Shark, approximately 30–40% of shark species are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs rather than giving birth to live young.
The remaining 60–70% of sharks are either viviparous (giving live birth) or ovoviviparous (eggs hatch inside the mother)
🦇Dolphins are classified with all other whales, porpoises, and dolphins under the order Cetacea.
The remaining 60–70% of sharks are either viviparous (giving live birth) or ovoviviparous (eggs hatch inside the mother)
🦇Dolphins are classified with all other whales, porpoises, and dolphins under the order Cetacea.
Direct-to-chip cooling primarily uses water-based coolants—often high-purity water, distilled water, or mixtures of water and glycols (such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol)—to transport heat away from processors through cold plates. These mixtures often contain corrosion inhibitors to protect the metal components in the closed-loop system
😏 Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic noble gas with atomic number 2, discovered in 1868. It is critical for cryogenic cooling (MRI machines), aerospace, semiconductor manufacturing, and breathing mixtures, valued for its low boiling point and inertness. Primarily sourced from natural gas extraction, helium is the second most abundant element, though rare on Earth.
🍀why helium is very special as a cooling gas, especially for cryogenics (extremely low-temperature cooling).
😍 Most substances become solid or liquid long before this temperature, but helium remains liquid until very close to absolute zero (−273.15°C).@Quantum/MRI
😎 Thermal conductivity = ability to carry heat away.If helium is under high pressure, it removes heat much faster than normal air.@Nuclear reactor
😍 When liquefied, density increases almost 200 times(Same volume can contain much more helium mass.)
💰 Low condensation temperature + high thermal conductivity = excellent near absolute zero coolant
Why helium is ideal:
🟢 Can stay liquid at ultra-low temperatures
🟢 Can carry heat away quickly
🟢 Chemically inert (doesn’t react easily)
🟢 Non-flammable
☹️ Helium is lighter than air, so when filled inside a balloon, the balloon rises upward.
Why does it rise?
🎯 Air around us is heavier than helium gas.
So helium-filled balloon gets an upward buoyant force.
😭 Oxygen + Helium = Heliox
Helium is mixed with oxygen in diving tanks (Heliox).
Benefits:
🟢 Less dissolving effect than nitrogen
🟢 Reduces decompression sickness risk
🟢 Easier breathing at depth (less dense gas)
🟢 Reduces nitrogen narcosis (mental confusion at depth)
🍀why helium is very special as a cooling gas, especially for cryogenics (extremely low-temperature cooling).
Why helium is ideal:
🟢 Can stay liquid at ultra-low temperatures
🟢 Can carry heat away quickly
🟢 Chemically inert (doesn’t react easily)
🟢 Non-flammable
Why does it rise?
So helium-filled balloon gets an upward buoyant force.
Helium is mixed with oxygen in diving tanks (Heliox).
Benefits:
🟢 Less dissolving effect than nitrogen
🟢 Reduces decompression sickness risk
🟢 Easier breathing at depth (less dense gas)
🟢 Reduces nitrogen narcosis (mental confusion at depth)
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Bacteria called thermophiles (meaning “heat lovers”) have been known to tolerate 45° to 70° C of heat.@Rajgir hot spring lake in Nalanda district
Kombucha is a fermented, slightly acidic, and fizzy tea made using a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), rapidly growing in popularity in India as a "probiotic powerhouse" for gut health, digestion, and immunity. Market trends indicate a shift towards locally brewed options, with demand expanding in cities like Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi, according to reports from
In wine-making circles, ‘noble rot’ is an exalted name for the botrytis fungus (Botrytis cinerea). It infects grapes, penetrates the skin, causes the berries to lose water by evaporation and shrivel up, and thus concentrates the sugars and flavours in them. Since only a small percentage of grapes in a vineyard are infected, they must be picked by hand.
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose derived from refined wood pulp, appearing as a white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is widely used as a filler, binder, and anti-caking agent in pharmaceutical tablets, supplements, and food products due to its high compressibility and stability. It is generally considered safe and non-toxic
The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS) and the Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) system are closely related rapid-fire, radar-guided gun systems designed to defend against incoming threats. While the Phalanx is traditionally naval, the C-RAM system (often called the Land Phalanx Weapon System or Centurion) is its land-based variant, created to protect forward-deployed troops and bases from rocket, artillery, and mortar attacks
Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies (SAKTHI)
🍁PRELIMS RELEVACNE2024-AFRICA🦚
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
😈 . They established the organization during the Baghdad Conference on September 14, 1960, to coordinate petroleum policies and stabilize oil prices, initially headquartered in Geneva before moving to Vienna in 1965.
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
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he Phenome India National Biobank, launched in July 2025 at CSIR-IGIB in Delhi, is a state-of-the-art facility collecting comprehensive genomic, clinical, and lifestyle data from 10,000 individuals. As part of the Phenome India Project, it enables AI-driven diagnostics, precision medicine, and research into chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes, mirroring the UK Biobank model.
The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However, climate change increases risks like wildfires, and innovation is crucial to meet future demand.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
🥴 Globally India accounts for approximately 72,739 thousand hectares of forest area which is roughly 2 % of the world total.
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
😄 India’s success in expanding planted forests
Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.
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UPSC PRELIMS 2026
The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However…
India's Achievements
🥴 India ranked 5th among the top global carbon sinks, with its forests removing 150 Mt of CO₂ per year during 2021–2025.
Asia, including India, saw forest carbon removals increase to 0.9 Gt CO₂ per year in 2021–2025, with deforestation emissions dropping significantly.
Asia, including India, saw forest carbon removals increase to 0.9 Gt CO₂ per year in 2021–2025, with deforestation emissions dropping significantly.
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Female koalas have a backward-opening pouch
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.
A backward-facing pouch is a specialized marsupium found on wombats, koalas, and bandicoots that opens toward the rear rather than the head
🍀All wombat teeth lack roots”
Normally, many mammals have rooted teeth fixed deeply in the jaw. They grow to a certain size and stop.
But in Wombat, the teeth are open-rooted (no closed roots). This means the tooth base stays active and can keep producing tooth material.
💐Cube feces in wombats is an evolutionary adaptation combining water conservation + territorial communication + habitat suitability.