💥💥 Black cotton soil 💥💥
👉also known as Regur or Maan
👉variable thickness which is underlain by a sticky material called shadu or khalaga.
👉Type of Residual soil.
👉 Volcanic origin.
👉highly expansive, sticky and plastic clays showing high swelling and shrinkage.
👉Montmorillonite is the predominant present in BC soil.
👉pH value- 8.9(Alkaline)
👉Sp. Gr- 2.6-2.75
👉Activity- 0.8-1.5
👉Compression index- 0.2-0.5
👉CBR(Soaked) - 1.2-4
👉Shear parameters-
Cu=10-80Kn/m²
¢=5°-15°
👉Black color due to
1.Humus
2.Titanium Oxide.
👉Expansiveness can be found out by using
1.Russian method
2.Free swell test
3.Differential Free swell Test(IS 2911 part3)
4.Swelling pressure test
👉Minimum depth of foundation-
2 to 3 m
👉Suitable foundation-
1.Short Bored Piles
2.Under-reamed piles
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
👉also known as Regur or Maan
👉variable thickness which is underlain by a sticky material called shadu or khalaga.
👉Type of Residual soil.
👉 Volcanic origin.
👉highly expansive, sticky and plastic clays showing high swelling and shrinkage.
👉Montmorillonite is the predominant present in BC soil.
👉pH value- 8.9(Alkaline)
👉Sp. Gr- 2.6-2.75
👉Activity- 0.8-1.5
👉Compression index- 0.2-0.5
👉CBR(Soaked) - 1.2-4
👉Shear parameters-
Cu=10-80Kn/m²
¢=5°-15°
👉Black color due to
1.Humus
2.Titanium Oxide.
👉Expansiveness can be found out by using
1.Russian method
2.Free swell test
3.Differential Free swell Test(IS 2911 part3)
4.Swelling pressure test
👉Minimum depth of foundation-
2 to 3 m
👉Suitable foundation-
1.Short Bored Piles
2.Under-reamed piles
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🌟Chemical Characteristics of water:-
💥Metals:- Toxic Substance Quality Standards
✨Arsenic:- < 0.01mg/l
✨Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
✨Mercury :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Lead:- < 0.05mg/l
💥Other Chemical Parameters:-
✨Iron < 0.3mg/l
✨Mn< 0.05mg/l
✨Copper:- 1 to 3 mg/l
✨Sulphate:-<250mg/l
✨Free Ammonia <0.15mg/l
✨Albuminoid nitrogen/Organic nitrogen:- <0.3mg/l
✨Nitrites :- Nil
✨Nitrates:- < 45 mg/lit
NOTE (IMP.):-
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen=
Free Ammonia +
Organic Nitrogen
(Albuminiod Nitrogen)
✨Fluorides:- 1 to 1.5mg/lit permissible
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥Metals:- Toxic Substance Quality Standards
✨Arsenic:- < 0.01mg/l
✨Boron :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Cadmium :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Phenols :- < 0.001 mg/l
✨Mercury :- < 0.01 mg/l
✨Arsenic :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Chromium :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Cyanide :- < 0.05 mg/l
✨Lead:- < 0.05mg/l
💥Other Chemical Parameters:-
✨Iron < 0.3mg/l
✨Mn< 0.05mg/l
✨Copper:- 1 to 3 mg/l
✨Sulphate:-<250mg/l
✨Free Ammonia <0.15mg/l
✨Albuminoid nitrogen/Organic nitrogen:- <0.3mg/l
✨Nitrites :- Nil
✨Nitrates:- < 45 mg/lit
NOTE (IMP.):-
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen=
Free Ammonia +
Organic Nitrogen
(Albuminiod Nitrogen)
✨Fluorides:- 1 to 1.5mg/lit permissible
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🌟Lacey's Theory:-
Applicable to Irrigation channels and rivers.
Applicable If sediment Concentration is Less than 500 PPM
Bed form is Dune Type.
It is a Regime theory.
Indian Standard recommends Laceys theory.
Use Mannings formula as a Resistance equation.
3 basic equations are proposed
🌟Kennedy's Theory:-
Applicable to Irrigation channels only.
Disadvantageous theory
No equation given for slope.
No importance assigned to the B/D ratio.
Uses kutters formula as A resistance equation.
Garrets Diagram are based upon kennedys theory.
Woods tables may be used.
