🌟Standard of Irrigation water
concentration of soluble salt
Electrical conductivity is expressed in micro-mhos per centimeter at 25℃
🔸Ec < 250 -- Low salinity of water
🔹250 ≤ Ec < 750 -- Medium salinity of water
🔸750 ≤ Ec < 2250 -- High salinity of water
🔹Ec ≥ 2250 -- Very high salinity of water
--> Value of sodium adsorption ratio for high sodium water lies between - 18 to 26
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concentration of soluble salt
Electrical conductivity is expressed in micro-mhos per centimeter at 25℃
🔸Ec < 250 -- Low salinity of water
🔹250 ≤ Ec < 750 -- Medium salinity of water
🔸750 ≤ Ec < 2250 -- High salinity of water
🔹Ec ≥ 2250 -- Very high salinity of water
--> Value of sodium adsorption ratio for high sodium water lies between - 18 to 26
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔶Waste Water Engineering:-
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📝Subject:-
Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
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Strength of Material
⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...
OR
The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...
❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.
❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.
❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.
❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.
❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.
❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.
❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).
⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..
🔷Stress is dependent..
🔶Strain is independent..
❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.
❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.
💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...
💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..
❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.
❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity
❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.
❇️Point of Contraflexure:-
Point where BMD changes sign.
(BMD=0 at this section)
❇️Point of Inflection:-
Point where deflected shape changes Curvature.
(BMD=0 at this section)
💥If the Shear Force at a section of a beam under bending is equal to zero,then the Bending Moment at the Section is :-
Maximum Or Minimum
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#surveying #CES #Oneliner
🎖Theodolite Surveying
♦️ Definitions
👉 Line of collimation :- It is imaginary line passing through the intersection of cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass.
👉 Axis of the telescope :- It is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of object glass and the optical centre of eye piece.
👉 Axis of the bubble tube :- It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube at its middle point.
👉 Magnifying power of telescope :- It is the ratio of the focal length of the objective to that of the eye piece.
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🎖Theodolite Surveying
♦️ Definitions
👉 Line of collimation :- It is imaginary line passing through the intersection of cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass.
👉 Axis of the telescope :- It is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of object glass and the optical centre of eye piece.
👉 Axis of the bubble tube :- It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube at its middle point.
👉 Magnifying power of telescope :- It is the ratio of the focal length of the objective to that of the eye piece.
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Variations in water demand
📌 Maximum daily demand :- 1.8*Avg. Daily demand.
📌 Maximum hourly demand :- 1.5*Avg. demand hourly of maximum day
📌 Peak demand :- 2.7*Avg. Hourly demand.
📌 Maximum weekly demand :- 1.48*Avg. Weekly
📌 Maximum monthly demand :- 1.28*Avg. Monthly
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📌 Maximum daily demand :- 1.8*Avg. Daily demand.
📌 Maximum hourly demand :- 1.5*Avg. demand hourly of maximum day
📌 Peak demand :- 2.7*Avg. Hourly demand.
📌 Maximum weekly demand :- 1.48*Avg. Weekly
📌 Maximum monthly demand :- 1.28*Avg. Monthly
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Physical characteristics of drinking water
♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)
👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.
👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
👉 It is measured by Tintometer
👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
👉 It is measured on Silica scale
👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.
♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃
♦️ Specific Conductivity
👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)
👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.
👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
👉 It is measured by Tintometer
👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
👉 It is measured on Silica scale
👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.
♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃
♦️ Specific Conductivity
👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
📝Open Channel flow - 1 liner important
- For a given specific energy discharge is maximum
- Specific energy is minimum for a given discharge
- Specific force is minimum for a given discharge
- Discharge is maximum for a given specific force
- Velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in rectangular channel for small slope
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- For a given specific energy discharge is maximum
- Specific energy is minimum for a given discharge
- Specific force is minimum for a given discharge
- Discharge is maximum for a given specific force
- Velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in rectangular channel for small slope
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Air pollution- one liner 2
Particulate control technology:-
💥Gravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 μm
Efficiency (η) <50%
💥Centrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 μm
η :- 50 - 90%
💥 Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle ≥1 μm
η :- 95 - 99%
💥Fabric filter
dust particle <1 μm
η :- >99%
💥Wet scrubbers
⚡️Tray scrubber
dust particle > 10 μm
η:- <80%
💥Cyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 μm
η:- <85%
💥 Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 μm
η :- <90%
💥Gaseous control technology:-
⚡️Adsorption
⚡️Absorption
⚡️Combustion
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Particulate control technology:-
💥Gravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 μm
Efficiency (η) <50%
💥Centrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 μm
η :- 50 - 90%
💥 Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle ≥1 μm
η :- 95 - 99%
💥Fabric filter
dust particle <1 μm
η :- >99%
💥Wet scrubbers
⚡️Tray scrubber
dust particle > 10 μm
η:- <80%
💥Cyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 μm
η:- <85%
💥 Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 μm
η :- <90%
💥Gaseous control technology:-
⚡️Adsorption
⚡️Absorption
⚡️Combustion
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
⚡️Geotechnical Engineering One liner Miscellaneous.
