🍀Tajikistan is among the world's most remittance-dependent economies, with funds from migrant workers in Russia accounting for roughly 45% to nearly 50% of its GDP. While India receives the highest absolute volume of remittances globally
👻India emerged as the world’s top recipient of remittances in 2024, accounting for 14.3% of global flows, the highest share recorded so far
🥶For India, these inflows constitute a crucial component of the current account under the Balance of Payments.
🙈According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2023-24 survey, the United States is the largest source of inward remittances to India, accounting for 27.7% of the total. The US surpassed the UAE, which is now the second-largest source at 19.2%.
👻India emerged as the world’s top recipient of remittances in 2024, accounting for 14.3% of global flows, the highest share recorded so far
🥶For India, these inflows constitute a crucial component of the current account under the Balance of Payments.
🙈According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2023-24 survey, the United States is the largest source of inward remittances to India, accounting for 27.7% of the total. The US surpassed the UAE, which is now the second-largest source at 19.2%.
🌿Thurioside is a proteinaceous, insecticidal crystal toxin produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is a specific type of delta-endotoxin used in biopesticides to control insect larvae, particularly by creating pores in the gut, which causes cell lysis and death
😄 😄 😄 😄 😄
🌴Aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a major threat to groundnut (peanut) quality, causing liver damage and cancer. A "double defence" strategy, developed by ICRISAT researchers, has been shown to make groundnuts nearly immune to this toxin.
The "Double Defence" Line Strategy:
Strategy 1 (Immunity Boost): Researchers inserted two alfalfa genes (antifungal defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4.2) into the groundnut plants. These produce small proteins that boost the plant's immunity to limit fungal infection and stop the mold from growing.
Strategy 2 (Gene Silencing): A "Host-Induced Gene Silencing" (HIGS) technique is used to produce small RNA molecules within the plant. When the fungus attacks, these RNA molecules enter it and shut down the fungal genes (aflM and aflP) responsible for producing the toxin, even if the plant is infected.
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🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology tool that uses synthetic, single-stranded nucleic acids, known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. By hybridizing with the target mRNA, these ASOs block translation or trigger mRNA degradation, effectively silencing gene expression and preventing the production of disease-causing proteins
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology method used to turn off or "knock down" specific genes by introducing a complementary RNA (antisense) strand that binds to the target messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing protein synthesis. While the pGLO system is typically used in education for positive transformation (making bacteria glow using GFP), antisense technology is used for the opposite, such as silencing polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes to delay fruit ripening, as in the Flavr Savr tomat
🌴Aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a major threat to groundnut (peanut) quality, causing liver damage and cancer. A "double defence" strategy, developed by ICRISAT researchers, has been shown to make groundnuts nearly immune to this toxin.
The "Double Defence" Line Strategy:
Strategy 1 (Immunity Boost): Researchers inserted two alfalfa genes (antifungal defensins MsDef1 and MtDef4.2) into the groundnut plants. These produce small proteins that boost the plant's immunity to limit fungal infection and stop the mold from growing.
Strategy 2 (Gene Silencing): A "Host-Induced Gene Silencing" (HIGS) technique is used to produce small RNA molecules within the plant. When the fungus attacks, these RNA molecules enter it and shut down the fungal genes (aflM and aflP) responsible for producing the toxin, even if the plant is infected.
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology tool that uses synthetic, single-stranded nucleic acids, known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. By hybridizing with the target mRNA, these ASOs block translation or trigger mRNA degradation, effectively silencing gene expression and preventing the production of disease-causing proteins
🌴Antisense technology is a molecular biology method used to turn off or "knock down" specific genes by introducing a complementary RNA (antisense) strand that binds to the target messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing protein synthesis. While the pGLO system is typically used in education for positive transformation (making bacteria glow using GFP), antisense technology is used for the opposite, such as silencing polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes to delay fruit ripening, as in the Flavr Savr tomat
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Canola(Low euric acid) is primarily grown in temperate climates, with Canada being the world's leading producer
The UAE is a major global processor and exporter of canola oil, rather than a primary grower of canola seeds
The UAE is a major global processor and exporter of canola oil, rather than a primary grower of canola seeds
Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) do not cover the Digital Rupee because the digital rupee is a sovereign currency (legal tender)
Shark, approximately 30–40% of shark species are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs rather than giving birth to live young.
The remaining 60–70% of sharks are either viviparous (giving live birth) or ovoviviparous (eggs hatch inside the mother)
🦇Dolphins are classified with all other whales, porpoises, and dolphins under the order Cetacea.
The remaining 60–70% of sharks are either viviparous (giving live birth) or ovoviviparous (eggs hatch inside the mother)
🦇Dolphins are classified with all other whales, porpoises, and dolphins under the order Cetacea.
Direct-to-chip cooling primarily uses water-based coolants—often high-purity water, distilled water, or mixtures of water and glycols (such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol)—to transport heat away from processors through cold plates. These mixtures often contain corrosion inhibitors to protect the metal components in the closed-loop system
😏 Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic noble gas with atomic number 2, discovered in 1868. It is critical for cryogenic cooling (MRI machines), aerospace, semiconductor manufacturing, and breathing mixtures, valued for its low boiling point and inertness. Primarily sourced from natural gas extraction, helium is the second most abundant element, though rare on Earth.
