Waste Water Engineering
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
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🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
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☀️IMP. One liners:-
💥English bond:-
Alternate Course of Headers and Stretchers.
It is strongest bond.
⚡️Flemish bond:-
Each Course consists of Alternate Header and Stretcher.
💥Herring-bone Bond:-
Commonly used for Brick Paving.
⚡️Stretcher Bond:-
It is preferred when walls of Half brick thickness need to be constructed.
💥Rat-trap bond:-
Bond in which cavity is existing.
In this method,bricks are placed in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a wall(hollow space) within the wall.
⚡️King Closer:-
Rectangular brick whose one end has been cut off diagonally to half the width of brick
⚡️Queen Closer:-
When Brick is cut along it's length,making it two halves then it is called Queen Closer.
💥Brick bat:-
Cut portion of brick
⚡️Prepend:-
Vertical joint in bricks
💥Silica in Brick:- enables brick to retain it's shape.
💥Alumina in Brick:- Responsible for plasticity characteristics of brick earth.
💥Excess silica in Brick:-
makes brick brittle and weak.
💥Excess Alumina in Brick:-
Produce crack during drying and burning
💥Excess of Magnesia n Brick:-
Affects colour and makes brick yellow.
💥Excess of lime in Brick:-
Causes brick to melt and loss it's shape.
💥Excess Iron oxide in Brick:-
Makes brick to dark blue.
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💥English bond:-
Alternate Course of Headers and Stretchers.
It is strongest bond.
⚡️Flemish bond:-
Each Course consists of Alternate Header and Stretcher.
💥Herring-bone Bond:-
Commonly used for Brick Paving.
⚡️Stretcher Bond:-
It is preferred when walls of Half brick thickness need to be constructed.
💥Rat-trap bond:-
Bond in which cavity is existing.
In this method,bricks are placed in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a wall(hollow space) within the wall.
⚡️King Closer:-
Rectangular brick whose one end has been cut off diagonally to half the width of brick
⚡️Queen Closer:-
When Brick is cut along it's length,making it two halves then it is called Queen Closer.
💥Brick bat:-
Cut portion of brick
⚡️Prepend:-
Vertical joint in bricks
💥Silica in Brick:- enables brick to retain it's shape.
💥Alumina in Brick:- Responsible for plasticity characteristics of brick earth.
💥Excess silica in Brick:-
makes brick brittle and weak.
💥Excess Alumina in Brick:-
Produce crack during drying and burning
💥Excess of Magnesia n Brick:-
Affects colour and makes brick yellow.
💥Excess of lime in Brick:-
Causes brick to melt and loss it's shape.
💥Excess Iron oxide in Brick:-
Makes brick to dark blue.
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🌟💥#Irrigation Engg.
(IMP One Liners)
🌟💥Kor-watering:
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
🌟The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
🌟Paleo (Paleva):The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
💥Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
🌟Crop Period:-
Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
💥Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
🌟Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
💥Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
🌟Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
💥Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...
Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
🌟Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
💥Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
🌟Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
💥Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
🌟Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
💥Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
🌟Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
💥Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
🌟Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
💥The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
🌟The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
💥#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
(IMP One Liners)
🌟💥Kor-watering:
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
🌟The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
🌟Paleo (Paleva):The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
💥Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
🌟Crop Period:-
Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
💥Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
🌟Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
💥Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
🌟Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
💥Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...
Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
🌟Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
💥Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
🌟Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
💥Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
🌟Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
💥Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
🌟Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
💥Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
🌟Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
💥The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
🌟The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
💥#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Air Pollution
🌟Classification of Air Pollutants:-
✨Primary Pollutants
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter
✨Secondary Pollutants
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog
6. CFC
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🌟Classification of Air Pollutants:-
✨Primary Pollutants
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter
✨Secondary Pollutants
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog
6. CFC
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💡🌟Subject:-
Construction Management.
🔰#NOTE IMP.
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT):-
⚡️PERT uses 3 time Estimates to Solve Time Estimate uncertainty:-
💥Optimistic Time:-
Shortest time for an Activity if everything goes well under Ideal condition.
💥Pessimistic Time:-
Longest Time,if everything goes wrong.(Doesn't include Catastrophic effects like Earthquake,Floods,Labour Strike,Fire,etc.)
💥Most Likely Time:-Time required to complete the Activity,if Normal conditions Prevail.
🌟Henry Fayol:-
14 Principles of Management.
🌟F.W Taylor:-
Father of Scientific Management.
🌟Fulkerson's Rule:-
Used for Numbering the events in a Network Scientifically.
🌟Dummy Activity:-
It is a Activity having zero duration,it is shown by dotted lines,it shows dependancy..
🌟Event:-
An event is a specific instant of time, which makes the start or end of an activity
Event consumes neither time nor resources.
🌟Activity:-
An activity is the actual performance of the task and requires time and resources for its completion.
It is the work required to complete a specific task.
🌟Critical Path Method
(CPM):- Activity Oriented
🌟PERT:- Event Oriented
-----------------------------------------------
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Construction Management.
🔰#NOTE IMP.
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT):-
⚡️PERT uses 3 time Estimates to Solve Time Estimate uncertainty:-
💥Optimistic Time:-
Shortest time for an Activity if everything goes well under Ideal condition.