✨Tractive force approach:-
Based upon Boundary shear concept.
Critical Tractive stress can be calculated by using shields expression or whites expression.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Applicable to Irrigation channels and rivers.
Applicable If sediment Concentration is Less than 500 PPM
Bed form is Dune Type.
It is a Regime theory.
Indian Standard recommends Laceys theory.
Use Mannings formula as a Resistance equation.
3 basic equations are proposed
🌟Kennedy's Theory:-
Applicable to Irrigation channels only.
Disadvantageous theory
No equation given for slope.
No importance assigned to the B/D ratio.
Uses kutters formula as A resistance equation.
Garrets Diagram are based upon kennedys theory.
Woods tables may be used.
✨Tractive force approach:-
Based upon Boundary shear concept.
Critical Tractive stress can be calculated by using shields expression or whites expression.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥 Important points related to velocity triangle of Pelton wheel
👉 V1= absolute velocity of jet at inlet
👉 Vw1=whirl velocity at inlet = horizontal component absolute velocity=V1(because absolute velocity is horizontal
👉 Vf1=flow velocity at inket=vertical component of absolute velocity= Zero
👉 u= Blade velocity
👉 Vr1= Relative velocity= V1-u
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
👉 V1= absolute velocity of jet at inlet
👉 Vw1=whirl velocity at inlet = horizontal component absolute velocity=V1(because absolute velocity is horizontal
👉 Vf1=flow velocity at inket=vertical component of absolute velocity= Zero
👉 u= Blade velocity
👉 Vr1= Relative velocity= V1-u
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
#Irrigation Engg.(IMP One Liners)
#Kor-watering:-
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
Paleo (Paleva):-
The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
Crop Period:- Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
🌟Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
⚡️Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
#Kor-watering:-
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
Paleo (Paleva):-
The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
Crop Period:- Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
🌟Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
⚡️Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
Waste Water Engineering
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🔰Activated sludge process (ASP)
🔶Activated sludge:-
It is sludge containing large concentration of highly active aerobic micro organisms.
🔸ASP works on the principle of suspended culture system.
🔸Components of ASP
A) Primary settling tank :-
~ Detention time - 1.5 to 2 hr.
B) Aeration tank :-
~ Detention time- 4 to 8 hr
C) Secondary sedimentation tank :-
~ Detention time- 1.5 to 2 hr.
D) Sludge thickener & sludge digestion tank
🔸Activated sludge process parameters
1.Hydraulic retention time (HRT):- It is the ratio of volume of tank to the rate of sewage flow into the tank.
2.Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate:- It is ratio of BOD applied to unit volume of aeration tank.
3. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M):- It is defined as the ratio of kg of BOD applied per day to kg of MLSS in aeration tank.
4.Mean cell residence time (Sludge age):- It is defined as mass of cell in the reactors to mass of cells wasted per day.
5.Sludge volume index:-
It is the volume occupied in ml by 1 gm MLSS after settling for 30 minute from 1L sewage sample is known as sludge volume index.
🔸Usual values adpoted
👉 F/M :- 0.4 to 0.3
👉 MCRT :- 5 to 15 days
👉 Efficiency :- 85 - 95%
👉 Recycling ratio :- 0.25 - 0.5
🔸 Operational problems associated with ASP
1. Rising of sludge :- Settled sludge contains large number of live cells. They oxidise the dead cells and release nitrogen. The nitrogen causes the sludge to risep and increases the Xe value.
~ Remedies :- Increase Qr & Decrease Q
2. Bulking of sludge :- Large number of dead cell in settled sludge and growth of filamentous organisms. Occurs when SVI ≃ 150
~ Remedies :- Bring down SVI (≃ 150), Increase pH, Increase DO, decrease F/M ratio.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
☀️IMP. One liners:-
💥English bond:-
Alternate Course of Headers and Stretchers.
It is strongest bond.
⚡️Flemish bond:-
Each Course consists of Alternate Header and Stretcher.
💥Herring-bone Bond:-
Commonly used for Brick Paving.
⚡️Stretcher Bond:-
It is preferred when walls of Half brick thickness need to be constructed.
💥Rat-trap bond:-
Bond in which cavity is existing.
In this method,bricks are placed in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a wall(hollow space) within the wall.
⚡️King Closer:-
Rectangular brick whose one end has been cut off diagonally to half the width of brick
⚡️Queen Closer:-
When Brick is cut along it's length,making it two halves then it is called Queen Closer.
