الفصل العاشر بس تعاريف طلاب + مثال على كل تعريف

Grammar Chapter 10: Word Formation
تعاريف الفصل العاشر مع أمثلة
كتابة مثال واحد مع الحل يكفي
لأن الفصل العاشر يجي منة بس تعاريف حسب مكال الدكتور

Q: Indicate the possessive relation in the following:

type of noun possessive relationship:



### 1. Possession or Belongingness

- teacher's eyeglasses
- Jane's father
- John's father
- women's colthes
- Iraq's inclusion

1. John's hat
2. Sarah's book
3. The dog's collar
4. Michael's car
5. The cat's toy
6. Emma's laptop
7. Tom's glasses
8. The teacher's desk
9. Jane's purse
10. The bird's nest
11. David's phone
12. Lisa's painting
13. The child's shoes
14. Mark's watch
15. The artist's brush
16. The student's backpack
17. The horse's saddle
18. The chef's knife
19. The farmer's tractor
20. The athlete's sneakers

### 2. Characteristics or Description

- cowboy's walk
- men's rights
- children's games
- general's stance
- child's behavior


1. A soldier's courage
2. A scientist's curiosity
3. A teacher's patience
4. A mother's love
5. A child's innocence
6. An athlete's endurance
7. A leader's vision
8. A writer's creativity
9. A dancer's grace
10. A singer's voice
11. An actor's talent
12. A gardener's skill
13. An artist's imagination
14. A doctor's dedication
15. A student's ambition
16. A lawyer's argument
17. A musician's rhythm
18. An engineer's precision
19. A pilot's expertise
20. An entrepreneur's drive

### 3. Origin

1. Shakespeare's plays
2. Beethoven's symphonies
3. Picasso's paintings
4. Newton's laws
5. Darwin's theories
6. Einstein's equations
7. Tchaikovsky's ballets
8. Homer's epics
9. Tolstoy's novels
10. Austen's characters
11. Van Gogh's artworks
12. Mozart's operas
13. Da Vinci's inventions
14. Galileo's discoveries
15. Plato's philosophies
16. Dickens's stories
17. Hemingway's writings
18. Rembrandt's portraits
19. Chopin's compositions
20. Michelangelo's sculptures

### 4. Measure (Time, Value, Space)

- day's work
- two weeks' time
- three minutes' walk
- day's work


1. An hour's work
2. A week's vacation
3. A month's salary
4. A year's plan
5. A day's journey
6. A minute's wait
7. A second's delay
8. A dollar's worth
9. A penny's value
10. A yard's distance
11. A meter's length
12. A mile's walk
13. A gallon's capacity
14. A kilogram's weight
15. An inch's width
16. A week's rest
17. A year's growth
18. A day's pay
19. A minute's break
20. A second's glance

### 5. Subject of Act

- the boy's jump
- the lawyer's lie
- the students' absence
- mr. Bean's speech
- Bob's winning
- Trump's pick


1. The judge's ruling (the judge ruled)
2. The president's speech (the president spoke)
3. The author's book (the author wrote the book)
4. The director's film (the director made the film)
5. The chef's dish (the chef prepared the dish)
6. The architect's design (the architect designed the building)
7. The musician's performance (the musician performed)
8. The teacher's lesson (the teacher taught the lesson)
9. The doctor's diagnosis (the doctor diagnosed the illness)
10. The lawyer's argument (the lawyer argued the case)
11. The actor's role (the actor played the role)
12. The artist's exhibition (the artist exhibited the artworks)
13. The singer's concert (the singer performed the concert)
14. The student's project (the student created the project)
15. The manager's decision (the manager decided)
16. The engineer's solution (the engineer solved the problem)
17. The builder's construction (the builder built it)
18. The painter's mural (the painter painted it)
19. The planner's event (the planner organized it)
20. The programmer's code (the programmer wrote it)

Q: Indicate the possessive relation in the following:

type of noun possessive relationship:


## 6. Object of Act

- the file's recovery
- Richard's protection
- the filmmaker's interview
- the criminal's punishment

1. The child's punishment (someone punished the child)
2. The book's review (someone reviewed the book)
3. The film's critique (someone critiqued the film)
4. The project's approval (someone approved the project)
5. The play's direction (someone directed the play)

