💥Some IMP. One Liners🌟
💥Compacting Equipments and it's USES:-
⚡️ Tampers and Frog Hammers:-
For Compacting in confined areas like trenches,behind bridge abutments.
⚡️Smooth wheel rollers:-
Granular Soils.
⚡️ Pneumatic tyred Rollers:- Cohesive and Non Cohesive soils.
⚡️Sheep foot Rollers:-
Best for Cohesive Soils(Clays).
⚡️Vibratory Compactors:-
Granular Soils(best method for Sands).
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💥Compacting Equipments and it's USES:-
⚡️ Tampers and Frog Hammers:-
For Compacting in confined areas like trenches,behind bridge abutments.
⚡️Smooth wheel rollers:-
Granular Soils.
⚡️ Pneumatic tyred Rollers:- Cohesive and Non Cohesive soils.
⚡️Sheep foot Rollers:-
Best for Cohesive Soils(Clays).
⚡️Vibratory Compactors:-
Granular Soils(best method for Sands).
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💥Simple Levelling:-
It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
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It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
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🔰SURVEYING:-
💥Imp. Note points:-
Extended Vernier is employed in Abney Level
Parallax Bar:-
It is an instrument used to measure Displacement from Photograph
Subtense Bar:-
It used for Baseline Measurement.
Box Sextant:-
Used for Horizontal Angle Measurements.
Clinometer:-
It is also a Angle Measuring instrument
Pantagraph:-
Plan Enlarging,reducing instrument.Its working is based on Principal of Similar Triangles.
Tellurometer:-
Used to measure Distance & it uses Microwaves
Ceylon Ghat Tracer:-
Gradient finding Instruments.
Fathometer:-
Measures Depth of Oceans/Sea.
Price-meter:-
It is a type of Current meter which is Used to determine the Velocity of Water.
Sounding Sextant:-
Used to measure Vertical and Horizontal Angles.
Geodimeter:-
It is a Medium Range EDM(Less than 25 km).
It has a range of 5km in daylight and about 25 km in night using a mercury lamp.
Altimeter:-
Used to measure Altitude.
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💥Imp. Note points:-
Extended Vernier is employed in Abney Level
Parallax Bar:-
It is an instrument used to measure Displacement from Photograph
Subtense Bar:-
It used for Baseline Measurement.
Box Sextant:-
Used for Horizontal Angle Measurements.
Clinometer:-
It is also a Angle Measuring instrument
Pantagraph:-
Plan Enlarging,reducing instrument.Its working is based on Principal of Similar Triangles.
Tellurometer:-
Used to measure Distance & it uses Microwaves
Ceylon Ghat Tracer:-
Gradient finding Instruments.
Fathometer:-
Measures Depth of Oceans/Sea.
Price-meter:-
It is a type of Current meter which is Used to determine the Velocity of Water.
Sounding Sextant:-
Used to measure Vertical and Horizontal Angles.
Geodimeter:-
It is a Medium Range EDM(Less than 25 km).
It has a range of 5km in daylight and about 25 km in night using a mercury lamp.
Altimeter:-
Used to measure Altitude.
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💥List of Instruments & its Uses:-
🌟 Altimeter:- Measures altitudes.
🌟 Ammeter:- Measures electric current.
🌟 Anemometer:- Measures force and velocity of wind and directions.
🌟 Audiometer:- Measures intensity of sound.
🌟 Barograph:- Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.
🌟 Barometer:- Measures atmospheric pressure.
🌟 Binoculars:- To view distant objects.
🌟 Bolometer:- To measure heat radiation.
🌟 Callipers:- Measure inner & outer diameters of bodies
🌟 Calorimeter:- Measures quantities of heat
🌟 Cathetometer:- Determine heights, measurements of levels, etc. in scientific experiments.
🌟 Chronometer:- Determines longitude of a vessel at sea
🌟 Colorimeter:- Compares intensity of colours.
🌟 Commutator:- To change the direction of electrica current.
🌟 Cryometer:- A type of thermometer used to measure very low temperature, usually close to 0° C.
🌟 Dilatometer:- Measures changes in volume substance.
🌟 Dynamo:- Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
🌟 Dynamometer:- Measures electrical power.
🌟 Fathometer:- Measures depth of ocean.
🌟 Fluxmeter:- Measures magnetic flux.
🌟 Galvanometer:- Measures electric current.
🌟 Hydrometer:- Measures relative density of liquids.
🌟 Hygrometer:- Measures level of humidity.
🌟 Hydrophone:- Measures sound under water.
