ðķWaste Water Engineering:-
ð°Activated sludge process (ASP)
ðķActivated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
ðļASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
ðļComponents of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
ðļActivated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
ðļUsual values adpoted
ð F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
ð MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
ð Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
ð Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
ðļ Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI â 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (â 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ð°Activated sludge process (ASP)
ðķActivated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
ðļASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
ðļComponents of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
ðļActivated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
ðļUsual values adpoted
ð F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
ð MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
ð Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
ð Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
ðļ Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI â 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (â 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ðSubject:-
Strength of Material
âïļImp. One liners:-
âïļEndurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
âïļDuctility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
âïļMalleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
âïļCreep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
âïļFatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
âïļTenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
âïļToughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
âïļHardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
âïļ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
âïļHooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
âïļNote:-
ðķStress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
ð·Stress is dependent..
ðķStrain is independent..
âïļShear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
âïļBending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
ðĨShear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
ðĨBending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
âïļThe slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
âïļThe slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
âïļThe second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
âïļPoint of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
âïļPoint of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
ðĨIf the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Strength of Material
âïļImp. One liners:-
âïļEndurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
âïļDuctility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
âïļMalleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
âïļCreep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
âïļFatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
âïļTenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
âïļToughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
âïļHardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
âïļ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
âïļHooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
âïļNote:-
ðķStress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
ð·Stress is dependent..
ðķStrain is independent..
âïļShear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
âïļBending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
ðĨShear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
ðĨBending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
âïļThe slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
âïļThe slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
âïļThe second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
âïļPoint of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
âïļPoint of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
ðĨIf the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
#surveying #CES #Oneliner
ðTheodolite Surveying
âĶïļ Definitions
ð Line of collimation :- It is imaginary line passing through the intersection of cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass.
ð Axis of the telescope :- It is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of object glass and the optical centre of eye piece.
ð Axis of the bubble tube :- It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube at its middle point.
ð Magnifying power of telescope :- It is the ratio of the focal length of the objective to that of the eye piece.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ðTheodolite Surveying
âĶïļ Definitions
ð Line of collimation :- It is imaginary line passing through the intersection of cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass.
ð Axis of the telescope :- It is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of object glass and the optical centre of eye piece.
ð Axis of the bubble tube :- It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube at its middle point.
ð Magnifying power of telescope :- It is the ratio of the focal length of the objective to that of the eye piece.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Variations in water demand
ð Maximum daily demand :- 1.8*Avg. Daily demand.
ð Maximum hourly demand :- 1.5*Avg. demand hourly of maximum day
ð Peak demand :- 2.7*Avg. Hourly demand.
ð Maximum weekly demand :- 1.48*Avg. Weekly
ð Maximum monthly demand :- 1.28*Avg. Monthly
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ð Maximum daily demand :- 1.8*Avg. Daily demand.
ð Maximum hourly demand :- 1.5*Avg. demand hourly of maximum day
ð Peak demand :- 2.7*Avg. Hourly demand.
ð Maximum weekly demand :- 1.48*Avg. Weekly
ð Maximum monthly demand :- 1.28*Avg. Monthly
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Physical characteristics of drinking water
âĶïļ Temperature (10 â to 20 â)
ð Temperature should not be less than 10 â.
ð Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
âĶïļ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
ð It is measured by Tintometer
ð It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
âĶïļ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
ð It is measured on Silica scale
ð It is measured by turbidity meter.
âĶïļ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
ð Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
ð Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
ð It is tested normally at 20â to 25â
âĶïļ Specific Conductivity
ð To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĶïļ Temperature (10 â to 20 â)
ð Temperature should not be less than 10 â.
ð Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
âĶïļ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
ð It is measured by Tintometer
ð It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
âĶïļ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
ð It is measured on Silica scale
ð It is measured by turbidity meter.
