Variations in water demand

📌 Maximum daily demand :- 1.8*Avg. Daily demand.

📌 Maximum hourly demand :- 1.5*Avg. demand hourly of maximum day

📌 Peak demand :- 2.7*Avg. Hourly demand.

📌 Maximum weekly demand :- 1.48*Avg. Weekly

📌 Maximum monthly demand :- 1.28*Avg. Monthly

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Physical characteristics of drinking water

♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)

👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.

👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.

♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)

👉 It is measured by Tintometer

👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale

♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)

Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water

👉 It is measured on Silica scale

👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.

♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)

👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)

👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope

👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃

♦️ Specific Conductivity

👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.

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📝Open Channel flow - 1 liner important

- For a given specific energy discharge is maximum

- Specific energy is minimum for a given discharge

- Specific force is minimum for a given discharge

- Discharge is maximum for a given specific force

- Velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in rectangular channel for small slope

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Air pollution- one liner 2

Particulate control technology:-

💥Gravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 μm
Efficiency (η) <50%

💥Centrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 μm
η :- 50 - 90%

💥 Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle ≥1 μm
η :- 95 - 99%

💥Fabric filter
dust particle <1 μm
η :- >99%

💥Wet scrubbers
⚡️Tray scrubber
dust particle > 10 μm
η:- <80%

💥Cyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 μm
η:- <85%

💥 Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 μm
η :- <90%

💥Gaseous control technology:-
⚡️Adsorption
⚡️Absorption
⚡️Combustion

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⚡️Geotechnical Engineering One liner Miscellaneous.

1. Unconfined aquifer is also called water table aquifer.

2. Aquifer loss is linear function of discharge.

3.Well loss is function of square of discharge.

4.Drawdown of well is given by a logarithmic curve.

5.Sand used in Sand replacement method is passing through 1mm IS sieve and retaining on 600 micron IS sieve

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Physical characteristics of drinking water

♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)

👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.

👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.

♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)

👉 It is measured by Tintometer

👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale

♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)

Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water

👉 It is measured on Silica scale

👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.

♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)

👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)

👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope

👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃

♦️ Specific Conductivity

👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.

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Chemical Characteristics of drinking water

♦️ Total Dissolved solids (<500)

👉 Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left.

👉 Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44

♦️ pH (6.5 to 8.5)

👉 It is measure hydrogen ion concentration in water.

👉 It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method

👉 Alkalinity - It is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K.

👉 Acidity - It is caused by Mineral Acids, Free Co2, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminium.

👉 Alkalinity effect - Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination.

👉 Acidity effects - Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines.

👉 Alkalinity and Acidity is estimated by Titrometry.

👉 Total Alkalinity < 200 mg/l as CaCo3

♦️ Hardness (<200 ppm)

👉 It is measured by EDTA test( Versante method)

👉 Temporary hardness caused by Bicarbonates and carbonates of Ca & Mg

👉 Permanent hardness caused by sulphate, chloride and nitrate of ca & Mg.

👉 1 French degree hardness = 10 ppm

👉 1 British degree hardness = 14.25 ppm

👉 1 American degree hardness = 17.15 ppm

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Chemical Characteristics of drinking water

♦️ Chloride content(≤ 250mg/l)

👉 It causes kidney and cardiac problem

👉 Chlorides in water estimated by Mohr's method.

♦️ Sulphates (<250mg/l)

👉 It causes diarrhea.

♦️ Dissolved oxygen ( 3-4 ppm)

👉 High DO causes Corrosion.

👉 DO in water estimated by Winkler's Method

👉 DO inversely proportional to temperature.

♦️ BOD :- Nil

♦️ Fluoride (1ppm - 1.5 ppm)

👉 Fluoride in water estimated by Colourometry using Zirconium.

👉 Fluoride < 1ppm cause formation of cavities in teeth.

👉 Fluoride > 1.5ppm causes Fluorosis (molting of teeth) and deformation of bones.

♦️ Nitrogen Content

👉 drinking water standard

Ammonia Nitrogen - < 0.15 mg/l

Organic Nitrogen - < 0.3 mg/l

Nitrites - Nil

Nitrates - <45 mg/l

👉 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) :- Free ammonia + Organic Nitrogen.

👉 Excess causes the disease called Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).

♦️ Iron & Manganese (Fe < o.3 mg/l & Mn <0.05 mg/l)

👉 Iron causes reddish colour to water

👉 Manganese causes brown colour

👉 It is estimated by Colormetry

♦️ Copper (1 - 2 mg/l)

👉 It affects human lungs and other respiratory organs.

