Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity, which aims to merge quantum mechanics and general relativity, incorporating matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the pure quantum gravity case. It is an attempt to develop a quantum theory of gravity based directly on Einstein's geometric formulation rather than the treatment of gravity as a force.

As a theory LQG postulates that the structure of space and time is composed of finite loops woven into an extremely fine fabric or network. These networks of loops are called spin networks. The evolution of a spin network, or spin foam, has a scale above the order of a Planck length, approximately 10⁻³⁵ meters, and smaller scales are meaningless. Consequently, not just matter, but space itself, prefers an atomic structure. ✨

Physicists Conduct The Most Massive Test Ever of The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox using two entangled Bose-Einstein condensates, each consisting of 700 atoms. They show that the conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism does not disappear as the system size increases to more than a thousand massive particles.

Local realism also states that for an object or energy to affect another, the two have to interact. The EPR paradox, therefore, is complex. When you measure one particle in an entangled system, that measurement somehow influences the other particle, even though the measurement isn't taking place locally. EPR suggests that quantum mechanical theory is incomplete.

Bose-Einstein condensates, a state of matter created by cooling a cloud of bosons to just a fraction above absolute zero. At such low temperatures, the atoms sink to their lowest possible energy state without stopping completely. When they reach these low energies, the particle's quantum properties can no longer interfere with each other ; they move close enough to each other to sort of overlap, resulting in a high-density cloud of atoms that behaves like one 'super atom' or matter wave.

Colciaghi, Li, and their physicist colleagues generated 2 BEC using two clouds, separated these condensates spatially by up to 100 micrometers and measured the properties. They measured the quantum property pseudospins & found that the two condensate's properties seemed to be correlated in a way that could not be attributed to random chance, demonstrating the EPR paradox holding firm at a much larger scale.

DOI : doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.021031

For those who don't know about topics of calculus 1, 2 and 3, here is explanation

Calculus 1:
• Limits
• Continuity
• Differentiation
• Applications of differentiation

Calculus 2:
• Integration
• Application of integration
• Sequences and Series
• Taylor Polynomials and Series
• Differential Equations (overview)

Calculus 3:
• Vector algebra and Geometry
• Vector functions (space curves)
• Functions of several variables (partial derivatives)
• Double and triple integrals
• Vector calculus (grad, div and curl operators)

Note that I haven't mentioned the sub-topics of each topics.

Credit: @CUAVU

What do you need to know before studying calculus?

Before studying calculus you must know elementary algebra, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, concept of function and concept of slope.

I have already covered the topics that comes under calculus 1, 2 & 3 (here). Now in this section, I will share the resources from where you can learn them.

Study material for calculus 1 & 2:

YouTube playlists:

• Don't memorize's playlist
• Essence of calculus by 3Blue1Brown
• MIT playlist by David Jersion
• MIT playlist by Herbert Gross
• Professor Leonard's playlist
• Khan academy's playlist

Book recommendation:

• Calculus: Early Transcendentals by James Stewart
Soft Copy (PDF) | Hard Copy

Study material for calculus 3:

YouTube playlists:

• MIT playlist by Denis Auroux
• MIT playlist by Herbert Gross
• 3Blue1Brown's playlist on Khan Academy
• Professor Leonard's playlist
• Multivariable calculus by Dr. Trefor Bazett
• Multivariable calculus by Diana Davis

Book recommendation:

• Calculus: Early Transcendentals by James Stewart
Soft Copy (PDF) | Hard Copy

Note that: I will add more books when I come across them.