🌟 Hypsometer:- To determine boiling point of liquids.
🌟 Hygroscope:- Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity.
🌟 Machmeter:- Determines the speed of an aircraft in terms of the speed of sound.
🌟 Manometer:- Measures the pressure of gases.
🌟 Micrometer:- Measures distances/ angles.
🌟 Nephelometer:- Measures turbidity.
🌟 Odometer:- Measure distance travelled by vehicle.
🌟 Periscope:- To view objects above sea level.
🌟 Pyrometer:- Measures very high temperature.
🌟 Refractometer:- Measures refractive indices.
🌟 Salinometer:- Determine salinity of solutions.
🌟 Sonar:- Used to detect objects under water.
🌟 Stereoscope:- To view two-dimensional picture.
🌟 Tachometer:- A theodolite adopted to measure distances, elevations and bearing during survey.
🌟 Udometer, Pluviometer, Ombrometer, hyetometer :- Rain gauge
🌟 Venturimeter:- To measure rate of flow of liquids.
🌟 Viscometer:- Measures viscosity of liquids.
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🌟 Altimeter:- Measures altitudes.
🌟 Ammeter:- Measures electric current.
🌟 Anemometer:- Measures force and velocity of wind and directions.
🌟 Audiometer:- Measures intensity of sound.
🌟 Barograph:- Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.
🌟 Barometer:- Measures atmospheric pressure.
🌟 Binoculars:- To view distant objects.
🌟 Bolometer:- To measure heat radiation.
🌟 Callipers:- Measure inner & outer diameters of bodies
🌟 Calorimeter:- Measures quantities of heat
🌟 Cathetometer:- Determine heights, measurements of levels, etc. in scientific experiments.
🌟 Chronometer:- Determines longitude of a vessel at sea
🌟 Colorimeter:- Compares intensity of colours.
🌟 Commutator:- To change the direction of electrica current.
🌟 Cryometer:- A type of thermometer used to measure very low temperature, usually close to 0° C.
🌟 Dilatometer:- Measures changes in volume substance.
🌟 Dynamo:- Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
🌟 Dynamometer:- Measures electrical power.
🌟 Fathometer:- Measures depth of ocean.
🌟 Fluxmeter:- Measures magnetic flux.
🌟 Galvanometer:- Measures electric current.
🌟 Hydrometer:- Measures relative density of liquids.
🌟 Hygrometer:- Measures level of humidity.
🌟 Hydrophone:- Measures sound under water.
🌟 Hypsometer:- To determine boiling point of liquids.
🌟 Hygroscope:- Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity.
🌟 Machmeter:- Determines the speed of an aircraft in terms of the speed of sound.
🌟 Manometer:- Measures the pressure of gases.
🌟 Micrometer:- Measures distances/ angles.
🌟 Nephelometer:- Measures turbidity.
🌟 Odometer:- Measure distance travelled by vehicle.
🌟 Periscope:- To view objects above sea level.
🌟 Pyrometer:- Measures very high temperature.
🌟 Refractometer:- Measures refractive indices.
🌟 Salinometer:- Determine salinity of solutions.
🌟 Sonar:- Used to detect objects under water.
🌟 Stereoscope:- To view two-dimensional picture.
🌟 Tachometer:- A theodolite adopted to measure distances, elevations and bearing during survey.
🌟 Udometer, Pluviometer, Ombrometer, hyetometer :- Rain gauge
🌟 Venturimeter:- To measure rate of flow of liquids.
🌟 Viscometer:- Measures viscosity of liquids.
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🌟Type of cross drainage works
🔥 Important 🔥
1)CD works carrying the canal over the natural drain
🔹 Aqueduct
🔹 Syphon aqueduct
2)CD works carrying natural drain over the canal
🔹 Super passage
🔹 Syphon
3)CD works admitting the drain water into the canal
🔹 Level crossing
🔹 Inlet and outlet
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
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🔥 Important 🔥
1)CD works carrying the canal over the natural drain
🔹 Aqueduct
🔹 Syphon aqueduct
2)CD works carrying natural drain over the canal
🔹 Super passage
🔹 Syphon
3)CD works admitting the drain water into the canal
🔹 Level crossing
🔹 Inlet and outlet
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
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🔰💥Imp. Points for WRD J.E
🌟Subject:-
Estimating Costing and Valuation
⚡️1 Bag of Cement= 50 kg
⚡️Volume of 1 bag of Cement
=0.0347 cu.m
⚡️1 tonne of Cement= 20 Bags
⚡️1 Cu.meter= 1440 kg Cement
---------------------------------------------
🌟Depreciation:-
Gradual Reduction in Value with Age of a Property.
