PRESUME v.
🔹 to think that something is true

📌🎧 Since he raised his hand, the teacher presumed he knew the answer. 🙋‍♂️
📌 The majority, we presume, watched the game on TV.
📌 I presume you're here on business.


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✅Writing time

💠Key Words for IELTS writing💠

Part 1

📋 Starting Your Opinion

🔹In my opinion,
🔹According to me,
🔹In my view,
🔹To me,
🔹From my point of view,
🔹I think
🔹It seems to me that
🔹I believe
🔹From my perspective
🔹To my way of thinking
🔹It appears that
🔹I suppose
🔹I realize
🔹I understand
🔹I imagine
🔹I feel

📋 Giving Examples

🔹For example,
🔹For instance,
🔹such as
🔹In other words,
🔹as
🔹like
🔹that is
🔹namely
🔹To illustrate
🔹To paraphrase

📋 Comparing

🔹Similar to
🔹As…as
🔹in common
🔹also
🔹Either…or
🔹In the same way,
🔹Neither…nor
🔹At the same time
🔹Just as
🔹resemble

Guys try to use these words appropriately, If you wanna get too score from IELTS🔝

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Ingliz tilidan ajoyib kitob!

Do'stlaringizga ham yuboring

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📘 English with Games and Activities-Elementar

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📗 "Bolalar uchun Ingliz tili" (V. Skulte)

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📋 hissiyotni, idrokni va aqliy holatni ifodalovchi fe’llar.

📌 like - yoqtirmoq
📌 love - sevmoq
📌 hate - yoqtirmaslik, nafratlanmoq
📌 want - istamoq
📌 wish, desire - xohlamoq
📌 see - ko‘rmoq
📌 hear - eshitmoq
📌 feel - his qilmoq
📌 notice - payqamoq
📌 know - bilmoq
📌 undersatand - tushunmoq
📌 remember - eslamoq
📌 forget -unutmoq
📌 recognize - tanimoq
📌 seem, appear - ko‘rinmoq, o‘xshamoq
📌 possess - egalik qilmoq
📌 contain - o‘z ichiga olmoq
📌 consist - dan iborat bo‘lmoq
📌 be - bo‘lmoq

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📌1 dars 10 kun ichida ingliz tilida gapirishni o'rganish

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INGLIZ TILI - DARS: HARF BIRIKMALARI: EA/EE/EW...

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Predloglar -bu ozbek tilidagi komakchilarga togri keladi. Ularni yod oling.

about -haqida
above - tepada
across - orqali, ichidan
after -keyin
against - qarshi
among -o’rtasida
around - atrofida, taxminan
as - o’xshab
at - ostida, ichida
before - oldin
behind - orqada
below - pastda
beneath - ostida
beside - yonma-yon
between - o’rtasida
beyond - orqasida, narigi tomonida
but - lekin
by - yonida, -da, -dan tomonidan
despite - ga qaramay
down - past tomoniga
during - davomida, mobaynida
except - dan tashqari
for - uchun
from…- dan
in - ichida
inside - ichida
into - ichiga
near - yonida
next - yonida, atrofida
of…. - ning
on - Ustida, ichida
opposite - qarama-qarshi
out….- dan
outside - tashqarida
over - tepasida, o’stida
per - uchun
plus - qo’shuv
round - taxminan
since…- dan beri
than… - dan ko’ra
through - orasidan, orqali
till - gacha
to….- ga
toward…- ga
under- tagida, pastida
unlike…- ga o’xshamasdan
until - gacha
up…- ga, …da
with - bilan
with in - ichida
without… - siz
two words - ikta so’zlar
according to…- ga qaraganda
because of - sababida, tufayli
close to - yaqinda
except for - dan tashqari
far from - dan uzoq
inside of…. - Ichida
instead of…- dan ko’ra
near to….- ga yaqin
next to… -dan keyin
outside of… - dan tashqari
prior to….- Gacha
three words - uchta so’zlar
as far as… - gacha
as well as… - ga o’xshab
in addition to…- ga qo’shimcha
in front of… - qarshisida
in spite of…- dan ko’ra
on behalf of…- nomidan
on top of… - tepasida