6. The team's training (someone trained the team)
7. The patient's treatment (someone treated the patient)
8. The proposal's rejection (someone rejected the proposal)
9. The presentation's feedback (someone gave feedback on the presentation)
10. The plan's implementation (someone implemented the plan)
11. The idea's acceptance (someone accepted the idea)
12. The report's submission (someone submitted the report)
13. The candidate's interview (someone interviewed the candidate)
14. The task's completion (someone completed the task)
15. The decision's impact (someone impacted the decision)
16. The painting's restoration (someone restored the painting)
17. The project's extension (someone extended the project)
18. The machine's repair (someone repaired the machine)
19. The policy's revision (someone revised the policy)
20. The structure's demolition (someone demolished the structure)

Type of noun possessive relationship:



### 1. Possession or Belongingness

type of noun possessive relationship:

### 2. Characteristics or Description

type of noun possessive relationship:

### 3. Origin

type of noun possessive relationship:

### 4. Measure (Time, Value, Space)

type of noun possessive relationship:

### 5. Subject of Act

type of noun possessive relationship:

### 6. Object of Act

🚨🚨🚨🚨✨✨✨✨أكو إجابتين وحدة كاملة مفصلة
ووحدة مختصرة (ممكن المختصرة متجيب درجة كاملة وممكن تجيب وكذلك تگدرون تستعملون الأمثلة البيها عادي)
✨✨✨✨✨✨✨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨
Q1: How do you test whether a noun is singular or plural?

Answer:

1. Substitution:
- A noun is singular if you can replace it with "he/him" "she/her" or "it."
- A noun is plural if you can replace it with "they/them", these, or those

Examples:
- The beach was covered with white sand. (=it)
- Have you studied phonetics? (=it)
- Where did you hang my trousers? (=them)

2. Modification:
- Words like "several," "many," "this," and "those" can show if a noun is singular or plural.
- Singular nouns may use "his," "her," or "its," while plural ones may use "their."

Examples:
- We saw many fish swimming under the bridge. (many = plural)
- The sheep changed its direction. (singular)
- The sheep changed their direction. (plural)

3. Subject-Verb Agreement:
- The verb form can indicate if the noun is singular or plural. Singular nouns take the "-s" form of the verb.

Examples:
- Measles is a contagious disease. (singular)
- The goods are on the way. (plural)

*Note:*
- In the past simple tense, change it to the present simple when testing.
- "She played football" ➡️ "She plays football."
- "They played football" ➡️ "They play football."

- Also apply this to modal verbs:
- "She can speak English" ➡️ "She speaks."
- "They can speak English" ➡️ "They speak."

✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨
اجابة مختصرة وأقصر (ممكن مو درجة كاملة)
🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨

Q1: How do you test whether a noun is singular or plural?

Answer:

1. Substitution:
- Singular: Replace with "he/him," "she/her," or "it."
- Plural: Replace with "they/them," "these," or "those."

Examples:
- The beach was covered with white sand. (=it)
- Have you studied phonetics? (=it)
- Where did you hang my trousers? (=them)

2. Modification:
- Singular: Use "his," "her," or "its."
- Plural: Use "their," "several," "many," "these," or "those."

Examples:
- We saw many fish swimming under the bridge. (many = plural)
- The sheep changed its direction. (singular)
- The sheep changed their direction. (plural)

3. Subject-Verb Agreement:
- Singular nouns take the "-s" form of the verb.

Examples:
- Measles is a contagious disease. (singular)
- The goods are on the way. (plural)

Note:
- For past simple tense, change to present simple when testing.
- "She played football" ➡️ "She plays football."
- "They played football" ➡️ "They play football."
- Apply to modal verbs:
- "She can speak English" ➡️ "She speaks."
- "They can speak English" ➡️ "They speak."

Q3: Write the plurals of the following words:

The answer:

Singular - Plural

1. Stratum - Strata 📊
2. Foot - Feet 👣
3. Tennis - Tennis 🎾
4. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
5. Calf - Calves 🐄
6. Medium - Media 🖥️
7. Nucleus - Nuclei ⚛️
8. Half - Halves ➗
9. Oasis - Oases 🌴
10. Louse - Lice 🐞
11. Datum - Data 📊
12. Oasis - Oases 🌴
13. Mouse - Mice 🐭
14. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
15. Ox - Oxen 🐂
16. Criterion - Criteria 📏
17. Stratum - Strata 📊
18. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
19. Sheep - Sheep 🐑
20. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
21. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖
22. Criterion - Criteria 📏
23. Oasis - Oases 🌴
24. Information - Information (remains the same, as it is uncountable) ℹ️
25. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
26. Crisis - Crises ⚠️
27. Wolf - Wolves 🐺
28. Tooth - Teeth 🦷
29. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖
30. Fish - Fish 🐟

---

The words grouped by their similar endings:

