🔰Highway Engineering
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Air pollution
♦️ Primary & Secondary air pollutants
🔸 Primary air pollutant
👉 Finer particles
👉 Coarse Particles
👉 Sulphur compounds
👉 Oxides of Nitrogen
👉 Carbon monoxide
👉 Halogen compounds
👉 Organic compounds
👉 Radioactive compounds
👉 Hydrocarbons
🔹 Secondary air pollutant
👉 Ozone
👉 Formaldehyde
👉 PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate)
👉 Photochemical Smog
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
♦️ Primary & Secondary air pollutants
🔸 Primary air pollutant
👉 Finer particles
👉 Coarse Particles
👉 Sulphur compounds
👉 Oxides of Nitrogen
👉 Carbon monoxide
👉 Halogen compounds
👉 Organic compounds
👉 Radioactive compounds
👉 Hydrocarbons
🔹 Secondary air pollutant
👉 Ozone
👉 Formaldehyde
👉 PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate)
👉 Photochemical Smog
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📝Subject:-
Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📝Subject:-
Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