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24-dars. For, since, ago

Present perfectda vaqtni ifodalash.
Biror hodisa yoki holat qachondan beri, qancha vaqt avval yohud qaysi voqeadan oldin sodir bo'lganini ifodalash uchun for/since/ago so'zlaridan biri ishlatiladi.
O'tgan zamondan to hozirgacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida ma'lum vaqt o'lchovi bilan belgilangan hodisani ifodalash uchun "for" qo'yiladi. 4 yildan beri, 2 kundan beri, 6 soatdan beri, 3 haftadan beri, 1 oydan beri, 10 daqiqadan beri kabilar shular jumlasidandir. Masalan:
Bobur has been in London for six days - Bobur olti kundan beri Londonda. Present perfect qoidasiga ko'ra "I have" formulasidan foydalanamiz. "I" o'rnida Bobur, have esa 3-shaxsda "has"ga aylanadi. Keyin "To be" fe'lining 3-formati "been" qo'yilyapdi. Keyin qayerdaligi yozilib, qachondan beriligi oxirida yozilyapdi.
Aniq bir vaqt ma'lum qilinib, o'shandan hozirga qadar, degan ma'no ifodalansa "for" o'rniga "since" qo'yiladi. Dushanbadan beri, apreldan beri, 9-oktabrdan beri, 2010-yildan beri, soat 12:00 dan beri kabilar shular jumlasidan. Ya'ni, boshlangan vaqti ma'lum qilingan, lekin hozirgacha qancha vaqt o'tgani ma'lum qilinmagan holatda "since" ishlatiladi:
Alisher has been in Canada since January - Alisher yanvardan beri Kanadada.
Hodisa hozirgi vaqtdan qancha oldin sodir bo'lgani ma'lum qilinayotganda "ago" (oldin) so'zi ishlatiladi. 1 yil oldin, 3 oy oldin, 5 minut oldin va hokazo:
He arrived in London 4 days ago - U Londonga 4 kun oldin keldi.


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25-dars. Present perfect and past simple

Ikkala zamonning farqi nimada?
Past simple - oddiy o'tgan zamon. Kecha yoki shunga o'xshash o'tgan zamonga oid vaqtda bajarilgan oddiy harakat bo'lib, u hozir davom etmayapdi. Hodisa o'tgan zamonning o'zida qolib ketgan. O'tgan zamonda davom etayotgani ham yo'q. We arrived yesterday - biz kecha yetib keldik.
Yetib kelayotgan edik yoki hozir yetib keldik emas. Savol berishda "did you" (nima qilyapsiz) shaklidan foydalanib, javob berishda "I did" (men qilyapman) ko'rinishida javob beriladi. Noto'g'ri fe'llar ikkinchi ko'rinishda yoziladi. Masalan: go - went, do - did, write - wrote va hokazo. To'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi. "Did" so'zidan keyingi so'zlarga "ed qo'shilmaydi, 2-formatga ham o'zgarmaydi.

Present perfect - tugallangan hozirgi zamon. Hodisa o'tgan zamonda sodir bo'lib, hozirgacha davom etgan holat. Masalan: I have lost my key - Men kalitimni yo'qotib qo'ydim. Ya'ni, haliyam topganim yo'q. Present perfect have/has bilan ifodalanadi. Agar ularsiz yozilsa, past simple bo'ladi. I lost my key yesterday - Men kecha kalitimni yo'qotib qo'ydim.
Faqat 3-shaxs birlik (he/she/it)da "has", boshqa holatlarda have ishlatiladi. To'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi. Noto'g'ri fe'llar 3-formatda yoziladi. Masalan: go - gone, do - done, write - written va hokazo.
Present perfect: Have you ever been to Spain? (Siz hech Ispaniyada bo'lganmisiz?)
Past simple: Did you go to Spain last year? (Siz o'tgan yili Ispaniyaga bordingizmi?)
Birinchi gapda hozirgacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida savol beryapdi. Demak, bu tugallangan hozirgi zamon.
Ikkinchi gapda o'tgan yili haqida so'rayapdi. Undan keyin hozirgacha hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q. Demak, bu oddiy o'tgan zamon.