🍀why helium is very special as a cooling gas, especially for cryogenics (extremely low-temperature cooling).
😍 Most substances become solid or liquid long before this temperature, but helium remains liquid until very close to absolute zero (−273.15°C).@Quantum/MRI
😎 Thermal conductivity = ability to carry heat away.If helium is under high pressure, it removes heat much faster than normal air.@Nuclear reactor
😍 When liquefied, density increases almost 200 times(Same volume can contain much more helium mass.)
💰 Low condensation temperature + high thermal conductivity = excellent near absolute zero coolant
Why helium is ideal:
🟢 Can stay liquid at ultra-low temperatures
🟢 Can carry heat away quickly
🟢 Chemically inert (doesn’t react easily)
🟢 Non-flammable
☹️ Helium is lighter than air, so when filled inside a balloon, the balloon rises upward.
Why does it rise?
🎯 Air around us is heavier than helium gas.
So helium-filled balloon gets an upward buoyant force.
😭 Oxygen + Helium = Heliox
Helium is mixed with oxygen in diving tanks (Heliox).
Benefits:
🟢 Less dissolving effect than nitrogen
🟢 Reduces decompression sickness risk
🟢 Easier breathing at depth (less dense gas)
🟢 Reduces nitrogen narcosis (mental confusion at depth)
🍀why helium is very special as a cooling gas, especially for cryogenics (extremely low-temperature cooling).
Why helium is ideal:
🟢 Can stay liquid at ultra-low temperatures
🟢 Can carry heat away quickly
🟢 Chemically inert (doesn’t react easily)
🟢 Non-flammable
Why does it rise?
So helium-filled balloon gets an upward buoyant force.
Helium is mixed with oxygen in diving tanks (Heliox).
Benefits:
🟢 Less dissolving effect than nitrogen
🟢 Reduces decompression sickness risk
🟢 Easier breathing at depth (less dense gas)
🟢 Reduces nitrogen narcosis (mental confusion at depth)
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Bacteria called thermophiles (meaning “heat lovers”) have been known to tolerate 45° to 70° C of heat.@Rajgir hot spring lake in Nalanda district
Kombucha is a fermented, slightly acidic, and fizzy tea made using a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), rapidly growing in popularity in India as a "probiotic powerhouse" for gut health, digestion, and immunity. Market trends indicate a shift towards locally brewed options, with demand expanding in cities like Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi, according to reports from
In wine-making circles, ‘noble rot’ is an exalted name for the botrytis fungus (Botrytis cinerea). It infects grapes, penetrates the skin, causes the berries to lose water by evaporation and shrivel up, and thus concentrates the sugars and flavours in them. Since only a small percentage of grapes in a vineyard are infected, they must be picked by hand.
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose derived from refined wood pulp, appearing as a white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is widely used as a filler, binder, and anti-caking agent in pharmaceutical tablets, supplements, and food products due to its high compressibility and stability. It is generally considered safe and non-toxic
The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS) and the Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) system are closely related rapid-fire, radar-guided gun systems designed to defend against incoming threats. While the Phalanx is traditionally naval, the C-RAM system (often called the Land Phalanx Weapon System or Centurion) is its land-based variant, created to protect forward-deployed troops and bases from rocket, artillery, and mortar attacks
Forwarded from Ignorance Reliever School of UPSC Studies (SAKTHI)
🍁PRELIMS RELEVACNE2024-AFRICA🦚
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
😈 . They established the organization during the Baghdad Conference on September 14, 1960, to coordinate petroleum policies and stabilize oil prices, initially headquartered in Geneva before moving to Vienna in 1965.
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
🍃Cubango-Okavango River system brings the Okavango Delta to life every year and provides food and water for communities.
🍃Abyei Region/Darfur Region
🍃Bantu Vs Mwani People
🍃Orange River
🍃Caprivi Strip
🍃Tsondab /Dabbahu Valley and Kuiseb River
🍃Africa Nation Who came out of OPEC + =Angola
🍃Borno->Yoruba/Igbo/okuoma/Hausa
🪴Adji Kossei (CHAD)
💁🏻Sidra Port(Libya),sfax(Tunisia),Port of Kismayo(Somali Sea)
🧌Gulf of Gabes,kneis Island,Djera Island (Refuge Issue)
🧞Jubbaland(somalia)-Autonomous Region*
👣Kambioos Camp Profile, Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
🕊Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge-Serengeti Plain, near northern Tanzania, in East Africa
🦬Military Base-Adji Kossei,Agadez*
🍁Lake Retba-colouring of the water is caused by harmless halophilic bacteria @ Senegal
🥶The founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
❤️Angola is the most recent country to withdraw from OPEC, effective January 1, 2024, due to disputes over production quotas. Previous departures include Qatar (2019) to focus on natural gas, Ecuador (2020), and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016.
opec HQ @Vienna ,Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFg6N7Le6A8
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