âĶïļ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
ð Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
ð Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
ð It is tested normally at 20â to 25â
âĶïļ Specific Conductivity
ð To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ðOpen Channel flow - 1 liner important
- For a given specific energy discharge is maximum
- Specific energy is minimum for a given discharge
- Specific force is minimum for a given discharge
- Discharge is maximum for a given specific force
- Velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in rectangular channel for small slope
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
- For a given specific energy discharge is maximum
- Specific energy is minimum for a given discharge
- Specific force is minimum for a given discharge
- Discharge is maximum for a given specific force
- Velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in rectangular channel for small slope
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Air pollution- one liner 2
Particulate control technology:-
ðĨGravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 Ξm
Efficiency (η) <50%
ðĨCentrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 Ξm
η :- 50 - 90%
ðĨ Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle âĨ1 Ξm
η :- 95 - 99%
ðĨFabric filter
dust particle <1 Ξm
η :- >99%
ðĨWet scrubbers
âĄïļTray scrubber
dust particle > 10 Ξm
η:- <80%
ðĨCyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 Ξm
η:- <85%
ðĨ Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 Ξm
η :- <90%
ðĨGaseous control technology:-
âĄïļAdsorption
âĄïļAbsorption
âĄïļCombustion
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Particulate control technology:-
ðĨGravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 Ξm
Efficiency (η) <50%
ðĨCentrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 Ξm
η :- 50 - 90%
ðĨ Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle âĨ1 Ξm
η :- 95 - 99%
ðĨFabric filter
dust particle <1 Ξm
η :- >99%
ðĨWet scrubbers
âĄïļTray scrubber
dust particle > 10 Ξm
η:- <80%
ðĨCyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 Ξm
η:- <85%
ðĨ Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 Ξm
η :- <90%
ðĨGaseous control technology:-
âĄïļAdsorption
âĄïļAbsorption
âĄïļCombustion
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĄïļGeotechnical Engineering One liner Miscellaneous.
1. Unconfined aquifer is also called water table aquifer.
2. Aquifer loss is linear function of discharge.
3.Well loss is function of square of discharge.
4.Drawdown of well is given by a logarithmic curve.
5.Sand used in Sand replacement method is passing through 1mm IS sieve and retaining on 600 micron IS sieve
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
1. Unconfined aquifer is also called water table aquifer.
2. Aquifer loss is linear function of discharge.
3.Well loss is function of square of discharge.
4.Drawdown of well is given by a logarithmic curve.
5.Sand used in Sand replacement method is passing through 1mm IS sieve and retaining on 600 micron IS sieve
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Physical characteristics of drinking water
âĶïļ Temperature (10 â to 20 â)
ð Temperature should not be less than 10 â.
ð Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
âĶïļ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
ð It is measured by Tintometer
ð It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
âĶïļ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
ð It is measured on Silica scale
ð It is measured by turbidity meter.
âĶïļ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
ð Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
ð Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
ð It is tested normally at 20â to 25â
âĶïļ Specific Conductivity
ð To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĶïļ Temperature (10 â to 20 â)
ð Temperature should not be less than 10 â.
ð Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
âĶïļ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
ð It is measured by Tintometer
ð It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
âĶïļ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
ð It is measured on Silica scale
ð It is measured by turbidity meter.
âĶïļ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
ð Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
ð Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
ð It is tested normally at 20â to 25â
âĶïļ Specific Conductivity
ð To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Chemical Characteristics of drinking water
âĶïļ Total Dissolved solids (<500)
ð Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left.
ð Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44
âĶïļ pH (6.5 to 8.5)
ð It is measure hydrogen ion concentration in water.
ð It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method
ð Alkalinity - It is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K.
ð Acidity - It is caused by Mineral Acids, Free Co2, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminium.
ð Alkalinity effect - Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination.
ð Acidity effects - Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines.
ð Alkalinity and Acidity is estimated by Titrometry.
ð Total Alkalinity < 200 mg/l as CaCo3
âĶïļ Hardness (<200 ppm)
ð It is measured by EDTA test( Versante method)
ð Temporary hardness caused by Bicarbonates and carbonates of Ca & Mg
ð Permanent hardness caused by sulphate, chloride and nitrate of ca & Mg.
ð 1 French degree hardness = 10 ppm
ð 1 British degree hardness = 14.25 ppm
ð 1 American degree hardness = 17.15 ppm
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĶïļ Total Dissolved solids (<500)
ð Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left.
ð Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44
âĶïļ pH (6.5 to 8.5)
ð It is measure hydrogen ion concentration in water.
ð It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method
ð Alkalinity - It is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K.
ð Acidity - It is caused by Mineral Acids, Free Co2, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminium.
ð Alkalinity effect - Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination.
ð Acidity effects - Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines.
ð Alkalinity and Acidity is estimated by Titrometry.
ð Total Alkalinity < 200 mg/l as CaCo3
âĶïļ Hardness (<200 ppm)
ð It is measured by EDTA test( Versante method)
ð Temporary hardness caused by Bicarbonates and carbonates of Ca & Mg
ð Permanent hardness caused by sulphate, chloride and nitrate of ca & Mg.
ð 1 French degree hardness = 10 ppm
ð 1 British degree hardness = 14.25 ppm
ð 1 American degree hardness = 17.15 ppm
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Chemical Characteristics of drinking water
âĶïļ Chloride content(âĪ 250mg/l)
ð It causes kidney and cardiac problem
ð Chlorides in water estimated by Mohr's method.
