Grammar Chapter 10: Word Formation
تعاريف الفصل العاشر مع أمثلة
كتابة مثال واحد مع الحل يكفي
لأن الفصل العاشر يجي منة بس تعاريف حسب مكال الدكتور
✨✅ اللي حافظ تعاريف مادة اللغة - الفصل الخامس ينعد تقريبأ مضبط هذا الفصل لأن أغلبهن متشابهات هنا
وإذا تكتبون هذني أو ذنيچ بمادة اللغة كلهن صح ✨✅

Q3: Write the plurals of the following words:

The answer:

Singular - Plural

1. Stratum - Strata 📊
2. Foot - Feet 👣
3. Tennis - Tennis 🎾
4. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
5. Calf - Calves 🐄
6. Medium - Media 🖥️
7. Nucleus - Nuclei ⚛️
8. Half - Halves ➗
9. Oasis - Oases 🌴
10. Louse - Lice 🐞
11. Datum - Data 📊
12. Oasis - Oases 🌴
13. Mouse - Mice 🐭
14. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
15. Ox - Oxen 🐂
16. Criterion - Criteria 📏
17. Stratum - Strata 📊
18. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
19. Sheep - Sheep 🐑
20. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
21. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖
22. Criterion - Criteria 📏
23. Oasis - Oases 🌴
24. Information - Information (remains the same, as it is uncountable) ℹ️
25. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈
26. Crisis - Crises ⚠️
27. Wolf - Wolves 🐺
28. Tooth - Teeth 🦷
29. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖
30. Fish - Fish 🐟

---

The words grouped by their similar endings:

### Words ending in "-um" with plurals ending in "-a"
1. Stratum - Strata 📊
2. Datum - Data 📊
3. Medium - Media 🖥️

### Words ending in "-is" with plurals ending in "-es"
1. Hypothesis - Hypotheses 📚
2. Oasis - Oases 🌴
3. Crisis - Crises ⚠️

### Words ending in "-us" with plurals ending in "-i"
1. Nucleus - Nuclei ⚛️
2. Stimulus - Stimuli 📈

### Words ending in "-f" or "-fe" with plurals ending in "-ves"
1. Calf - Calves 🐄
2. Half - Halves ➗
3. Wolf - Wolves 🐺

### Words ending in "-on" with plurals ending in "-a"
1. Criterion - Criteria 📏

### Words with irregular plurals (changing vowels or endings)
1. Foot - Feet 👣
2. Louse - Lice 🐞
3. Mouse - Mice 🐭
4. Tooth - Teeth 🦷
5. Ox - Oxen 🐂

### Words with unchanged plurals (same form in singular and plural)
1. Sheep - Sheep 🐑
2. Fish - Fish 🐟
3. Information - Information ℹ️ (uncountable)
4. Advice - Advice 💡

### Words with foreign plural forms
1. Fedayee - Fedayeen 🪖


### Regular plurals (adding -s or -es)
1. Cat 🐈 - Cats 🐈 🐈
2. Dog 🦴🐕 - dogs 🐕🐕🦴
3. Box - Boxes 📦🥡

هذني كل كلمات الجمع والمفرد العدنا بالموضوع مال الفصل

### 1. Words with Regular Plurals
Rule: Most nouns form their plurals by simply adding -s or -es.

- doctor - doctors 👨‍⚕️
- carpenter - carpenters 🛠️
- brother - brothers 👨‍👦
- cloud - clouds ☁️
- duck - ducks 🦆
- tribe - tribes 👥
- family - families (change -y to -ies) 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
- team - teams ⚽
- committee - committees 👥
- faculty - faculties (change -y to -ies) 🎓
- choir - choirs 🎶
- band - bands 🎸
- staff - staffs 👨‍🏫
- hat - hats 🎩
- fad - fads 🎉
- kiss - kisses (add -es) 💋
- bear - bears 🐻
- antelope - antelopes 🦌
- pig - pigs 🐷
- goat - goats 🐐
- sucker - suckers 🍬
- muskie - muskies 🎣
- bullhead - bullheads 🐟
- pheasant - pheasants 🦉
- guitar - guitars 🎸
- cigar - cigars 🚬
- lariat - lariats 🤠
- canyon - canyons 🌄
- alligator - alligators 🐊
- barbecue - barbecues 🍖
- cafeteria - cafeterias 🍽️