💥Brick bat:-
Cut portion of brick
⚡️Prepend:-
Vertical joint in bricks
💥Silica in Brick:- enables brick to retain it's shape.
💥Alumina in Brick:- Responsible for plasticity characteristics of brick earth.
💥Excess silica in Brick:-
makes brick brittle and weak.
💥Excess Alumina in Brick:-
Produce crack during drying and burning
💥Excess of Magnesia n Brick:-
Affects colour and makes brick yellow.
💥Excess of lime in Brick:-
Causes brick to melt and loss it's shape.
💥Excess Iron oxide in Brick:-
Makes brick to dark blue.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
💥English bond:-
Alternate Course of Headers and Stretchers.
It is strongest bond.
⚡️Flemish bond:-
Each Course consists of Alternate Header and Stretcher.
💥Herring-bone Bond:-
Commonly used for Brick Paving.
⚡️Stretcher Bond:-
It is preferred when walls of Half brick thickness need to be constructed.
💥Rat-trap bond:-
Bond in which cavity is existing.
In this method,bricks are placed in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a wall(hollow space) within the wall.
⚡️King Closer:-
Rectangular brick whose one end has been cut off diagonally to half the width of brick
⚡️Queen Closer:-
When Brick is cut along it's length,making it two halves then it is called Queen Closer.
💥Brick bat:-
Cut portion of brick
⚡️Prepend:-
Vertical joint in bricks
💥Silica in Brick:- enables brick to retain it's shape.
💥Alumina in Brick:- Responsible for plasticity characteristics of brick earth.
💥Excess silica in Brick:-
makes brick brittle and weak.
💥Excess Alumina in Brick:-
Produce crack during drying and burning
💥Excess of Magnesia n Brick:-
Affects colour and makes brick yellow.
💥Excess of lime in Brick:-
Causes brick to melt and loss it's shape.
💥Excess Iron oxide in Brick:-
Makes brick to dark blue.
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
🌟💥#Irrigation Engg.
(IMP One Liners)
🌟💥Kor-watering:
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
🌟The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
🌟Paleo (Paleva):The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
💥Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
🌟Crop Period:-
Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
💥Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
🌟Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
💥Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
🌟Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
💥Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...
Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
🌟Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
💥Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
🌟Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
💥Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
🌟Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
💥Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
🌟Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
💥Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
🌟Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
💥The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
🌟The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
💥#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥
(IMP One Liners)
🌟💥Kor-watering:
The first watering given to the crop when it has grown a few centimeters is called Kor-Watering of Crops
🌟The Optimum depth of kor-watering is:-
1)19 cm for Rice,
2)13.5 cm for Wheat and
3)16.5 cm for Sugarcane.
🌟Paleo (Paleva):The first watering before sowing the crop is called Paleo.
💥Base Period:-
Time Between First And Last Watering
🌟Crop Period:-
Time Between Sowing and Harvesting of Crop.
💥Reservoir Capacity for a given Demand is obtained from Mass Inflow Curve
🌟Clover Leaf Cofferdam Belongs to Cellular Type
💥Shape of Phreatic Line is Parabolic
🌟Garret's diagram is used in the Design of a Canal
💥Head Loss through the Siphon Barrels is Calculated by,
Unwin's Formula...
Unwin's Formula is generally used to Calculate the Afflux
🌟Canal Escapes serve as a Purpose of 'Safety Valve'
💥Aqueduct(It's like Bridge):-
Canal over a Natural Drain
🌟Super Passage:-
Natural Drain over the Canal
💥Level Crossing:-
Natural Drain and Canal at Same level.
🌟Syphon Aqueduct:-
Constructed where the H.F.L of Natural Drain is Higher than the Canal Bed
💥Defective Air Circulation in
Plant's root zone is an Effect of Water Logging
🌟Water Logging means when the Capillary fringe Reaches the Root Zone of Plants
💥Elementary Profile of a Dam is a Right angled Triangle
🌟Lacey's Concept of Design of Canals is Based on the Unlined Channels only
💥The Canal which is aligned along a Ridge Line is called as Watershed Canal
🌟The Canal which is aligned at Right Angled to the Contour is called as Side-Slope Canal
💥#Hydrology
The Flood Routing Method which involves the Concept of Wedge and Prism Storage is:-
Muskingum Method
💥💥 @IESCIVIL 💥💥