#نحو 10

هذني كل كلمات الجمع والمفرد العدنا بالموضوع مال الفصل

### 1. Words with Regular Plurals
Rule: Most nouns form their plurals by simply adding -s or -es.

- doctor - doctors 👨‍⚕️
- carpenter - carpenters 🛠️
- brother - brothers 👨‍👦
- cloud - clouds ☁️
- duck - ducks 🦆
- tribe - tribes 👥
- family - families (change -y to -ies) 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
- team - teams ⚽
- committee - committees 👥
- faculty - faculties (change -y to -ies) 🎓
- choir - choirs 🎶
- band - bands 🎸
- staff - staffs 👨‍🏫
- hat - hats 🎩
- fad - fads 🎉
- kiss - kisses (add -es) 💋
- bear - bears 🐻
- antelope - antelopes 🦌
- pig - pigs 🐷
- goat - goats 🐐
- sucker - suckers 🍬
- muskie - muskies 🎣
- bullhead - bullheads 🐟
- pheasant - pheasants 🦉
- guitar - guitars 🎸
- cigar - cigars 🚬
- lariat - lariats 🤠
- canyon - canyons 🌄
- alligator - alligators 🐊
- barbecue - barbecues 🍖
- cafeteria - cafeterias 🍽️

### 2. Irregular Plurals
Rule: Some nouns change vowels, endings, or have unique forms in their plurals.

- man - men (change vowel) 👨
- woman - women (change vowel) 👩
- ox - oxen (add -en) 🐂
- child - children (add -ren) 👶
- brother - brothers / brethren (archaic form, not commonly used) 👥
- goose - geese (change vowel) 🦢
- tooth - teeth (change vowel) 🦷
- foot - feet (change vowel) 🦶
- louse - lice (change vowel) 🦗
- mouse - mice (change vowel) 🐁
- calf - calves (change -f to -ves) 🐄
- knife - knives (change -f to -ves) 🔪
- half - halves (change -f to -ves) 🕛
- loaf - loaves (change -f to -ves) 🍞
- self - selves (change -f to -ves) 🙋
- wife - wives (change -f to -ves) 👰

### 3. Plural-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the plural form and do not have a singular counterpart.

- clothes 👕
- environs 🌍
- trousers / pants 🩳 👖
- oats 🌾
- pliers 🔧
- suds 🧼
- cattle 🐄
- scissors ✂️
- goods 📦
- police 👮

### 4. Singular-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the singular form and do not have a plural counterpart.

- news 📰

### 5. Words with Identical Singular and Plural Forms
Rule: These nouns have the same form for both singular and plural.

- tennis 🎾
- courage 💪
- haste ⏱️
- Japanese 🇯🇵
- fish 🐟
- sheep 🐑
- deer 🦌
- quail 🦆
- species 🧬
- bass 🎸
- carp 🐟
- perch 🐟
- pickerel 🐟
- grouse 🦆
- Chinese 🇨🇳
- sugar 🍬
- hair 💇‍♀️
- sand 🏖️

### 6. Latin or Greek Derived Plurals
Rule: Nouns from Latin or Greek often follow their original pluralization rules.

- datum - data 📊
- phenomenon - phenomena 🌟
- criterion - criteria 🛠️
- thesis - theses 📜
- alumnus - alumni 🎓
- formula - formulas/formulae 📐
- opus - opera 🎶
- appendix - appendixes 📚
- stratum - strata 🏔️
- hypothesis - hypotheses 💡
- syllabus - syllabi 📚
- curriculum - curricula 📜
- stimulus - stimuli ⚡
- memorandum - memoranda 📄
- nucleus - nuclei 🔬
- analysis - analyses 🔍
- medium - media 📡

### 7. Words with Multiple Plural Forms
Rule: Some nouns have more than one acceptable plural form.

- staff - staffs/staves 🧑‍🏫
- hoof - hoofs/hooves 🐎
- scarf - scarfs/scarves 🧣
- mosquito - mosquitoes/mosquitos 🦟