### Words ending in "-um" with plurals ending in "-a"
1. Stratum - Strata 📊
2. Datum - Data 📊
3. Medium - Media 🖥️

### Words ending in "-is" with plurals ending in "-es"
1. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
2. Oasis - Oases 🌴
3. Crisis - Crises ⚠️

### Words ending in "-us" with plurals ending in "-i"
1. Nucleus - Nuclei ⚛️
2. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈

### Words ending in "-f" or "-fe" with plurals ending in "-ves"
1. Calf - Calves 🐄
2. Half - Halves ➗
3. Wolf - Wolves 🐺

### Words ending in "-on" with plurals ending in "-a"
1. Criterion - Criteria 📏

### Words with irregular plurals (changing vowels or endings)
1. Foot - Feet 👣
2. Louse - Lice 🐞
3. Mouse - Mice 🐭
4. Tooth - Teeth 🦷
5. Ox - Oxen 🐂

### Words with unchanged plurals (same form in singular and plural)
1. Sheep - Sheep 🐑
2. Fish - Fish 🐟
3. Information - Information ℹ️ (uncountable)
4. Advice - Advice 💡

### Words with foreign plural forms
1. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖


### Regular plurals (adding -s or -es)
1. Cat 🐈 - Cats 🐈 🐈
2. Dog 🦴🐕 - dogs 🐕🐕🦴
3. Box - Boxes 📦🥡

طلاب منا وجوة بهاي القناة شرح حيدر للنحو بالكتاب فصل فصل 10, 11، 12،


Chapter 10
https://t.me/stage3sh/239

Chapter 11
https://t.me/stage3sh/240

Chapter 12
https://t.me/stage3sh/291

#نحو 10

هذني كل كلمات الجمع والمفرد العدنا بالموضوع مال الفصل

### 1. Words with Regular Plurals
Rule: Most nouns form their plurals by simply adding -s or -es.

- doctor - doctors 👨‍⚕️
- carpenter - carpenters 🛠️
- brother - brothers 👨‍👦
- cloud - clouds ☁️
- duck - ducks 🦆
- tribe - tribes 👥
- family - families (change -y to -ies) 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
- team - teams ⚽
- committee - committees 👥
- faculty - faculties (change -y to -ies) 🎓
- choir - choirs 🎶
- band - bands 🎸
- staff - staffs 👨‍🏫
- hat - hats 🎩
- fad - fads 🎉
- kiss - kisses (add -es) 💋
- bear - bears 🐻
- antelope - antelopes 🦌
- pig - pigs 🐷
- goat - goats 🐐
- sucker - suckers 🍬
- muskie - muskies 🎣
- bullhead - bullheads 🐟
- pheasant - pheasants 🦉
- guitar - guitars 🎸
- cigar - cigars 🚬
- lariat - lariats 🤠
- canyon - canyons 🌄
- alligator - alligators 🐊
- barbecue - barbecues 🍖
- cafeteria - cafeterias 🍽️

### 2. Irregular Plurals
Rule: Some nouns change vowels, endings, or have unique forms in their plurals.

- man - men (change vowel) 👨
- woman - women (change vowel) 👩
- ox - oxen (add -en) 🐂
- child - children (add -ren) 👶
- brother - brothers / brethren (archaic form, not commonly used) 👥
- goose - geese (change vowel) 🦢
- tooth - teeth (change vowel) 🦷
- foot - feet (change vowel) 🦶
- louse - lice (change vowel) 🦗
- mouse - mice (change vowel) 🐁
- calf - calves (change -f to -ves) 🐄
- knife - knives (change -f to -ves) 🔪
- half - halves (change -f to -ves) 🕛
- loaf - loaves (change -f to -ves) 🍞
- self - selves (change -f to -ves) 🙋
- wife - wives (change -f to -ves) 👰

### 3. Plural-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the plural form and do not have a singular counterpart.

- clothes 👕
- environs 🌍
- trousers / pants 🩳 👖
- oats 🌾
- pliers 🔧
- suds 🧼
- cattle 🐄
- scissors ✂️
- goods 📦
- police 👮

### 4. Singular-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the singular form and do not have a plural counterpart.