🌟Valuation:-
Technique of Finding the Fair price of an Existing building or property.
🌟Cost:-
Actual amount incurred in producing a commodity which has some value is called as Cost.
🌟Salvage Value:-
The Value of property (without being dismantled) at the end of the Useful life period is known as Salvage Value.
🌟Annuity:-
The Net installment of periodical payment for repayment of the capital amount invested in a Property for a specified period is called as Annuity
🌟Book Value:-
Original Cost minus depreciation is called book value.
(OR)
The value of Property during its useful life based on purchase value and depreciation is known as Book Value.
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🌟Subject:-
Estimating Costing and Valuation
⚡️1 Bag of Cement= 50 kg
⚡️Volume of 1 bag of Cement
=0.0347 cu.m
⚡️1 tonne of Cement= 20 Bags
⚡️1 Cu.meter= 1440 kg Cement
---------------------------------------------
🌟Depreciation:-
Gradual Reduction in Value with Age of a Property.
🌟Valuation:-
Technique of Finding the Fair price of an Existing building or property.
🌟Cost:-
Actual amount incurred in producing a commodity which has some value is called as Cost.
🌟Salvage Value:-
The Value of property (without being dismantled) at the end of the Useful life period is known as Salvage Value.
🌟Annuity:-
The Net installment of periodical payment for repayment of the capital amount invested in a Property for a specified period is called as Annuity
🌟Book Value:-
Original Cost minus depreciation is called book value.
(OR)
The value of Property during its useful life based on purchase value and depreciation is known as Book Value.
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💥Air Pollution
🌟Classification of Air Pollutants:-
✨Primary Pollutants:-
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter
✨Secondary Pollutants:-
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog.
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🌟Classification of Air Pollutants:-
✨Primary Pollutants:-
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter
✨Secondary Pollutants:-
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog.
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💥Subject:-
Highway Engineering
✨15th percentile speed:-
Lower safe speed limit
(To avoid conjection )
✨50th percentile speed:-
Median speed
✨85th percentile speed:-
Upper safe speed limit
(decided speed regulation on road )
✨98th percentile speed:- Design Speed for Geometric design
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Highway Engineering
✨15th percentile speed:-
Lower safe speed limit
(To avoid conjection )
✨50th percentile speed:-
Median speed
✨85th percentile speed:-
Upper safe speed limit
(decided speed regulation on road )
✨98th percentile speed:- Design Speed for Geometric design
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🌟IMP. Points
💥Subject: Hydrology
✨Different Types of plot:-
🌟 Mass curve:- Plot of Accumulated Precipitation Vs Time.
🌟 Hyteograph:- Plot of Rainfall intensity Vs Time.
🌟 Hydrograph:- Plot between discharge in stream & time in chronological order.
🌟 Flow mass curve:- Plot between cumulative discharge, Volume & time in chronological order.
🌟Flow duration curve:- Plot of Stream discharge Vs percentage of time the flow is equalled or exceeded.
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💥Subject: Hydrology
✨Different Types of plot:-
🌟 Mass curve:- Plot of Accumulated Precipitation Vs Time.
🌟 Hyteograph:- Plot of Rainfall intensity Vs Time.
🌟 Hydrograph:- Plot between discharge in stream & time in chronological order.
🌟 Flow mass curve:- Plot between cumulative discharge, Volume & time in chronological order.
🌟Flow duration curve:- Plot of Stream discharge Vs percentage of time the flow is equalled or exceeded.
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🌟Standard of Irrigation water
concentration of soluble salt
Electrical conductivity is expressed in micro-mhos per centimeter at 25℃
🔸Ec < 250 -- Low salinity of water
🔹250 ≤ Ec < 750 -- Medium salinity of water
🔸750 ≤ Ec < 2250 -- High salinity of water
🔹Ec ≥ 2250 -- Very high salinity of water
--> Value of sodium adsorption ratio for high sodium water lies between - 18 to 26
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concentration of soluble salt
Electrical conductivity is expressed in micro-mhos per centimeter at 25℃
🔸Ec < 250 -- Low salinity of water
🔹250 ≤ Ec < 750 -- Medium salinity of water
🔸750 ≤ Ec < 2250 -- High salinity of water
🔹Ec ≥ 2250 -- Very high salinity of water
--> Value of sodium adsorption ratio for high sodium water lies between - 18 to 26
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🔶Waste Water Engineering:-
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
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🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
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