🌿Thurioside is a proteinaceous, insecticidal crystal toxin produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is a specific type of delta-endotoxin used in biopesticides to control insect larvae, particularly by creating pores in the gut, which causes cell lysis and death
😄😄😄😄😄
🌴Aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a major threat to groundnut (peanut) quality, causing liver damage and cancer. A "double defence" strategy, developed by ICRISAT researchers, has been shown to make groundnuts nearly immune to this toxin.
The "Double Defence" Line Strategy:
Strategy 1 (Immunity Boost): Researchers inserted two alfalfa genes (antifungal defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4.2) into the groundnut plants. These produce small proteins that boost the plant's immunity to limit fungal infection and stop the mold from growing.
Strategy 2 (Gene Silencing): A "Host-Induced Gene Silencing" (HIGS) technique is used to produce small RNA molecules within the plant. When the fungus attacks, these RNA molecules enter it and shut down the fungal genes (aflM and aflP) responsible for producing the toxin, even if the plant is infected.
😄😄😄😄
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology tool that uses synthetic, single-stranded nucleic acids, known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. By hybridizing with the target mRNA, these ASOs block translation or trigger mRNA degradation, effectively silencing gene expression and preventing the production of disease-causing proteins
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology method used to turn off or "knock down" specific genes by introducing a complementary RNA (antisense) strand that binds to the target messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing protein synthesis. While the pGLO system is typically used in education for positive transformation (making bacteria glow using GFP), antisense technology is used for the opposite, such as silencing polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes to delay fruit ripening, as in the Flavr Savr tomat

🍁PRELIMS RELEVACNE2024-AFRICA🦚
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
😈. They established the organization during the Baghdad Conference on September 14, 1960, to coordinate petroleum policies and stabilize oil prices, initially headquartered in Geneva before moving to Vienna in 1965.
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8

The State of the World's Forests 2024 (SOFO) report by FAO highlights that global forest coverage is ~4.14 billion hectares (32% of land area), with a reducing annual net loss. Deforestation rates dropped to 10.9 million hectares/year (2015–2025). However, climate change increases risks like wildfires, and innovation is crucial to meet future demand.
🌿India has achieved a significant milestone in global forest statistics by advancing to the 9th position worldwide in terms of total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025released on 22 October 2025. In the previous assessment, India was ranked 10th. India has also maintained its 3rd position globally in the annual net gain of forest area
🌿Global Forest Cover: According to the latest GFRA 2025 released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world’s total forest area stands at approximately 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for about 32% of the total land area, which is roughly 0.5 hectares of forest per person(0.5 hectare = 5,000 square meters).
🥴Globally India accounts for approximately 72,739 thousand hectares of forest area which is roughly 2 % of the world total.
Europe has the largest forest area, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s total. South America has the highest proportion of forest, at 49 percent of the total land area.
More than half (54 percent) of the world’s forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation,
Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China
😄 India’s success in expanding planted forests

Bamboo Plantations: The total bamboo resource globally is estimated at 30.1 million ha, of which 21.2 million ha (70 percent) is in Asia, with India accounting for 11.8 million hectares. The global area of bamboo forest increased by 8.05 million ha between 1990 and 2025, largely because of increases in China and India.
Rubber Plantations: India ranks 5th globally with 831 thousand hectares of rubber plantations,
contributing to a global total of 10.9 million ha.