season occurs during the southern summer (October to March).
Annual rainfall in this climate is generally less than in the Tropical Monsoon Climate and varies significantly from year to year.
Forwarded from GEO-P
The savanna and Sudan climate
🌴Malleefowl-The malleefowl is a stocky ground-dwelling Australian bird about the size of a domestic chicken. It is notable for the large nesting mounds constructed by the males and lack of parental care after the chicks hatch.
🌴Mallee refers to small, multi-stemmed Eucalyptus species that grow in arid Australian scrublands, characterized by a large underground woody tuber (lignotuber). These trees are used to produce oil, as firewood, and in habitat conservation for the Mallee fowl. Synonyms/types include scrubland, dwarf eucalypt, red mallee, and blue mallee.
🌴Acacia pycnantha, most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae(Nitogen fixation)
🌴Mulga (Acacia aneura) is a hardy, iconic Australian shrub or small tree, 3–10m tall, dominating arid landscapes (mulga country). I
🌴Malleefowl-The malleefowl is a stocky ground-dwelling Australian bird about the size of a domestic chicken. It is notable for the large nesting mounds constructed by the males and lack of parental care after the chicks hatch.
🌴Mallee refers to small, multi-stemmed Eucalyptus species that grow in arid Australian scrublands, characterized by a large underground woody tuber (lignotuber). These trees are used to produce oil, as firewood, and in habitat conservation for the Mallee fowl. Synonyms/types include scrubland, dwarf eucalypt, red mallee, and blue mallee.
🌴Acacia pycnantha, most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae(Nitogen fixation)
🌴Mulga (Acacia aneura) is a hardy, iconic Australian shrub or small tree, 3–10m tall, dominating arid landscapes (mulga country). I
Spinifex is a genus of tough, perennial coastal grasses commonly known as sand-binding grasses, found on beaches in Africa, Asia, and Australasia. @savanna or Sudan Climate*
Forwarded from PRELIMS 2025
🪴The vast steppes of Eurasia – stretching from Hungary to northeast China – were once carpeted with uncountable numbers of saiga.
🪴Kazakhstan is estimated to harbour well over 90% of the global saiga population, with Russia, Mongolia and Uzbekistan accounting for the rest.
🪴In 2015, the largest of Kyrgyzstan’s three saiga populations was decimated by an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia – caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida – which killed over 75% of the global adult saiga population in just three weeks.
🦂#FACT 🌿#PRELIMS2024🕊
🪴Kazakhstan is estimated to harbour well over 90% of the global saiga population, with Russia, Mongolia and Uzbekistan accounting for the rest.
🪴In 2015, the largest of Kyrgyzstan’s three saiga populations was decimated by an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia – caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida – which killed over 75% of the global adult saiga population in just three weeks.
🦂#FACT 🌿#PRELIMS2024🕊