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Chemical Characteristics of water

♦️ Toxic chemical substance (Drinking water Standards)

👉 Barium :- < 1 mg/l

👉 Lead :- < 0.1 mg/l

👉 Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l

👉 Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l

👉 Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l

👉 Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l

👉 Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l

👉 Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l

👉 Mercury :- < 0.001 mg/l

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Fire demand

🔸 Kulching's Formula :- 3182√P

🔸 Buston's Formula :- 5663√P

🔸 Freeman's Formula :- 1136(P/5 + 10)

🔸 National board of fire underwriters formula :- 4637√P(1-0.01√P)

Where, P = Population in thousands.

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Water Borne Disease

🔸 Bacterial infection

👉 Cholera

👉 Typhoid

👉 Diarrhea

👉 Dysentery

🔸 Viral Infection

👉 Hepatitis

👉 Polio

👉 Jaundice

🔸 Protozoal infection

👉 Amebiasis

👉 Giadiasys

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🟢Subject:-RCC

🟧Permissible Limits of Solids as Per IS 456:2000

1)Organic:-
200mg/litres

2) Suspended Matter:-
2000mg/l

3)Sulphates:-
400mg/l

4)Chlorides:-
a)For Plain Concrete:-
2000mg/l

b)For RCC:-
500mg/l

5)Inorganic:-
3000mg/l

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waste water engineering

🔸 Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).

🔸 Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.

🔸 Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish

🔸 Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.

🔸 Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.

🔸 Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.

🔸 Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.

🔸 Methods of sewerage system

👉 Dry and conservancy system

👉 Water carriage system

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🛑Geotechnical Engg.

⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits

⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution

⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity

⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics

⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density

⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil

✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl

✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess

✨Organic Soil:-
Peat

✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil

--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----

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❇️Survey

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❇️Highway Engg.

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❇️Environment Engg.
(Sewage Treatment Process)

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🛑Geotechnical Engg.

⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits

⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution

⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity

⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics

⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density

⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil

✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl

✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess

✨Organic Soil:-
Peat

✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil

--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----

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📌 #ShortNotes

▪️How is Portland Cement Made?▪️

Portland cement can be made by following two different processes – a dry one and a wet one. The manufacturing process has moved on significantly since bricklayer Joseph Aspdin first made portland cement in his kitchen stove in England in the 19th century.

❇️Manufacturing Portland Cement 

The basic ingredients of both the dry and wet processes are the same. By mass, lime and silica make up approximately 85% of portland cement. The materials that are commonly used are limestone, shells, chalk, shale, clay, slate, silica sand, and iron ore.

Since limestone is the main component, often cement plants are located near limestone quarries. The first step in both manufacturing processes after quarrying is primary crushing. Crushing reduces the size of the rock to three inches or smaller. Next, the raw materials are combined in the correct amounts and fed into the kiln system. In the dry process, the materials are grounded, mixed, and introduced into the kiln system in a dry state. In the wet process, the raw materials follow all of the steps with water added and are introduced into the kiln system in a slurry state.

In the kiln system, the first process is pre-heating. The combined materials are fed through a series of vertical cyclones. As the material moves through these cyclones, it comes into contact with the hot kiln exhaust gases. The exhaust gases pre-heat the material before it enters the main part of the kiln. The pre-heat process allows the chemical reactions that take place in the kiln to happen quicker and more efficiently.

In the main kiln, the raw materials are then heated to approximately 2,700 degrees F. In the kiln, the initial raw ingredients combine to from clinker. Clinker is mainly made up of tri and di-calcium-silicates which are the main chemicals that bond together when water is added to cement. Unwanted gases, including carbon dioxide, are also emitted from the process. In the next state of the process, clinker is cooled in coolers. The hot air from the coolers is returned to the pre-heater in order to save fuel in the overall process.

The clinker is then ground to produce portland cement. Gypsum is added during the grinding process to control the set rate of the cement. Slag and fly ash can also be added to control other properties of the final product.

Both the dry and wet processes are very energy intensive. The wet process, however, uses more energy than the dry process due to the amount of water that must be evaporated before clinker can be produced. The cement industry is constantly looking for ways to make the manufacturing process more efficient. For example, alternative fuel sources are now being used extensively throughout the industry to heat the kilns to reduce the amount of natural resources used in the process.

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#Inspiration

मत हो मायूस जिंदगी से
किसी भी वक्त तेरा काम बन सकता है।
दिल में हो आग और इरादे हों बुलंद,
तो अखबार बेचने वाला भी कलाम बन सकता है।।

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⭐️IMP. POINTS

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