### 8. Words from Other Languages
Rule: Words borrowed from other languages often retain their original plural forms.

- fedayee - fedayeen 🥷
- kibbutz - kibbutzim 🏘️
- graffito - graffiti 🎨

Plurals

Q: Write the Paradigm for the following words to show whether they are Nouns, Verbs, Adjective

### Words with Multiple Forms

1. mother
- Noun:
- Singular: mother
- Plural: mothers
- Singular Possessive: mother's
- Plural Possessive: mothers'
- Verb:
- Base Form: mother
- Third Person Singular: mothers
- Present Participle/Gerund: mothering
- Past Tense: mothered
- Past Participle: mothered

2. test
- Noun:
- Sing.: test
- Pl.: tests
- Sing. ‘s: test's
- Pl. s’: tests'
- Verb:
- Base: test
- 3rd P. Sing.: tests
- Present Participle/Gerund: testing
- Past: tested
- P.P.: tested

3. rise
- Noun:
- Sing.: rise
- Pl.: rises
- Sing. ‘s: rise's
- Pl. s’: rises'
- Verb:
- Base: rise
- 3rd P. Sing.: rises
- Present Participle/Gerund: rising
- Past: rose
- P.P.: risen

4. zone
- Noun:
- Sing.: zone
- Pl.: zones
- Sing. ‘s: zone's
- Pl. s’: zones'
- Verb:
- Base: zone
- 3rd P. Sing.: zones
- Present Participle/Gerund: zoning
- Past: zoned
- P.P.: zoned

5. laughing
- Verb:
- Base: laugh
- 3rd P. Sing.: laughs
- Present Participle/Gerund: laughing
- Past: laughed
- P.P.: laughed
- Adjective:
- Positive: laughing (used as an adjective)

### Words with Single Forms

1. wait

- Verb:
- Base: wait
- 3rd P. Sing.: waits
- Present Participle/Gerund: waiting
- Past: waited
- P.P.: waited

2. agency
- Noun:
- Sing.: agency
- Pl.: agencies
- Sing. ‘s: agency's
- Pl. s’: agencies'

3. morning
- Noun:
- Sing.: morning
- Pl.: mornings
- Sing. ‘s: morning's
- Pl. s’: mornings'

4. tough
- Adjective:
- Positive: tough
- Comparative: tougher
- Superlative: toughest

5. bad
- Adjective:
- Positive: bad
- Comparative: worse
- Superlative: worst

6. poor
- Adjective:
- Positive: poor
- Comparative: poorer
- Superlative: poorest

7. funny
- Adjective:
- Positive: funny
- Comparative: funnier
- Superlative: funniest

8. president
- Noun:
- Sing.: president
- Pl.: presidents
- Sing. ‘s: president's
- Pl. s’: presidents'

9. sitting
- Noun:
- Sing.: sitting
- Pl.: sittings
- Sing. ‘s: sitting's
- Pl. s’: sittings'


10. school
- Noun:
- Sing.: school
- Pl.: schools
- Sing. ‘s: school's
- Pl. s’: schools'
- Verb:
- Base: school
- 3rd P. Sing.: schools
- Present Participle/Gerund: schooling
- Past: schooled
- P.P.: schooled

11. difficult
- Adjective:
- Positive: difficult
- Comparative: more difficult
- Superlative: most difficult

12. prosperous
- Adjective:
- Positive: prosperous
- Comparative: more prosperous
- Superlative: most prosperous

13. otherwise
- Adverb:
- otherwise

14. social
- Adjective:
- Positive: social
- Comparative: more social
- Superlative: most social

15. Little 🌱✨
- Adjective:
- Positive: little
- Comparative: less
- Superlative: least


16. chess
- Uninflected word

17. aground
- Uninflected word

Chapter 12: Parts of Speech (Thanks to @s3f_p)


#### Nouns
- Definition: A noun is the name of a thing that can be seen, felt, heard, or understood.
- Noun Paradigm:
- Maximum: 4 forms
- Minimum: 2 forms
الاسم أقصى حد إله (4) حالات وأدنى حد حالتين (2)


- Regular Plural:
- e.g.: Doctor, Doctors, Doctor's, Doctors'
- Irregular Plural:
- e.g.: Woman, Women, Woman's, Women's

