★ We will study consonant sounds from two aspects

1_ Place of articulation.
2_ Manner of articulation.

First Place of Articulation.

1_ Bilabials: made with both lips.

(P) pat, (b) bat, (m) mat, (w) wet

2_ Labiodentals: the upper teeth with the lower lip.

(F) fat , (V) save

3_ Dentals: the tongue tip behind the upper teeth or between the teeth

( θ ) thin , ( ð ) this

★ In those cases when the tongue tip is between the teeth they maybe described as ( interdentals ) فراغ


4_ Alveolars: the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge
( the alveolar ridge is the rough area behind and above the upper teeth).

(T) top, (d) dog, (S) sit, (Z) zoo
(n) nut , (L) leg , ( r ) rain


5_ Palatals: the tongue and the hard palate ( the hard palate is on the roof of the mouth ).

( ʃ ) shop, ( ʧ ) chop, ( ʒ ) casual
( dʒ ) gem , ( j ) yes


6_ Velars: the back of the tongue on the velum ( soft palate)

(K) cat , (g) gun , ( ŋ ) song


7_ Glottals: using the glottis which is the open space between the vocal folds.

(h) hat

Second Manner of Articulation ( consonants )

1_ Stops: when we produce a stop consonant we block the airflow briefly then let it go suddenly with a little explosion. Such as

(P) (t) (k) voiceless
(b) (d) (g) voiced


2_ Fricatives: when we produce a fricative consonant we almost block the airflow and force it through a narrow gap creating a type of friction.

(F) (V) (S) (Z) ( ʃ ) ( ʒ ) (h) (ð) (θ)


3_ Affricates: when we combine a brief stopping of the airflow with a release through a narrow gap we produce the affricate sounds.

( ʧ ) voiceless, ( dʒ ) voiced

★ stop + fricative= affricate
But they need to be made with the same place of articulation ( Homorganic)


4_ Nasals: when we produce the nasal sounds the soft palate is lowered allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity.

(m) (n) ( ŋ )

★ Nasals are voiced universally فراغ

★ In most consonants the soft palate is raised فراغ


5_ Liquids or Lateral: the air goes out from both sides of the tongue as the tip touches near the alveolar ridge.

(L) ( r ) both voiced

★ /r/ sound in English takes a curled shape nearly touching the alveolar ridge.


6_ Glides: they are produced with the tongue in motion or gliding, to or from the position of a vowel.

(W) ( j ) both voiced

★ Glides are also called semi-vowels فراغ

Vowels: are made without any obstruction to the airflow long and short vowels.

Diphthongs: are a glide from one vowel to another vowel from low towards high or the opposite.

Such as ( aɪ ) in the word my

Hamlet Scene 1, 2 Dr. Alyaa Lectures
هاملت المشهد 1 و 2 - محاضرات دكتورة علياء

طلاب دكتور عادل يكرر أسئلة الگرمر بكل شهر وهذني جوة مال الشهر الأول

هذني أسئلة الشهري

طبعاً حلول التمارين بنهاية الكتاب

Grammar 1st month - morning class B
أسئلة گرمر شهر أول صباحي شعبة B

### Q1
A- True or False (correct the mistaken statements)

1. False. All affixes are bound morphemes.
2. False. Infixes are used with irregular nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
3. True.
4. False. The same pronunciation but not the same meanings.
5. True.
6. False. (-ing is adjectival)

B- Identify the (-ed) in the following sentences as: Verbal, or Adjectival (3 marks)

1. The judge looked so frustrated.
- Looked (Verbal) - Frustrated (Adjectival)
2. First-grade students have designed the billboard.
- Designed (Verbal)
3. Iraqi museums have been neglected for ages.
- Neglected (Adjectival)

---

### Q2
A- Underline the base in:
1. views (base: view)
2. export (base: port)
3. Signature (base: sign)
4. Possible (base: possible كل الكلمة)

Grammar 1st month - morning class C
أسئلة گرمر شهر أول صباحي شعبة C

Grammar 1st month - morning class A
أسئلة گرمر شهر أول صباحي شعبة A

طلاب هذا شرح آيات لؤي للمادة
(على شرح دكتورة بيداء)
كل الشرح والبصمات داخل الرابط مال كل فصل

حبلش أنشر كل chapter هو وملفاته وشرحه حتى يسهل عليكم 👍🤍

شرح واضح نفس مال د. عادل

عبالك هوة مسويها
اقروا عليها مضبوطة حيل
اللي مركز بشرح د. عادل راح يلاحظ هالشي
ما اعرف منو البنية بس حيل عبقرية
شوفوا شرحها تفصيلة تفصيلة

ادخلوا عليهن

هذا شرح الفصل الثامن
https://t.me/english_literature11/455

هذا شرح الفصل التاسع
https://t.me/english_literature11/494