- news 📰

### 5. Words with Identical Singular and Plural Forms
Rule: These nouns have the same form for both singular and plural.

- tennis 🎾
- courage 💪
- haste ⏱️
- Japanese 🇯🇵
- fish 🐟
- sheep 🐑
- deer 🦌
- quail 🦆
- species 🧬
- bass 🎸
- carp 🐟
- perch 🐟
- pickerel 🐟
- grouse 🦆
- Chinese 🇨🇳
- sugar 🍬
- hair 💇‍♀️
- sand 🏖️

### 6. Latin or Greek Derived Plurals
Rule: Nouns from Latin or Greek often follow their original pluralization rules.

- datum - data 📊
- phenomenon - phenomena 🌟
- criterion - criteria 🛠️
- thesis - theses 📜
- alumnus - alumni 🎓
- formula - formulas/formulae 📐
- opus - opera 🎶
- appendix - appendixes 📚
- stratum - strata 🏔️
- hypothesis - hypotheses 💡
- syllabus - syllabi 📚
- curriculum - curricula 📜
- stimulus - stimuli ⚡
- memorandum - memoranda 📄
- nucleus - nuclei 🔬
- analysis - analyses 🔍
- medium - media 📡

### 7. Words with Multiple Plural Forms
Rule: Some nouns have more than one acceptable plural form.

- staff - staffs/staves 🧑‍🏫
- hoof - hoofs/hooves 🐎
- scarf - scarfs/scarves 🧣
- mosquito - mosquitoes/mosquitos 🦟

### 8. Words from Other Languages
Rule: Words borrowed from other languages often retain their original plural forms.

- fedayee - fedayeen 🥷
- kibbutz - kibbutzim 🏘️
- graffito - graffiti 🎨

Plurals

Q: Write the Paradigm for the following words to show whether they are Nouns, Verbs, Adjective

### Words with Multiple Forms

1. mother
- Noun:
- Singular: mother
- Plural: mothers
- Singular Possessive: mother's
- Plural Possessive: mothers'
- Verb:
- Base Form: mother
- Third Person Singular: mothers
- Present Participle/Gerund: mothering
- Past Tense: mothered
- Past Participle: mothered

2. test
- Noun:
- Sing.: test
- Pl.: tests
- Sing. ‘s: test's
- Pl. s’: tests'
- Verb:
- Base: test
- 3rd P. Sing.: tests
- Present Participle/Gerund: testing
- Past: tested
- P.P.: tested

3. rise
- Noun:
- Sing.: rise
- Pl.: rises
- Sing. ‘s: rise's
- Pl. s’: rises'
- Verb:
- Base: rise
- 3rd P. Sing.: rises
- Present Participle/Gerund: rising
- Past: rose
- P.P.: risen

4. zone
- Noun:
- Sing.: zone
- Pl.: zones
- Sing. ‘s: zone's
- Pl. s’: zones'
- Verb:
- Base: zone
- 3rd P. Sing.: zones
- Present Participle/Gerund: zoning
- Past: zoned
- P.P.: zoned

5. laughing
- Verb:
- Base: laugh
- 3rd P. Sing.: laughs
- Present Participle/Gerund: laughing
- Past: laughed
- P.P.: laughed
- Adjective:
- Positive: laughing (used as an adjective)

### Words with Single Forms

1. wait

- Verb:
- Base: wait
- 3rd P. Sing.: waits
- Present Participle/Gerund: waiting
- Past: waited
- P.P.: waited

2. agency
- Noun:
- Sing.: agency
- Pl.: agencies
- Sing. ‘s: agency's
- Pl. s’: agencies'

3. morning
- Noun:
- Sing.: morning
- Pl.: mornings
- Sing. ‘s: morning's
- Pl. s’: mornings'

4. tough
- Adjective:
- Positive: tough
- Comparative: tougher
- Superlative: toughest

5. bad
- Adjective:
- Positive: bad
- Comparative: worse
- Superlative: worst

6. poor
- Adjective:
- Positive: poor
- Comparative: poorer
- Superlative: poorest

7. funny
- Adjective:
- Positive: funny
- Comparative: funnier
- Superlative: funniest

8. president
- Noun:
- Sing.: president
- Pl.: presidents
- Sing. ‘s: president's
- Pl. s’: presidents'

9. sitting
- Noun:
- Sing.: sitting
- Pl.: sittings
- Sing. ‘s: sitting's
- Pl. s’: sittings'


10. school
- Noun:
- Sing.: school
- Pl.: schools
- Sing. ‘s: school's
- Pl. s’: schools'
- Verb:
- Base: school
- 3rd P. Sing.: schools
- Present Participle/Gerund: schooling
- Past: schooled
- P.P.: schooled

11. difficult
- Adjective:
- Positive: difficult
- Comparative: more difficult
- Superlative: most difficult

12. prosperous
- Adjective:
- Positive: prosperous
- Comparative: more prosperous
- Superlative: most prosperous