- Aspects of Form:
We have 2 aspects of form (inflectional morphemes) and (derivational morphemes)

- Inflectional Morphemes:
- Noun plural (s plural)
- Noun possessive (s possessive)


- Identifying Nouns:
- Any word that has the plural (s pl) is a noun.
- If a word doesn't have (s pl), add (s pl) to see if it can be a noun:
- e.g.: "The author seems tired"
→ "The authors seem tired" (noun)
- Example: "Her brother may author a new biography"
(author cannot be made plural in this position, so it's not a noun because it is in the verb position)


- Plural only words "cannot be singular* 'they are not Nouns':

واكو كلمات هي اساسا جمع متصير مفرد ومنگدر نعتبرهن nouns :

- e.g.: clothes, goods, vitals, glasses, oats, pants, scissors, thanks

- clothes 👕
- environs 🌍
- trousers / pants 👖
- oats 🌾
- pliers 🔧
- suds 🧼
- cattle 🐄
- scissors ✂️
- goods 📦
- police 👮
- thanks

- Derivational Morphemes:
- Added to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, and bound forms to form nouns.

- e.g.: "The quality is pure" (adjective)
→ "The quality is purity" (noun)
- بالأولى pure هي adjective بس بأضافة ity صارت noun ، بالجمل الsuffix من تندمج وية اجزاء الكلام المكتوبة فوك تنطينا noun
- اقروا ص١٥٦ و ١٥٧ بيها امثلة هواية تتعرفون بيها على هالصيغة

💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯

#### Verbs
- Definition: A verb is a word that shows action or state of being.

- Verb Paradigm:
- Maximum: 5 forms
- Minimum: 3 forms

الفعل أقصى حد إله (5) حالات وأدنى حد (3) حالات

- e.g.: Speak, speaks, speaking, spoke, spoken
نلاحظ أكو 5 تصاريف (حالات)

- e.g.: cut, cuts, cuting, cut, cut
وهنا أكو 3 تصاريف

- Identifying Verbs:
- Any word that has three of these inflectional forms is a verb.
- Remember, a verb is always a single word.

- تكدرون تشوفوها بصفحة ١٥٩ وعليها تمرين



✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨
#### Adjectives
- Definition: Compared words having the er, est inflectional suffixes.

(An adjective describes or modifies a noun.)


-er, -est, -ness, -ly

Close, closest, closer, closeness, closely


اقروا تمرين ص١٦٠ عن الادجكتف مفيد
واذا تريدون تعرفون اذا الكلمة adjective او لا جربوا تحطون قبلها very اذا رهمت يعني adjective
ما اعرف اذا هاي الطريقة تشتغل لو لا لتحطوها برگبتي بس سمعتها

e.g.: "Very close" (adjective)


🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱☘️
#### Adverbs
- Definition: (An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.)


We have 3 types of Adverbs

- Types of Adverbs:
1- Adverb of Manner: She entered the room quickly.
2- Adverb of Place: The exam was here.
3- Adverb of Time: The exam was Saturday.

We have 3 types of Time Adverb:
A- Frequency: How often?
B- Definite Time: When?
C- Duration: How long?

When we have the following cases also it means this word an Adverb :



1- wise:
She speaks teacherwise.
2- ly:
She completed her work quickly.
3- ward:
She travels northward.
4- like:
He laughs horse-like.
5- s:
He works nights (means at night).

- Note: "Not all" words ending in "ly" are adverbs.
- *غالبية ly يعني Adverb مو تحطوها adjective


📝📝📝📝📝
#### Uninflected Words
- Definition: Words that cannot be categorized into one of the 4 form classes (N. / V. / Adj. / Adv.).