âĶïļ Sulphates (<250mg/l)
ð It causes diarrhea.
âĶïļ Dissolved oxygen ( 3-4 ppm)
ð High DO causes Corrosion.
ð DO in water estimated by Winkler's Method
ð DO inversely proportional to temperature.
âĶïļ BOD :- Nil
âĶïļ Fluoride (1ppm - 1.5 ppm)
ð Fluoride in water estimated by Colourometry using Zirconium.
ð Fluoride < 1ppm cause formation of cavities in teeth.
ð Fluoride > 1.5ppm causes Fluorosis (molting of teeth) and deformation of bones.
âĶïļ Nitrogen Content
ð drinking water standard
Ammonia Nitrogen - < 0.15 mg/l
Organic Nitrogen - < 0.3 mg/l
Nitrites - Nil
Nitrates - <45 mg/l
ð Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) :- Free ammonia + Organic Nitrogen.
ð Excess causes the disease called Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).
âĶïļ Iron & Manganese (Fe < o.3 mg/l & Mn <0.05 mg/l)
ð Iron causes reddish colour to water
ð Manganese causes brown colour
ð It is estimated by Colormetry
âĶïļ Copper (1 - 2 mg/l)
ð It affects human lungs and other respiratory organs.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĶïļ Chloride content(âĪ 250mg/l)
ð It causes kidney and cardiac problem
ð Chlorides in water estimated by Mohr's method.
âĶïļ Sulphates (<250mg/l)
ð It causes diarrhea.
âĶïļ Dissolved oxygen ( 3-4 ppm)
ð High DO causes Corrosion.
ð DO in water estimated by Winkler's Method
ð DO inversely proportional to temperature.
âĶïļ BOD :- Nil
âĶïļ Fluoride (1ppm - 1.5 ppm)
ð Fluoride in water estimated by Colourometry using Zirconium.
ð Fluoride < 1ppm cause formation of cavities in teeth.
ð Fluoride > 1.5ppm causes Fluorosis (molting of teeth) and deformation of bones.
âĶïļ Nitrogen Content
ð drinking water standard
Ammonia Nitrogen - < 0.15 mg/l
Organic Nitrogen - < 0.3 mg/l
Nitrites - Nil
Nitrates - <45 mg/l
ð Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) :- Free ammonia + Organic Nitrogen.
ð Excess causes the disease called Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).
âĶïļ Iron & Manganese (Fe < o.3 mg/l & Mn <0.05 mg/l)
ð Iron causes reddish colour to water
ð Manganese causes brown colour
ð It is estimated by Colormetry
âĶïļ Copper (1 - 2 mg/l)
ð It affects human lungs and other respiratory organs.
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
Chemical Characteristics of water
âĶïļ Toxic chemical substance (Drinking water Standards)
ð Barium :- < 1 mg/l
ð Lead :- < 0.1 mg/l
ð Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
ð Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
ð Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
ð Mercury :- < 0.001 mg/l
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĶïļ Toxic chemical substance (Drinking water Standards)
ð Barium :- < 1 mg/l
ð Lead :- < 0.1 mg/l
ð Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
ð Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
ð Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
ð Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
ð Mercury :- < 0.001 mg/l
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
waste water engineering
ðļ Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
ðļ Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
ðļ Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
ðļ Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
ðļ Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
ðļ Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
ðļ Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
ðļ Methods of sewerage system
ð Dry and conservancy system
ð Water carriage system
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ðļ Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
ðļ Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
ðļ Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
ðļ Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
ðļ Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
ðļ Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
ðļ Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
ðļ Methods of sewerage system
ð Dry and conservancy system
ð Water carriage system
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
ðGeotechnical Engg.
âĐUnit/Test & it's Purpose:-
âĄïļCasagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
âĄïļHydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
âĄïļPlate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
âĄïļOedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
âĄïļCore-Cutter:-
Field Density
âĄïļPycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
âĻSoil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
âĻDeposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
âĻDeposits by Wind:-
Loess
âĻOrganic Soil:-
Peat
âĻDeposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ
âĐUnit/Test & it's Purpose:-
âĄïļCasagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
âĄïļHydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
âĄïļPlate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
âĄïļOedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
âĄïļCore-Cutter:-
Field Density
âĄïļPycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
âĻSoil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
âĻDeposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
âĻDeposits by Wind:-
Loess
âĻOrganic Soil:-
Peat
âĻDeposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
ðĨðĨ @IESCIVIL ðĨðĨ