لتنسون ترة باچر شعر
بالنسبة ليوم الثلاثاء عدنا بي گرمر وشعر فصار اتفاق

أسبوع ناخذ شعر يوم الثلاثاء بس
وأسبوع ناخذ گرمر يوم الثلاثاء بس

فباچر شعر

الجدول:
1. فرنسي/اسباني
2. گرمر
3. شعر.

فباچر بس اختصاص ثاني + شعر

هذا شرح المرحلة الثانية طلاب مهم💝


هنا بالمقدمة أكو شرح عن موضوع المبني للمجهول وشلون نحول بين المبني للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم

راح يكونن مفيدات طلاب تعلموهن
يفيدننا بمادة الترجمة

https://youtube.com/watch?v=AYnVogifMaM&si=Jvfrym0QETJq43RJ


هنا أكو شرح عن المبني للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم
في حل السؤال الأول + السؤال الثالث

راح يكونن مفيدات طلاب تعلموهن
يفيدننا بمادة الترجمة


https://youtube.com/watch?v=qzqJ0oDq_O0&si=0RcPIj_KWdDTJWqA

هنا بالمقدمة أكو شرح عن موضوع المبني للمجهول وشلون نحول بين المبني للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم

راح يكونن مفيدات طلاب تعلموهن
يفيدننا بمادة الترجمة

https://youtube.com/watch?v=AYnVogifMaM&si=Jvfrym0QETJq43RJ

Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced 1st month exam's questions with answers and explain Dr. Sawsan H. Hassan

- أسئلة امتحان الشهر الأول الكورس الأول قواعد كرمر نحو مع الحل والشرح دكتورة سوسن حازم حسن


رابط الشرح على اليوتيوب:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYnVogifMaM

Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced 1st month exam's questions without answers Dr Sawsan H. Hassan

- أسئلة امتحان الشهر الأول الكورس الأول قواعد كرمر نحو بدون الحل دكتورة سوسن حازم حسن

هنا بالمقدمة أكو شرح عن موضوع المبني للمجهول وشلون نحول بين المبني للمجهول والمبني للمعلوم

راح يكونن مفيدات طلاب تعلموهن
يفيدننا بمادة الترجمة

https://youtube.com/watch?v=AYnVogifMaM&si=Jvfrym0QETJq43RJ

Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced 2nd month exam's questions without answers Dr Sawsan H. Hassan

- أسئلة امتحان الشهر الثاني الكورس الأول قواعد كرمر نحو بدون الحل دكتورة سوسن حازم حسن

The Study of Language 8th Edition - George Yule.pdf

كتاب اللغة النسخة الثامنة نفس مال دكتورة مروة

+ موجود ورقي عند مكتبة كلية اللغات
اللي يحب يشوفة pdf
وبنفس الوقت هية الدكتورة تأشر المطلوب من كل فصل وتدزة كل مرة
فهذا الكتاب كامل للإطلاع أو نلگي الصفحات اللي ما عدنا

تحضير الفصل الثاني مادة اللغة باچر
The study of Language Eighth Edition



Communication
Properties of human Language
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Cultural transmission

النسخ القديمة بيها موضوع productivity قبل موضوع
Cultural transmission
المهم القصد أنو موضوع
productivity
غير داخل بتحضير باچر



موجود النسخة الجديدة يم مكتبة كلية اللغات سعرة 5 آلاف
وأيضاً موجود PDF 📚 هنا رسلته فوگ
https://t.me/Homeworks_3/224

مختصر أو تلخيص عن الفصل الثاني مادة اللغة

https://t.me/linguistics2024/15

Linguistics chapter 2

Communication

Humans have two types of signals.

1. Informative signals, which are unintentional: Someone listening to you speaking may become informed about you through a number of signals that you have not intentionally sent.

- Example: The person might note that you have a cold if you sneezed.

- The person might note that you are uncomfortable if you shifted around in your seat.

- The person might note that you are disorganized if you were wearing non-matching socks.

- The person might note that you are foreign if you have a strange accent.

2. Communicative signals
(intentional): It is when you use language and speech to inform the person that maybe you're sick or you're from a different country, etc.

- Both humans and animals communicate, the difference is in the means.

Properties of human language

★ communication is not exclusive to human language, and it's not a distinguishing feature.

★ Humans have a feature called reflexivity.

Reflexivity or (reflexiveness): is the human ability to use language to think and talk about language itself. It is the general ability that without humans wouldn't be able to reflect or identify any other distinct properties of human language.

E.g. i wish he wouldn't use so many technical terms.

_ I wish that he would stop speaking so loudly.

★ Other creatures do not possess this ability.

★ We have 5 main distinct properties of human language

1_ Displacement.
2_ Arbitrariness.
3_ Productivity.
4_ Cultural transmission.
5_ Duality.

★ We will study these five properties in the form of comparison between humans and animals.

1_ Displacement

Humans have the ability to talk about things and events in the past and future tense even if they weren't present in the immediate environment. This ability is called displacement. For example, we can talk about something that happened last week, or we can even talk about things whose existence we cannot even be sure of, such as angels, fairies, heaven, or hell, etc.

Animals don't have the ability of displacement, and they can only communicate things in the immediate time and place (only present tense).

E.g. when a cat says meow it means meow right now.


★ We have an exception in animals regarding displacement that is Bees 🐝

Bees have some version of displacement when a honey bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the beehive. It performs a dance routine to communicate the location of the nectar to the other bees, depending on the type of dance. For example, a round dance means the nectar is nearby, and a waggle dance means it's far away. This ability shows that bees have some degree of displacement but it's very limited.

★ Bees can only refer to the latest nectar they saw, not a nectar from a week ago, also it has to be horizontal.

2_ Arbitrariness

Arbitrariness: is the relationship between words and the objects that they describe.

Human language is quite arbitrary, because there is no natural connection between a linguistics form ( the form of the word ) and its meaning. We can't just look at the Arabic word كلب and form its shape or when we say the English word dog we don't form a relationship between the word and between that hairy four-legged barking object out in the world.

★ This aspect of the relationship between words and objects is described as arbitrariness.

★ There are some words in language that seem to echo the sounds of objects or activities such as cuckoo, crash, slurp etc...

But these words are very rare in a language, so we can't say that human language is not arbitrary.


★ For the majority of animal signals, it does appear that there is a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it.

3_ Productivity or Creativity

Productivity or creativity: means that the number of words and expressions in any human language is infinite (unlimited).

★ Humans are continually creating new words and expressions.


Animals don't have this property, and they only have a limited set of calls just like monkeys have thirty six vocal calls.

★ The lack of productivity in animals can be described in terms of fixed reference.

ما اتذكر حجت غير هذن عنها check the book

4_ Cultural transmission

Humans inherit from their parents physical features such as hair and eye color, but they cannot inherit their language. Language can only be activated or acquired in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.

For example, an infant born to Korean parents in Korea, but adopted and raised from birth by English speakers in the United States, will inevitably speak English, not Korean.

Animals In contrast, do inherit their language from their parents, which is a form of cultural transmission.

5_ Duality

Human language is organized at two levels, this feature is known as duality. The first level is the level of the individual sound such as n,b,p and m, and the second level is the level of the word, which is formed by the individual sounds. In contrast, animal language is typically organized at only one level.

End of chapter