🍁PRELIMS RELEVACNE2024-AFRICA🦚
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
😈. They established the organization during the Baghdad Conference on September 14, 1960, to coordinate petroleum policies and stabilize oil prices, initially headquartered in Geneva before moving to Vienna in 1965.
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8

The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However, climate change increases risks like wildfires, and innovation is crucial to meet future demand.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
🥴Globally India accounts for approximately 72,739 thousand hectares of forest area which is roughly 2 % of the world total.
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
😄 India’s success in expanding planted forests

Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.

🔡The Committee on Government Assurances was first constituted in 1953 in the Lok Sabha
🔡The Committee on Government Assurances in Rajya Sabha was established under Rule 212A of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Rajya Sabha in 1972.
🍀Composition
🎉Constituted in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
🎉Members are nominated by the Speaker (Lok Sabha) and Chairman (Rajya Sabha).
🎉Usually consists of 15 members (Lok Sabha) and 10 members (Rajya Sabha).
🎉Ministers are not part of this committee.
🌴the Committee on Government Assurances is an Indian innovation designed for effective monitoring of government commitments. It ensures that the executive remains accountable for the assurances given in Parliament.
🫶The Committee on Government Assurances examines three key commitments made by ministers in Parliament:
✅ Assurance – A general commitment by a minister.
📌 Example: "We will improve rural healthcare soon."
✅ Promise – A stronger, specific commitment.
📌 Example: "I promise MSP for wheat will increase next year."
✅ Undertaking – A definite action with an obligation.
📌 Example: "We will submit an environmental impact report in six months."

1️⃣ Can an Extension Be Given?
✅ Extension: Yes, ministries can request more time from the Committee on Government Assurances if needed.
✅ Responsible Ministry: The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs collects, monitors, and reports assurance data.

😍Why is it an Innovative Mechanism?
✅ Bridges the Gap Between Promise & Implementation – Ministers often make assurances on policies, schemes, or actions in Parliament. This committee ensures follow-through.
✅ Systematic Tracking of Government Commitments – Unlike other parliamentary oversight bodies, this committee focuses exclusively on promises made by ministers and tracks them until they are fulfilled.
✅ Transparency & Accountability – It prevents political assurances from becoming empty statements, ensuring real action is taken.
✅ Periodic Reports & Follow-ups – The committee submits reports to Parliament, compelling the government to explain delays or failures.
✅ No Similar Model in Many Democracies – While many parliaments have public accounts and ethics committees, a specialized Assurance Committee is rare, making this an Indian parliamentary innovation.
🤩Parliamentary committees draw their authority from the constitution.
🤢Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
🤢Article 118: Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulations, subject to the provisions of this constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business 🤩#POLITY👻