In wine-making circles, ‘noble rot’ is an exalted name for the botrytis fungus (Botrytis cinerea). It infects grapes, penetrates the skin, causes the berries to lose water by evaporation and shrivel up, and thus concentrates the sugars and flavours in them. Since only a small percentage of grapes in a vineyard are infected, they must be picked by hand.
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose derived from refined wood pulp, appearing as a white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is widely used as a filler, binder, and anti-caking agent in pharmaceutical tablets, supplements, and food products due to its high compressibility and stability. It is generally considered safe and non-toxic
The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS) and the Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) system are closely related rapid-fire, radar-guided gun systems designed to defend against incoming threats. While the Phalanx is traditionally naval, the C-RAM system (often called the Land Phalanx Weapon System or Centurion) is its land-based variant, created to protect forward-deployed troops and bases from rocket, artillery, and mortar attacks
Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies (SAKTHI)
🍁PRELIMS RELEVACNE2024-AFRICA🦚
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
😈 . They established the organization during the Baghdad Conference on September 14, 1960, to coordinate petroleum policies and stabilize oil prices, initially headquartered in Geneva before moving to Vienna in 1965.
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
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he Phenome India National Biobank, launched in July 2025 at CSIR-IGIB in Delhi, is a state-of-the-art facility collecting comprehensive genomic, clinical, and lifestyle data from 10,000 individuals. As part of the Phenome India Project, it enables AI-driven diagnostics, precision medicine, and research into chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes, mirroring the UK Biobank model.
The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However, climate change increases risks like wildfires, and innovation is crucial to meet future demand.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
🥴 Globally India accounts for approximately 72,739 thousand hectares of forest area which is roughly 2 % of the world total.
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
😄 India’s success in expanding planted forests
Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.
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UPSC PRELIMS 2026
The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However…
India's Achievements
🥴 India ranked 5th among the top global carbon sinks, with its forests removing 150 Mt of CO₂ per year during 2021–2025.
Asia, including India, saw forest carbon removals increase to 0.9 Gt CO₂ per year in 2021–2025, with deforestation emissions dropping significantly.
Asia, including India, saw forest carbon removals increase to 0.9 Gt CO₂ per year in 2021–2025, with deforestation emissions dropping significantly.
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Female koalas have a backward-opening pouch
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.
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The aye-aye is a long-fingered lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar with rodent-like teeth that perpetually grow and a special thin middle finger that they can use to catch grubs and larvae out of tree trunks. It is the world's largest nocturnal primate.