### 2. Irregular Plurals
Rule: Some nouns change vowels, endings, or have unique forms in their plurals.

- man - men (change vowel) 👨
- woman - women (change vowel) 👩
- ox - oxen (add -en) 🐂
- child - children (add -ren) 👶
- brother - brothers / brethren (archaic form, not commonly used) 👥
- goose - geese (change vowel) 🦢
- tooth - teeth (change vowel) 🦷
- foot - feet (change vowel) 🦶
- louse - lice (change vowel) 🦗
- mouse - mice (change vowel) 🐁
- calf - calves (change -f to -ves) 🐄
- knife - knives (change -f to -ves) 🔪
- half - halves (change -f to -ves) 🕛
- loaf - loaves (change -f to -ves) 🍞
- self - selves (change -f to -ves) 🙋
- wife - wives (change -f to -ves) 👰

### 3. Plural-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the plural form and do not have a singular counterpart.

- clothes 👕
- environs 🌍
- trousers / pants 🩳 👖
- oats 🌾
- pliers 🔧
- suds 🧼
- cattle 🐄
- scissors ✂️
- goods 📦
- police 👮

### 4. Singular-Only Words
Rule: These nouns only exist in the singular form and do not have a plural counterpart.

- news 📰

### 5. Words with Identical Singular and Plural Forms
Rule: These nouns have the same form for both singular and plural.

- tennis 🎾
- courage 💪
- haste ⏱️
- Japanese 🇯🇵
- fish 🐟
- sheep 🐑
- deer 🦌
- quail 🦆
- species 🧬
- bass 🎸
- carp 🐟
- perch 🐟
- pickerel 🐟
- grouse 🦆
- Chinese 🇨🇳
- sugar 🍬
- hair 💇‍♀️
- sand 🏖️

### 6. Latin or Greek Derived Plurals
Rule: Nouns from Latin or Greek often follow their original pluralization rules.

- datum - data 📊
- phenomenon - phenomena 🌟
- criterion - criteria 🛠️
- thesis - theses 📜
- alumnus - alumni 🎓
- formula - formulas/formulae 📐
- opus - opera 🎶
- appendix - appendixes 📚
- stratum - strata 🏔️
- hypothesis - hypotheses 💡
- syllabus - syllabi 📚
- curriculum - curricula 📜
- stimulus - stimuli ⚡
- memorandum - memoranda 📄
- nucleus - nuclei 🔬
- analysis - analyses 🔍
- medium - media 📡

### 7. Words with Multiple Plural Forms
Rule: Some nouns have more than one acceptable plural form.

- staff - staffs/staves 🧑‍🏫
- hoof - hoofs/hooves 🐎
- scarf - scarfs/scarves 🧣
- mosquito - mosquitoes/mosquitos 🦟

### 8. Words from Other Languages
Rule: Words borrowed from other languages often retain their original plural forms.

- fedayee - fedayeen 🥷
- kibbutz - kibbutzim 🏘️
- graffito - graffiti 🎨

Plurals

Grammar - Chapter 11 (كامل) - Inflectional Paradigms
+ Chapter 10 - Word Formation التعاريف
گرمر الفصل 11 شرح كامل
عائلة الاسم
عائلة الفعل
عائلة الصفة
➕✨ الفصل 10 التعاريف ✨
https://youtube.com/watch?v=KmAeOItFvQA&si=eqHk1f3r_coTdMK5

Grammar Chapter 10: Word Formation
تعاريف الفصل العاشر مع أمثلة
كتابة مثال واحد مع الحل يكفي
لأن الفصل العاشر يجي منة بس تعاريف حسب مكال الدكتور
✨✅ اللي حافظ تعاريف مادة اللغة - الفصل الخامس ينعد تقريبأ مضبط هذا الفصل لأن أغلبهن متشابهات هنا
وإذا تكتبون هذني أو ذنيچ بمادة اللغة كلهن صح ✨✅

Grammar - Chapter 12
- Parts of Speech: Form Classes
Noun / Verb / Adjective / Adverb / Uninflected Word
گرمر - الفصل 12 - أقسام الكلام
الاسم / الفعل / الصفة / الظرف / كلمة غير مصرفة
https://youtube.com/watch?v=dHakuHijfWo&si=_vvxwBPaBZ-tUajE

اكتمل الگرمر إن شاء الله

.