13. otherwise
- Adverb:
- otherwise

14. social
- Adjective:
- Positive: social
- Comparative: more social
- Superlative: most social

15. Little 🌱✨
- Adjective:
- Positive: little
- Comparative: less
- Superlative: least


16. chess
- Uninflected word

17. aground
- Uninflected word

Chapter 12: Parts of Speech (Thanks to @s3f_p)


#### Nouns
- Definition: A noun is the name of a thing that can be seen, felt, heard, or understood.
- Noun Paradigm:
- Maximum: 4 forms
- Minimum: 2 forms
الاسم أقصى حد إله (4) حالات وأدنى حد حالتين (2)


- Regular Plural:
- e.g.: Doctor, Doctors, Doctor's, Doctors'
- Irregular Plural:
- e.g.: Woman, Women, Woman's, Women's

- Aspects of Form:
We have 2 aspects of form (inflectional morphemes) and (derivational morphemes)

- Inflectional Morphemes:
- Noun plural (s plural)
- Noun possessive (s possessive)


- Identifying Nouns:
- Any word that has the plural (s pl) is a noun.
- If a word doesn't have (s pl), add (s pl) to see if it can be a noun:
- e.g.: "The author seems tired"
→ "The authors seem tired" (noun)
- Example: "Her brother may author a new biography"
(author cannot be made plural in this position, so it's not a noun because it is in the verb position)


- Plural only words "cannot be singular* 'they are not Nouns':

واكو كلمات هي اساسا جمع متصير مفرد ومنگدر نعتبرهن nouns :

- e.g.: clothes, goods, vitals, glasses, oats, pants, scissors, thanks

- clothes 👕
- environs 🌍
- trousers / pants 👖
- oats 🌾
- pliers 🔧
- suds 🧼
- cattle 🐄
- scissors ✂️
- goods 📦
- police 👮
- thanks

- Derivational Morphemes:
- Added to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, and bound forms to form nouns.

- e.g.: "The quality is pure" (adjective)
→ "The quality is purity" (noun)
- بالأولى pure هي adjective بس بأضافة ity صارت noun ، بالجمل الsuffix من تندمج وية اجزاء الكلام المكتوبة فوك تنطينا noun
- اقروا ص١٥٦ و ١٥٧ بيها امثلة هواية تتعرفون بيها على هالصيغة

💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯

#### Verbs
- Definition: A verb is a word that shows action or state of being.

- Verb Paradigm:
- Maximum: 5 forms
- Minimum: 3 forms

الفعل أقصى حد إله (5) حالات وأدنى حد (3) حالات

- e.g.: Speak, speaks, speaking, spoke, spoken
نلاحظ أكو 5 تصاريف (حالات)

- e.g.: cut, cuts, cuting, cut, cut
وهنا أكو 3 تصاريف

- Identifying Verbs:
- Any word that has three of these inflectional forms is a verb.
- Remember, a verb is always a single word.

- تكدرون تشوفوها بصفحة ١٥٩ وعليها تمرين



✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨
#### Adjectives
- Definition: Compared words having the er, est inflectional suffixes.

(An adjective describes or modifies a noun.)


-er, -est, -ness, -ly

Close, closest, closer, closeness, closely


اقروا تمرين ص١٦٠ عن الادجكتف مفيد
واذا تريدون تعرفون اذا الكلمة adjective او لا جربوا تحطون قبلها very اذا رهمت يعني adjective
ما اعرف اذا هاي الطريقة تشتغل لو لا لتحطوها برگبتي بس سمعتها

e.g.: "Very close" (adjective)


🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱☘️
#### Adverbs
- Definition: (An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.)


We have 3 types of Adverbs

- Types of Adverbs:
1- Adverb of Manner: She entered the room quickly.
2- Adverb of Place: The exam was here.
3- Adverb of Time: The exam was Saturday.

We have 3 types of Time Adverb:
A- Frequency: How often?
B- Definite Time: When?
C- Duration: How long?

When we have the following cases also it means this word an Adverb :



1- wise:
She speaks teacherwise.
2- ly:
She completed her work quickly.
3- ward:
She travels northward.
4- like:
He laughs horse-like.
5- s:
He works nights (means at night).

- Note: "Not all" words ending in "ly" are adverbs.
- *غالبية ly يعني Adverb مو تحطوها adjective


📝📝📝📝📝
#### Uninflected Words
- Definition: Words that cannot be categorized into one of the 4 form classes (N. / V. / Adj. / Adv.).

- هذا بس تعريفه شرحه كلشي مافهمت كافي شتريدون بعد طلابة بس احفظوا اعتقد الأمثلة والتمارين