💥Pessimistic Time:-
Longest Time,if everything goes wrong.(Doesn't include Catastrophic effects like Earthquake,Floods,Labour Strike,Fire,etc.)
💥Most Likely Time:-Time required to complete the Activity,if Normal conditions Prevail.
🌟Henry Fayol:-
14 Principles of Management.
🌟F.W Taylor:-
Father of Scientific Management.
🌟Fulkerson's Rule:-
Used for Numbering the events in a Network Scientifically.
🌟Dummy Activity:-
It is a Activity having zero duration,it is shown by dotted lines,it shows dependancy..
🌟Event:-
An event is a specific instant of time, which makes the start or end of an activity
Event consumes neither time nor resources.
🌟Activity:-
An activity is the actual performance of the task and requires time and resources for its completion.
It is the work required to complete a specific task.
🌟Critical Path Method
(CPM):- Activity Oriented
🌟PERT:- Event Oriented
-----------------------------------------------
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🔰💥
🌟Subject:-
Estimating Costing and Valuation
⚡️1 Bag of Cement= 50 kg
⚡️Volume of 1 bag of Cement
=0.0347 cu.m
⚡️1 tonne of Cement= 20 Bags
⚡️1 Cu.meter= 1440 kg Cement
---------------------------------------------
🌟Depreciation:-
Gradual Reduction in Value with Age of a Property.
🌟Valuation:-
Technique of Finding the Fair price of an Existing building or property.
🌟Cost:-
Actual amount incurred in producing a commodity which has some value is called as Cost.
🌟Salvage Value:-
The Value of property (without being dismantled) at the end of the Useful life period is known as Salvage Value.
🌟Annuity:-
The Net installment of periodical payment for repayment of the capital amount invested in a Property for a specified period is called as Annuity
🌟Book Value:-
Original Cost minus depreciation is called book value.
(OR)
The value of Property during its useful life based on purchase value and depreciation is known as Book Value.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🌟Subject:-
Estimating Costing and Valuation
⚡️1 Bag of Cement= 50 kg
⚡️Volume of 1 bag of Cement
=0.0347 cu.m
⚡️1 tonne of Cement= 20 Bags
⚡️1 Cu.meter= 1440 kg Cement
---------------------------------------------
🌟Depreciation:-
Gradual Reduction in Value with Age of a Property.
🌟Valuation:-
Technique of Finding the Fair price of an Existing building or property.
🌟Cost:-
Actual amount incurred in producing a commodity which has some value is called as Cost.
🌟Salvage Value:-
The Value of property (without being dismantled) at the end of the Useful life period is known as Salvage Value.
🌟Annuity:-
The Net installment of periodical payment for repayment of the capital amount invested in a Property for a specified period is called as Annuity
🌟Book Value:-
Original Cost minus depreciation is called book value.
(OR)
The value of Property during its useful life based on purchase value and depreciation is known as Book Value.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔰Environment Engg.
IMP. Points
💥Screening:-
Screen are placed at an angle to
Increase Flow Area
&Reduce Flow Velocity
🌟Detention time:-
Septic Tank:-
24 hrs to 48 Hrs.
Imhoff Tank:-
2 hrs.
Oxidation ponds:-
2 to 6 weeks
Activated Sludge Process:-
1)Primary & Secondary Sedimentation
(1.5-2hrs.)
2)Aeration Tank
(4-8hrs.)
Grit chamber:-
(40-60 seconds)
Skimming Tank:-
3 minutes to 5 minutes
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
IMP. Points
💥Screening:-
Screen are placed at an angle to
Increase Flow Area
&Reduce Flow Velocity
🌟Detention time:-
Septic Tank:-
24 hrs to 48 Hrs.
Imhoff Tank:-
2 hrs.
Oxidation ponds:-
2 to 6 weeks
Activated Sludge Process:-
1)Primary & Secondary Sedimentation
(1.5-2hrs.)
2)Aeration Tank
(4-8hrs.)
Grit chamber:-
(40-60 seconds)
Skimming Tank:-
3 minutes to 5 minutes
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Some IMP. One Liners🌟
💥Compacting Equipments and it's USES:-
⚡️ Tampers and Frog Hammers:-
For Compacting in confined areas like trenches,behind bridge abutments.
⚡️Smooth wheel rollers:-
Granular Soils.
⚡️ Pneumatic tyred Rollers:- Cohesive and Non Cohesive soils.
⚡️Sheep foot Rollers:-
Best for Cohesive Soils(Clays).
⚡️Vibratory Compactors:-
Granular Soils(best method for Sands).
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Compacting Equipments and it's USES:-
⚡️ Tampers and Frog Hammers:-
For Compacting in confined areas like trenches,behind bridge abutments.
⚡️Smooth wheel rollers:-
Granular Soils.
⚡️ Pneumatic tyred Rollers:- Cohesive and Non Cohesive soils.
⚡️Sheep foot Rollers:-
Best for Cohesive Soils(Clays).
⚡️Vibratory Compactors:-
Granular Soils(best method for Sands).
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Simple Levelling:-
It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