1. Unconfined aquifer is also called water table aquifer.
2. Aquifer loss is linear function of discharge.
3.Well loss is function of square of discharge.
4.Drawdown of well is given by a logarithmic curve.
5.Sand used in Sand replacement method is passing through 1mm IS sieve and retaining on 600 micron IS sieve
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
1. Unconfined aquifer is also called water table aquifer.
2. Aquifer loss is linear function of discharge.
3.Well loss is function of square of discharge.
4.Drawdown of well is given by a logarithmic curve.
5.Sand used in Sand replacement method is passing through 1mm IS sieve and retaining on 600 micron IS sieve
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Physical characteristics of drinking water
♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)
👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.
👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
👉 It is measured by Tintometer
👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
👉 It is measured on Silica scale
👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.
♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃
♦️ Specific Conductivity
👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
♦️ Temperature (10 ℃ to 20 ℃)
👉 Temperature should not be less than 10 ℃.
👉 Higher the temperature lower will be solubility.
♦️ Colour (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
👉 It is measured by Tintometer
👉 It is measured on Platinum Cobalt Scale
♦️ Turbidity (5 ppm - 10 ppm)
Turbidity is the measure of resistance to the passage of light through water
👉 It is measured on Silica scale
👉 It is measured by turbidity meter.
♦️ Taste and Odour (< 3TON)
👉 Odour is expressed in terms of TON (Threshold odour Number)
👉 Odour is measured by an apparatus called Osmoscope
👉 It is tested normally at 20℃ to 25℃
♦️ Specific Conductivity
👉 To know dissolved salt content. Determined by Dionic water tester.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Chemical Characteristics of drinking water
♦️ Total Dissolved solids (<500)
👉 Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left.
👉 Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44
♦️ pH (6.5 to 8.5)
👉 It is measure hydrogen ion concentration in water.
👉 It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method
👉 Alkalinity - It is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K.
👉 Acidity - It is caused by Mineral Acids, Free Co2, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminium.
👉 Alkalinity effect - Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination.
👉 Acidity effects - Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines.
👉 Alkalinity and Acidity is estimated by Titrometry.
👉 Total Alkalinity < 200 mg/l as CaCo3
♦️ Hardness (<200 ppm)
👉 It is measured by EDTA test( Versante method)
👉 Temporary hardness caused by Bicarbonates and carbonates of Ca & Mg
👉 Permanent hardness caused by sulphate, chloride and nitrate of ca & Mg.
👉 1 French degree hardness = 10 ppm
👉 1 British degree hardness = 14.25 ppm
👉 1 American degree hardness = 17.15 ppm
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♦️ Total Dissolved solids (<500)
👉 Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left.
👉 Suspended solids can be found by filtering water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44
♦️ pH (6.5 to 8.5)
👉 It is measure hydrogen ion concentration in water.
👉 It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method
👉 Alkalinity - It is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K.
👉 Acidity - It is caused by Mineral Acids, Free Co2, Sulphates of Fe & Aluminium.
👉 Alkalinity effect - Incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in chlorination.
👉 Acidity effects - Tuberculation & Corrosion of pipe lines.
👉 Alkalinity and Acidity is estimated by Titrometry.
👉 Total Alkalinity < 200 mg/l as CaCo3
♦️ Hardness (<200 ppm)
👉 It is measured by EDTA test( Versante method)
👉 Temporary hardness caused by Bicarbonates and carbonates of Ca & Mg
👉 Permanent hardness caused by sulphate, chloride and nitrate of ca & Mg.
👉 1 French degree hardness = 10 ppm
👉 1 British degree hardness = 14.25 ppm
👉 1 American degree hardness = 17.15 ppm
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Chemical Characteristics of drinking water
♦️ Chloride content(≤ 250mg/l)
👉 It causes kidney and cardiac problem
👉 Chlorides in water estimated by Mohr's method.
♦️ Sulphates (<250mg/l)
👉 It causes diarrhea.
♦️ Dissolved oxygen ( 3-4 ppm)
👉 High DO causes Corrosion.
👉 DO in water estimated by Winkler's Method
👉 DO inversely proportional to temperature.