اكتمل الگرمر إن شاء الله

هاي اسئلة لعام

Q: Write the Paradigm for the following words to show whether they are Nouns, Verbs, Adjective

### Words with Multiple Forms

1. mother
- Noun:
- Singular: mother
- Plural: mothers
- Singular Possessive: mother's
- Plural Possessive: mothers'
- Verb:
- Base Form: mother
- Third Person Singular: mothers
- Present Participle/Gerund: mothering
- Past Tense: mothered
- Past Participle: mothered

2. test
- Noun:
- Sing.: test
- Pl.: tests
- Sing. ‘s: test's
- Pl. s’: tests'
- Verb:
- Base: test
- 3rd P. Sing.: tests
- Present Participle/Gerund: testing
- Past: tested
- P.P.: tested

3. rise
- Noun:
- Sing.: rise
- Pl.: rises
- Sing. ‘s: rise's
- Pl. s’: rises'
- Verb:
- Base: rise
- 3rd P. Sing.: rises
- Present Participle/Gerund: rising
- Past: rose
- P.P.: risen

4. zone
- Noun:
- Sing.: zone
- Pl.: zones
- Sing. ‘s: zone's
- Pl. s’: zones'
- Verb:
- Base: zone
- 3rd P. Sing.: zones
- Present Participle/Gerund: zoning
- Past: zoned
- P.P.: zoned

5. laughing
- Verb:
- Base: laugh
- 3rd P. Sing.: laughs
- Present Participle/Gerund: laughing
- Past: laughed
- P.P.: laughed
- Adjective:
- Positive: laughing (used as an adjective)

### Words with Single Forms

1. wait

- Verb:
- Base: wait
- 3rd P. Sing.: waits
- Present Participle/Gerund: waiting
- Past: waited
- P.P.: waited

2. agency
- Noun:
- Sing.: agency
- Pl.: agencies
- Sing. ‘s: agency's
- Pl. s’: agencies'

3. morning
- Noun:
- Sing.: morning
- Pl.: mornings
- Sing. ‘s: morning's
- Pl. s’: mornings'

4. tough
- Adjective:
- Positive: tough
- Comparative: tougher
- Superlative: toughest

5. bad
- Adjective:
- Positive: bad
- Comparative: worse
- Superlative: worst

6. poor
- Adjective:
- Positive: poor
- Comparative: poorer
- Superlative: poorest

7. funny
- Adjective:
- Positive: funny
- Comparative: funnier
- Superlative: funniest

8. president
- Noun:
- Sing.: president
- Pl.: presidents
- Sing. ‘s: president's
- Pl. s’: presidents'

9. sitting
- Noun:
- Sing.: sitting
- Pl.: sittings
- Sing. ‘s: sitting's
- Pl. s’: sittings'


10. school
- Noun:
- Sing.: school
- Pl.: schools
- Sing. ‘s: school's
- Pl. s’: schools'
- Verb:
- Base: school
- 3rd P. Sing.: schools
- Present Participle/Gerund: schooling
- Past: schooled
- P.P.: schooled

11. difficult
- Adjective:
- Positive: difficult
- Comparative: more difficult
- Superlative: most difficult

12. prosperous
- Adjective:
- Positive: prosperous
- Comparative: more prosperous
- Superlative: most prosperous

13. otherwise
- Adverb:
- otherwise

14. social
- Adjective:
- Positive: social
- Comparative: more social
- Superlative: most social

15. Little 🌱✨
- Adjective:
- Positive: little
- Comparative: less
- Superlative: least


16. chess
- Uninflected word

17. aground
- Uninflected word

- An Introductory English Grammar

Chapter 8 — Morphemes —
Chapter 9 — Words —

+ Monthly Exams' Questions + Answers (2024-2025)
- Dr. Adil Hussein Jouda

الگرمر النحو
شرح الفصل 8
+ الفصل 9

+ أسئلة الشهر الأول + الأجوبة
⚠️ فقط الشهر الأول ⚠️
- دكتور عادل حسين جودة

رابط الشرح على اليوتيوب:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF-txy63Xx0

توضيح بسيط بخصوص
Q: Identify the (ing / ed / ly) in the following sentences as N-al, V-al, Adj-al or Adv-al...
بصمة التوضيح 🎤
t.me/Homeworks_3/3523

Grammar - Chapter 11 (كامل) - Inflectional Paradigms
+ Chapter 10 - Word Formation التعاريف
گرمر الفصل 11 شرح كامل
عائلة الاسم
عائلة الفعل
عائلة الصفة
➕✨ الفصل 10 التعاريف ✨
https://youtube.com/watch?v=KmAeOItFvQA&si=eqHk1f3r_coTdMK5