Credit: @CUAVU

THE FORCES

The strong nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak nuclear force. It is the strongest of all the fundamental forces and is responsible for holding the nucleus of an atom together. Without the strong nuclear force, atoms would not exist as we know them today.
The strong nuclear force is mediated by particles called gluons, which are constantly exchanged between quarks, the building blocks of protons and neutrons. This force only operates over very short distances, within the nucleus of an atom.
On the other hand, the weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay. It is much weaker than the strong nuclear force and is mediated by particles called W and Z bosons. The weak nuclear force is responsible for beta decay, where a neutron in an atomic nucleus changes into a proton, emitting an electron and an antineutrino in the process.
Gravity is the weakest of all the fundamental forces, but it plays a crucial role in keeping planets in orbit around stars and in holding galaxies together. Electromagnetism is responsible for the behavior of electrically charged particles and is responsible for phenomena such as magnetism and light.
In summary, the four fundamental forces of nature are gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. While each of these forces plays a unique role in shaping our universe, it is the strong nuclear force that holds the key to understanding the structure of matter at its most fundamental level.

#Theforces #Part2

Darwin on Natural selection.

Poisson's equation relates "the Laplacian of the potential to the local charge density." If a potential function obeys Poisson’s equation and satisfies the known boundary conditions it is the only solution to a problem : uniqueness theorem.

Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation. Solving Poisson's equation for the "potential" requires knowing the charge density distribution. If the charge density is zero, then Laplace's equation results. If the charge density follows a Boltzmann distribution, then the Poisson–Boltzmann equation results. Some technique for guessing (and then verifying) the solution to Poisson’s equation are The Method of Images, Separation of variables & Green's function.

In layman's terms, we can use Poisson's equation to describe the static electricity of an object. The entire subject of electrostatics from a mathematical point of view, is merely a study of the solutions of the Poisson's equation. ✨

Bound & free at the same time - Asymptotic freedom !

David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek shared the Nobel prize in 2004 for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.

Why are we afraid of death?

Source: Knowing the Inner Self (Krishnamurti)
Meaning: Replace your hope

Do you think a leaf that falls to the ground is afraid of death? Do you think a bird lives in fear of death? When death comes, she accepts it with grace and does not worry about it. She spends her life living, hunting insects, building nests, singing, flying just because it's fun to fly. Have you ever seen birds flying without flapping their wings, just being pushed by the wind? What a shame you are doing! They don't worry about death. If death comes, it is good. no more. They live carefree, don't they? We humans always worry about death when we live. So we are not living; But we are dying. Old people are close to their graves. Young people are not far away.

Death threatens us because we are afraid of losing what we know, what we have gathered. We are afraid of losing our husband or wife, our child or our friends; We are afraid of losing what we have learned, what we have accumulated. If we could take with us all that we have collected—our friends, our possessions, our manners—we would not fear death. That is why we develop theories about death and what comes after. But the reality is that death is certain. Most of us don't want to break away from the familiar. The fact that we are confused with what is known has created fear in us. The unknown is not seen by the known. But the conventionally constructed mind says, "It's about to end" - and so it's afraid.

If you can live in the present moment without worrying about tomorrow, without thinking about tomorrow - this does not mean that you are only preoccupied with today - if you know the whole process of the known, you will leave the known and notice something wonderful happening. Try it for a day - throw away everything you know, put it down and see what happens. Don't carry your worry around from day to day, hour to hour, moment to moment, shake it off. This time you will see the birth of a life very different from that freedom, consisting of life and death. Death is the end of something. And after the end there is renewal.
#Philosophy
• @LifeSprk

Cosmic accidents

In order to create life, our planet must have been relatively stable for hundreds of millions of years. But a world that is stable for hundreds of millions of years is astonishingly difficult to make. Start with the way atoms are made, with the fact that a proton weighs slightly less than a neutron. This means that neutrons eventually decay into protons, which occupy a lower energy state. If the proton were just 1 percent heavier, it would decay into a neutron, and all nuclei would become unstable and disintegrate. Atoms would fly apart, making life impossible.

Do you think everything in the universe is created in accident or is there a grand designer to our universe?👇👇 give your idea in the comment box.
#CosmicAccidents
• @LifeSprk

Cold as ice🥶
#Cr7 #Football
• @LifeSprk

New Robot Makes Soldiers Obsolete.
On the verge of sentiency?