Forwarded from Linguistics
1_ Displacement
Humans have the ability to talk about things and events in the past and future tense even if they weren't present in the immediate environment. This ability is called displacement. For example, we can talk about something that happened last week, or we can even talk about things whose existence we cannot even be sure of, such as angels, fairies, heaven, or hell, etc.
Animals don't have the ability of displacement, and they can only communicate things in the immediate time and place (only present tense).
E.g. when a cat says meow it means meow right now.
★ We have an exception in animals regarding displacement that is Bees 🐝
Bees have some version of displacement when a honey bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the beehive. It performs a dance routine to communicate the location of the nectar to the other bees, depending on the type of dance. For example, a round dance means the nectar is nearby, and a waggle dance means it's far away. This ability shows that bees have some degree of displacement but it's very limited.
★ Bees can only refer to the latest nectar they saw, not a nectar from a week ago, also it has to be horizontal.
Humans have the ability to talk about things and events in the past and future tense even if they weren't present in the immediate environment. This ability is called displacement. For example, we can talk about something that happened last week, or we can even talk about things whose existence we cannot even be sure of, such as angels, fairies, heaven, or hell, etc.
Animals don't have the ability of displacement, and they can only communicate things in the immediate time and place (only present tense).
E.g. when a cat says meow it means meow right now.
★ We have an exception in animals regarding displacement that is Bees 🐝
Bees have some version of displacement when a honey bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the beehive. It performs a dance routine to communicate the location of the nectar to the other bees, depending on the type of dance. For example, a round dance means the nectar is nearby, and a waggle dance means it's far away. This ability shows that bees have some degree of displacement but it's very limited.
★ Bees can only refer to the latest nectar they saw, not a nectar from a week ago, also it has to be horizontal.
Forwarded from Linguistics
2_ Arbitrariness
Arbitrariness: is the relationship between words and the objects that they describe.
Human language is quite arbitrary, because there is no natural connection between a linguistics form ( the form of the word ) and its meaning. We can't just look at the Arabic word كلب and form its shape or when we say the English word dog we don't form a relationship between the word and between that hairy four-legged barking object out in the world.
★ This aspect of the relationship between words and objects is described as arbitrariness.
★ There are some words in language that seem to echo the sounds of objects or activities such as cuckoo, crash, slurp etc...
But these words are very rare in a language, so we can't say that human language is not arbitrary.
★ For the majority of animal signals, it does appear that there is a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it.
Arbitrariness: is the relationship between words and the objects that they describe.
Human language is quite arbitrary, because there is no natural connection between a linguistics form ( the form of the word ) and its meaning. We can't just look at the Arabic word كلب and form its shape or when we say the English word dog we don't form a relationship between the word and between that hairy four-legged barking object out in the world.
★ This aspect of the relationship between words and objects is described as arbitrariness.
★ There are some words in language that seem to echo the sounds of objects or activities such as cuckoo, crash, slurp etc...
But these words are very rare in a language, so we can't say that human language is not arbitrary.
★ For the majority of animal signals, it does appear that there is a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it.
Forwarded from Linguistics
3_ Productivity or Creativity
Productivity or creativity: means that the number of words and expressions in any human language is infinite (unlimited).
★ Humans are continually creating new words and expressions.
Animals don't have this property, and they only have a limited set of calls just like monkeys have thirty six vocal calls.
★ The lack of productivity in animals can be described in terms of fixed reference.
ما اتذكر حجت غير هذن عنها check the book
Productivity or creativity: means that the number of words and expressions in any human language is infinite (unlimited).
★ Humans are continually creating new words and expressions.
Animals don't have this property, and they only have a limited set of calls just like monkeys have thirty six vocal calls.
★ The lack of productivity in animals can be described in terms of fixed reference.
ما اتذكر حجت غير هذن عنها check the book
Forwarded from Linguistics
4_ Cultural transmission
Humans inherit from their parents physical features such as hair and eye color, but they cannot inherit their language. Language can only be activated or acquired in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
For example, an infant born to Korean parents in Korea, but adopted and raised from birth by English speakers in the United States, will inevitably speak English, not Korean.
Animals In contrast, do inherit their language from their parents, which is a form of cultural transmission.
Humans inherit from their parents physical features such as hair and eye color, but they cannot inherit their language. Language can only be activated or acquired in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
For example, an infant born to Korean parents in Korea, but adopted and raised from birth by English speakers in the United States, will inevitably speak English, not Korean.
Animals In contrast, do inherit their language from their parents, which is a form of cultural transmission.
Forwarded from Linguistics
5_ Duality
Human language is organized at two levels, this feature is known as duality. The first level is the level of the individual sound such as n,b,p and m, and the second level is the level of the word, which is formed by the individual sounds. In contrast, animal language is typically organized at only one level.
End of chapter
Human language is organized at two levels, this feature is known as duality. The first level is the level of the individual sound such as n,b,p and m, and the second level is the level of the word, which is formed by the individual sounds. In contrast, animal language is typically organized at only one level.
End of chapter
Poetry Homework on Sunday.
- "Sublime" definition.
واجب الشعر للمحاضرة الجاية يوم الأحد.
- تعريف الـ "Sublime"
- "Sublime" definition.
واجب الشعر للمحاضرة الجاية يوم الأحد.
- تعريف الـ "Sublime"
المبني للمجهول في اللغة الانجليزية - شرح قاعدة المبني للمجهول من كورس ال...
https://youtube.com/watch?v=Jit7q5W8Has&si=VEA28X0trJihqe2G
https://youtube.com/watch?v=Jit7q5W8Has&si=VEA28X0trJihqe2G
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المبني للمجهول في اللغة الانجليزية - شرح قاعدة المبني للمجهول من كورس القواعد 11
المبني للمجهول في اللغة الانجليزية - شرح قاعدة المبني للمجهول من كورس القواعد 11
لمتابعة الدروس بالترتيب وحل اختبار بعد كل حلقة ومزايا اخرى - حمل التطبيق المجاني الخاص بنا
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لمتابعة الدروس بالترتيب وحل اختبار بعد كل حلقة ومزايا اخرى - حمل التطبيق المجاني الخاص بنا
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Homeworks (3) قناة الواجبات
هاي المبني للمجهول مع الزمن البسيط (مضارع بسيط) + مع الزمن المستمر (مضارع مستمر)
المبني للمجهول مع الزمن البسيط
(مضارع بسبط) نفسه مع الماضي المستمر مجرد يكون مكان is/are/am
نخلي was/were
(مضارع بسبط) نفسه مع الماضي المستمر مجرد يكون مكان is/are/am
نخلي was/were
Homeworks (3) قناة الواجبات
تحويل الجملة المثبتة إلى منفية النفي
تحويل الجملة المثبتة إلى منفية
النفي
النفي