waste water engineering
🔸 Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
🔸 Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
🔸 Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
🔸 Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
🔸 Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
🔸 Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
🔸 Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
🔸 Methods of sewerage system
👉 Dry and conservancy system
👉 Water carriage system
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔸 Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
🔸 Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
🔸 Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
🔸 Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
🔸 Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
🔸 Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
🔸 Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
🔸 Methods of sewerage system
👉 Dry and conservancy system
👉 Water carriage system
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🛑Geotechnical Engg.
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🛑Geotechnical Engg.
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📌 #ShortNotes
▪️How is Portland Cement Made?▪️
Portland cement can be made by following two different processes – a dry one and a wet one. The manufacturing process has moved on significantly since bricklayer Joseph Aspdin first made portland cement in his kitchen stove in England in the 19th century.
❇️Manufacturing Portland Cement
The basic ingredients of both the dry and wet processes are the same. By mass, lime and silica make up approximately 85% of portland cement. The materials that are commonly used are limestone, shells, chalk, shale, clay, slate, silica sand, and iron ore.
Since limestone is the main component, often cement plants are located near limestone quarries. The first step in both manufacturing processes after quarrying is primary crushing. Crushing reduces the size of the rock to three inches or smaller. Next, the raw materials are combined in the correct amounts and fed into the kiln system. In the dry process, the materials are grounded, mixed, and introduced into the kiln system in a dry state. In the wet process, the raw materials follow all of the steps with water added and are introduced into the kiln system in a slurry state.
In the kiln system, the first process is pre-heating. The combined materials are fed through a series of vertical cyclones. As the material moves through these cyclones, it comes into contact with the hot kiln exhaust gases. The exhaust gases pre-heat the material before it enters the main part of the kiln. The pre-heat process allows the chemical reactions that take place in the kiln to happen quicker and more efficiently.
In the main kiln, the raw materials are then heated to approximately 2,700 degrees F. In the kiln, the initial raw ingredients combine to from clinker. Clinker is mainly made up of tri and di-calcium-silicates which are the main chemicals that bond together when water is added to cement. Unwanted gases, including carbon dioxide, are also emitted from the process. In the next state of the process, clinker is cooled in coolers. The hot air from the coolers is returned to the pre-heater in order to save fuel in the overall process.
The clinker is then ground to produce portland cement. Gypsum is added during the grinding process to control the set rate of the cement. Slag and fly ash can also be added to control other properties of the final product.
Both the dry and wet processes are very energy intensive. The wet process, however, uses more energy than the dry process due to the amount of water that must be evaporated before clinker can be produced. The cement industry is constantly looking for ways to make the manufacturing process more efficient. For example, alternative fuel sources are now being used extensively throughout the industry to heat the kilns to reduce the amount of natural resources used in the process.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
▪️How is Portland Cement Made?▪️
Portland cement can be made by following two different processes – a dry one and a wet one. The manufacturing process has moved on significantly since bricklayer Joseph Aspdin first made portland cement in his kitchen stove in England in the 19th century.
❇️Manufacturing Portland Cement
The basic ingredients of both the dry and wet processes are the same. By mass, lime and silica make up approximately 85% of portland cement. The materials that are commonly used are limestone, shells, chalk, shale, clay, slate, silica sand, and iron ore.
Since limestone is the main component, often cement plants are located near limestone quarries. The first step in both manufacturing processes after quarrying is primary crushing. Crushing reduces the size of the rock to three inches or smaller. Next, the raw materials are combined in the correct amounts and fed into the kiln system. In the dry process, the materials are grounded, mixed, and introduced into the kiln system in a dry state. In the wet process, the raw materials follow all of the steps with water added and are introduced into the kiln system in a slurry state.
In the kiln system, the first process is pre-heating. The combined materials are fed through a series of vertical cyclones. As the material moves through these cyclones, it comes into contact with the hot kiln exhaust gases. The exhaust gases pre-heat the material before it enters the main part of the kiln. The pre-heat process allows the chemical reactions that take place in the kiln to happen quicker and more efficiently.
In the main kiln, the raw materials are then heated to approximately 2,700 degrees F. In the kiln, the initial raw ingredients combine to from clinker. Clinker is mainly made up of tri and di-calcium-silicates which are the main chemicals that bond together when water is added to cement. Unwanted gases, including carbon dioxide, are also emitted from the process. In the next state of the process, clinker is cooled in coolers. The hot air from the coolers is returned to the pre-heater in order to save fuel in the overall process.
The clinker is then ground to produce portland cement. Gypsum is added during the grinding process to control the set rate of the cement. Slag and fly ash can also be added to control other properties of the final product.
Both the dry and wet processes are very energy intensive. The wet process, however, uses more energy than the dry process due to the amount of water that must be evaporated before clinker can be produced. The cement industry is constantly looking for ways to make the manufacturing process more efficient. For example, alternative fuel sources are now being used extensively throughout the industry to heat the kilns to reduce the amount of natural resources used in the process.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
#Inspiration
मत हो मायूस जिंदगी से
किसी भी वक्त तेरा काम बन सकता है।
दिल में हो आग और इरादे हों बुलंद,
तो अखबार बेचने वाला भी कलाम बन सकता है।।
❣ 💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥 ❣
मत हो मायूस जिंदगी से
किसी भी वक्त तेरा काम बन सकता है।
दिल में हो आग और इरादे हों बुलंद,
तो अखबार बेचने वाला भी कलाम बन सकता है।।
❣ 💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥 ❣
🔰Highway Engineering
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
📚📍IMP. For JE/MPSC/IES Exam
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
📚📍IMP. For JE/MPSC/IES Exam
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔰Highway Engineering
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Properties of Aggregate
& Type of Test:-
1)Hardness:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Test.
2)Crushing Strength:-
Crushing Test
(Compression Test)
3)Toughness:-
Aggregate Impact Test.
4) Durability:-
Soundness Test-Accelerated Durability Test.
5)Shape Factor:-
Shape Test.
(Flakiness & Elongation Index Test)
6) Specific Gravity & Porosity:-
Specific Gravity Test
& Water Absorption Test
7)Adhesion to Bitumen:-
Stripping Value of Aggregate.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