- هذا بس تعريفه شرحه كلشي مافهمت كافي شتريدون بعد طلابة بس احفظوا اعتقد الأمثلة والتمارين

كلش مهم هالموضوع هو وتمارينه
Uninflected words
هي كلمات بس ماتنتمي لا للأسماء و لا أفعال و لا صفات و لاظروف

هذا شرح Adverbs
انتبهوا علية

وشلون نعرف الكلمة Adverb

هذا شرح Nouns

هذا شرح Verbs

هذا شرح Adjective

Morphology 1st term 2nd exam 2024

أسئلة امتحان الگرمر الشهر الثاني 2024
Q1:
1. B) Backformation
2. B) Reduplication
3. B) Clipping
4. A) Compounding
5. B) Blending
6. B) Invention

### Q2:
1. N.
2. Adv.
3. Adj.
4. UW
5. Adv.
6. UW



Q3 A

1. Stratum - Strata
2. Stimulus - Stimuli
3. Information - Information
4. Hypothesis - Hypotheses
5. Calf - Calves
6. Sheep - Sheep
7. Fedayee - Fedayeen
8. Mouse - Mice

Q4 -A-:

1. Gold - Golden
2. Meddle - Meddlesome
3. Collect - Collective
4. Region - Regional
5. Child - Childish
6. Please - Pleasing



Q4 -B- How do you test whether a noun is singular or plural?

الحل هنا بهاي الرسالة
https://t.me/Homeworks_3/962

أسئلة گرمر شهر ثاني 2024
Q1:
1. safe → Adj.
2. anti-clockwise → Adv.
3. instructions → N.
4. at → Adv.
5. better → Adj.
6. chaos → UW 

Q2:
1. Possession/Belongingness
الدكتور على أساس يگول Subject of Act

2. Characterization/Description
أو Possession/Belongingness

3. Subject of Act
على أساس Object of act

4. Object of Act


Q3A:
1. Sheep
2. Oases
3. Stimuli
4. Media
5. Geese
6. Opera


Q3B: أكثر من حل صح
- Child:
Childish
Childless

- Culture:
Cultural
Cultured
Cultic 

- Exist:
Existential
Existentialist
Existing

- Friend:
Friendly
Friendless


Q4:
طبعاً أكثر من مثال للفائدة
1. Reduplication: Forming new words by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant. e.g.
Bye-bye
Pooh-pooh

2. Compounding: The joining of two or more separate words to form a new word. e.g.

Note+book= notebook
Snow+man= snowman
Sun+flower= sunflower


3. Derivation: Forming new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words. e.g.
Unkind (un- + kind)
Teacher (teach + -er)

هسة طلاب هذن الملفين مال الدكتور فوگ ضفت إضافات وأمثلة أبسط بيهن


(main book) Academic Writing for University Students.
https://t.me/Homeworks_3/234

(Supporting Material) Academic Writing and Grammar for Students.
https://t.me/Homeworks_3/235


وأسفلهن
شرحي على اليوتيوب
https://youtu.be/GkGHnQN8o0Q?si=lNBGN1KXIKD0OUI9

وشرح حيدر
https://t.me/stage3sh/46

تكملة كل مقاطع شرح حيدر بقناته حتى متصير هواي رسائل

بارك الله بي وبكل شخص ساهم بشرح المادة 🌹💚

بالنسبة لهذا الملف
Supporting Material
اللي بي الأشياء اللي نحول من خلالهن القطعة من لغة عادية إلى لغة أكاديمية

Ordinary language to Academic language

راح أرسل أشياء توضح عنة أكثر من المقطع على شكل صور وبصمات كلش مفيدات

- Avoiding 1st and 2nd person

خلي نباوع هنا


1st and 2nd person
هذن ميقبلون نستعملهن

يعني من نشوف فاعل من هذني اللي بالأصفر لازم نحذفة

لأن هذني نعتبرهن Subjective
1st (first) person:
I, me, my, we, our, us, mine
2nd (second) person:
You, your, yourself

يعني يخصن الذاتية يعني الشخص يحچي عن نفسة أو الانحياز لشي أو نظرتة لشي وليست نظرة من دراسة أو شي أكاديمي
فإذا شي غير أكاديمي يعني مرفوض


ف 3rd (third) person
يعتبر Objective يعني موضوعي أو محايد ويستشهد بمواضيع من دراسات أو حوادث

فيعني من نشوف كلمات من
1st and 2nd person
نحولهن إلى 3rd person

E.g. We write the homework. غير أكاديمة ❌

- They write the homework. هاي أكاديمية ✅

Alternative to Everyday Language