♦️ BOD :- Nil
♦️ Fluoride (1ppm - 1.5 ppm)
👉 Fluoride in water estimated by Colourometry using Zirconium.
👉 Fluoride < 1ppm cause formation of cavities in teeth.
👉 Fluoride > 1.5ppm causes Fluorosis (molting of teeth) and deformation of bones.
♦️ Nitrogen Content
👉 drinking water standard
Ammonia Nitrogen - < 0.15 mg/l
Organic Nitrogen - < 0.3 mg/l
Nitrites - Nil
Nitrates - <45 mg/l
👉 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) :- Free ammonia + Organic Nitrogen.
👉 Excess causes the disease called Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).
♦️ Iron & Manganese (Fe < o.3 mg/l & Mn <0.05 mg/l)
👉 Iron causes reddish colour to water
👉 Manganese causes brown colour
👉 It is estimated by Colormetry
♦️ Copper (1 - 2 mg/l)
👉 It affects human lungs and other respiratory organs.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
♦️ Chloride content(≤ 250mg/l)
👉 It causes kidney and cardiac problem
👉 Chlorides in water estimated by Mohr's method.
♦️ Sulphates (<250mg/l)
👉 It causes diarrhea.
♦️ Dissolved oxygen ( 3-4 ppm)
👉 High DO causes Corrosion.
👉 DO in water estimated by Winkler's Method
👉 DO inversely proportional to temperature.
♦️ BOD :- Nil
♦️ Fluoride (1ppm - 1.5 ppm)
👉 Fluoride in water estimated by Colourometry using Zirconium.
👉 Fluoride < 1ppm cause formation of cavities in teeth.
👉 Fluoride > 1.5ppm causes Fluorosis (molting of teeth) and deformation of bones.
♦️ Nitrogen Content
👉 drinking water standard
Ammonia Nitrogen - < 0.15 mg/l
Organic Nitrogen - < 0.3 mg/l
Nitrites - Nil
Nitrates - <45 mg/l
👉 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) :- Free ammonia + Organic Nitrogen.
👉 Excess causes the disease called Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).
♦️ Iron & Manganese (Fe < o.3 mg/l & Mn <0.05 mg/l)
👉 Iron causes reddish colour to water
👉 Manganese causes brown colour
👉 It is estimated by Colormetry
♦️ Copper (1 - 2 mg/l)
👉 It affects human lungs and other respiratory organs.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Chemical Characteristics of water
♦️ Toxic chemical substance (Drinking water Standards)
👉 Barium :- < 1 mg/l
👉 Lead :- < 0.1 mg/l
👉 Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
👉 Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
👉 Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
👉 Mercury :- < 0.001 mg/l
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
♦️ Toxic chemical substance (Drinking water Standards)
👉 Barium :- < 1 mg/l
👉 Lead :- < 0.1 mg/l
👉 Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
👉 Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
👉 Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
👉 Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
👉 Mercury :- < 0.001 mg/l
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
waste water engineering
🔸 Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
🔸 Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
🔸 Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
🔸 Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
🔸 Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
🔸 Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
🔸 Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
🔸 Methods of sewerage system
👉 Dry and conservancy system
👉 Water carriage system
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔸 Sewage :- All kinds of liquid waste produce by community (includes domestic waste, Storm waste, industrial waste etc).
🔸 Sullage :- The waste Water from bathrooms, kitchen etc.
🔸 Rubbish :- All sundry soild waste as paper, broken furnitures, waste building materials etc are known as rubbish
🔸 Sewer :- A conduit which carries sewage.
🔸 Sewerage :- Network of sewer used in collection, conveyance and disposal of sewage.
🔸 Dry weather flow (DWF) :- Domestic and industrial waste water produced by the community.
🔸 Wet weather flow (WWF) :- Storm water resulting from community.
🔸 Methods of sewerage system
👉 Dry and conservancy system
👉 Water carriage system
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🛑Geotechnical Engg.
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
-----*-----*-----------*-----*-------*--------*
✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
--------*--------*---------*------*-------*----
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
⏩Unit/Test & it's Purpose:-
⚡️Casagrande's Apparatus:-
Determination of Consistency Limits
⚡️Hydrometer:-
Determination of Grain Size Distribution
⚡️Plate Load Test:-
Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity
⚡️Oedometer:-
Consolidation Characteristics
⚡️Core-Cutter:-
Field Density
⚡️Pycnometer:-
Specific Gravity
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✨Soil Deposited From Suspension in Running water:-
Alluvial Soil
✨Deposits of Marine Origin:-
Marl
✨Deposits by Wind:-
Loess
✨Organic Soil:-
Peat
✨Deposited at bottom of Lakes:-Lacustrine Soil
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