Q2: we can divide syllable into two categories strong and weak. Explain the phonological structure of the Weak syllable?

Q2: some information can be useful in determining the stress placement. Explain!

Q1: state your opinion. Suffixes have some effects over stress placement.

Q: Transcribe the weak forms of the following :
him , and , of , her.

the answer:

the weak form
Him: ɪm̩
And: ən
Of: əv
Her: ə



هنا يريد نكتب الرسم الصوت للصيغة الضعيفة (the weak form
) للكلمات من الفصل 12

🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨
هذه النسخة جان بيها خطأ و تم التعديل عليها
التعديل راح يكون تحت⬇️⬇️⬇️

Q 1/
Phonetically: The syllable It's usually described as a consisting of a center which has little or no obstruction to the airflow and which sounds comparatively loud

Phonologically: The possible combination of English phonemes ( phonotactics )

Q2/

Q3/
1. /hidņ/
2. attend
3.try
4.stick
5.bottom / botm/ ( syllabic m)
6. better
7. eat

Phonetics and phonology 2nd month exam with answers -
حل أسئلة صوت الشهر الثاني مسائي
الملف واضح !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

التعدادات المهمة والأسئلة المهمة:

1. assimilation وأنواعه
What is Assimilation? Define it and explain its types (according to direction of effect and according to consonant change) in details with an example for each type!


2. elision وأنواعه
what is Elision? define it and explain its types in details with examples!

3. the weak syllable contains short vowels. what are? they and give example for every one of them!

4. define syllable Phonetically and give example for each type of syllable!

5. The factors that make a syllable seem
prominent(stressed)= ( how the hearer receives syllable as being stressed)

6. Levels of Stress

7. State your opinion. Suffixes have some effects over stress placement.

8. What is Linking? Define it and explain its types with examples!

Q/ What is Elision? define it and explain its types in details with examples!

Elision: The disappearance of a sound. E.g. 'He leaves next week' speakers would generally delete the /t/ in 'next'/neks wi:k/. The reason is an economy of effort, and to keep speed since it is sometimes difficult to pronounce some consonant clusters.

Types of Elision:
1. Elision of vowels:
1-We delete ǝ or I when their syllables come after a stressed syllable.
Example:
Several: /ˈsɛvərəl/ >> /ˈsɛvrəl/


2. Elision of Consonants:

b. Complex consonant clusters are simplified. Example:
texts (/teksts/ can be simplified to /teks/)

Q: Weak syllables may contain short vowels. what are they and give example for every one of them!

The answer:
1. schwa ∂ - about /∂ ˈbaʊt /
2. The neutralized vowel i - me /mi/
3. The neutralized vowel u - you /ju/
4. Syllabic consonant - hidden/hɪd∂n/ »» /hɪdn̩̩ /
5.The short vowel /ɪ/ - hidden/hɪd∂n/

Final question:
What is Assimilation? Define it and explain its types (according to direction of effect and according to consonant change) in details with an example for each type!

The answer:
Assimilation: The change of a speech sound to make it more similar to its
neighbors.

Direction Change:
Regressive assimilation: The phoneme that comes first is affected by the one
that comes after it. Example: bright colour /braɪk kΛlə/ (or light blue /laɪp blu/)

Progressive assimilation: The phoneme that comes first affects the one that comes
after it. Example: cats /kæts/

types of Assimilation:

1. Assimilation of place : one sound changes the place of its articulation to become similar in place to a neighbouring sound

1- The alveolar phonemes /t/, /d/, and /n/ often become bilabials before bilabial consonants /p/, /b/, and /m/.

a. /t/ becomes /p/ before bilabials - might put [maɪppʊt]

b. /d/ becomes /b/ before bilabials - should make [ʃʊbmeɪk]

c. /n/ becomes /m/ before bilabials - ten pens [tem penz], ten boys [ tem bɔɪz]
(نحفظ وحدة من a أو b أو c)

2. Assimilation of manner: one sound changes the manner of its articulation to become similar in manner to a neighbouring sound. It is thus possible to find cases where a final plosive becomes a fricative or nasal (e.g. 'good night' /ɡʊd naɪt/


3. Assimilation of place and manner (Coalescence): The first sound and the second in a sequence combine and create a third sound. This assimilation is of place and manner which occur simultaneously.
Example: /d/ + /j/ »» Would you? /wʊdʒuː/

4. Assimilation of voice: involves the devoicing of a phoneme in certain places.
Example:
b. suffix -s pronunciation: cats /kæts/
(The plural -s is pronounced /s/ because it comes after the voiceless /t/)
voiceless /t/ .

Q/ what are the Levels of Stress?

The answer:

1. Primary Stress is the strongest type of stress. The mark of primary stress is
placed above the stressed syllable.

2. Secondary stress is weaker than the primary stress , but stronger than the unstressed level. The mark of secondary stress is placed under the syllable that has secondary stress.

3. The unstressed level: is the absence of any recognizable
amount of prominence. The unstressed level is left
unmarked.

e.g. Photographic
/ˌ f∂ʊ t∂ 'gra: fɪk/

.

Q/ The factors that make a syllable seem
prominent(stressed)= ( how the hearer receives asyllable as being stressed)

(or Q/ what are the factors that make you hear the syllable more prominent?)

The answer:
1. Loudness: the great energy that the speaker expends on a stressed syllable and makes the stressed syllable perceived as loud, e.g. /ˈfɑːðə/

2. Pitch: it is the level of the speaker's voice. A syllable becomes clearer when we change the pitch of voice. What- what ?!

3.Quality: the syllable tends to be prominent if it contains a vowel different in quality from neighbouring vowels: banana /bəˈnɑːnə/

4. Quantity (Length): it is the physical duration of sounds. Long syllables tend to be more prominent. Sweetie /ˈswiː ti /

Q/ State your opinion. Suffixes have some effects over stress placement.

1. Suffixes carrying primary stress themselves
- ‘cigarette' /sigǝ'ret/


2. Suffixes that shift stress from the 1st syllable of the stem to the 2nd syllable of the stem
- e.g: 'perfection'