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26-dars. Present for the future - Hozirgi zamonda kelasi zamon haqida.

Ingliz tilida ertaga, kechki payt, birozdan so'ng kabi kelasi zamonni bildiruvchi vaqtlarda nima qilmoqchiligingizni ifodalash yoki shu haqida savol berish "present for the future" deyiladi. Buning uchun present continius (davomiy hozirgi zamon) fe'lining "ing" qo'shimchasidan foydalanamiz. Masalan: I am playing tennis tomorrow - Men ertaga tennis o'ynayapman (o'ynayman, o'ynamoqchiman). Demak buning uchun am/is/are ham ishlatiladi.
Savol berishda odatdagidek am/is/are egadan oldinga o'tadi. Masalan: Is he going to the cinema on Friday - U juma kuni kinoxonaga ketyapdimi?
What are you doing tomorrow - Ertaga nima qilmoqchisiz?
Inkor qilish uchun doimgidek "not" qo'shamiz:
I am not playing football next week - Men keyingi hafta futbol o'ynamayapman.
Kelgusida rejalashtirilgan ish rasman ma'lum vaqtga ega bo'lsa, u holda bunday gap present simple (oddiy hozirgi zamon) usulida yoziladi. Ya'ni, am/is/are qo'yilmaydi, harakat so'ziga "ing" o'rniga "s" qoshiladi. Savol berayotganda do/does ishlatiladi:
The concert starts at 7:30 - Konsert 7:30 da boshlanadi.
What time does the train leave? - Poezd qachon jo'nab ketyapdi?

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28-dars. Will / shall

Biror harakatni kelasi zamonda bo'lishi kutilayotgan bo'lsa egadan so'ng will/shall ishlatiladi. Bo'ladigan hodisa aniq belgilanmagan, avvaldan rejalashtirilmagan. Hodisa tabiiy ravishda ro'y berishi kutilayotgan yoki hozirgina shu fikrga kelingan bo'ladi.
I will have breakfast - Men nonushta qabul qilaman.
Bu gap oldindan reja qilinganidan emas, qorin ochganidan kelib chiqqan. Agar "I am having breakfast" bo'lganida reja qilingan harakat tushunilardi va ortida this morning - bu tong, tomorrow - ertaga kabi so'zlar qo'shilishi mumkin. U holda o'tgan darsdagi present for the future bo'lib qoladi. Bugungi mavzuyimiz esa undan farq qiladi, am/is/are qo'yilmaydi, harakat so'zlariga "ing" qo'shilmaydi.
- My case is very heavy (Meni sumkam juda og'ir).
I will carry it for you (Men uni ko'tarishib yuboraymi)?
I will eat it - Men uni yeyman.
I think I will go out - O'ylaymanki men tashqariga chiqaman.
I don't think - men unday deb o'ylamayman.
"I will" funksiyasidan oldin "I think" va "I don't think" jumlalaridan foydalansa bo'ladi.
Qisqartmasi: I will - I'll, we will - we'll, she'll va hokazo. Savol berishda will/shall egadan oldinga o'tadi:
Will he eat - u ovqatlanadimi?
Inkor qilish "will not" (qisqartmasi: won't).
I won't sleep - men uxlamayman.
Aniq vaqti belgilangan voqealarda will/shall qo'yilmaydi:
We're going to the market on Sunday - Biz yakshanba kuni bozorga ketyapmiz.
Shall faqat 1-shaxs (I va we)da ishlatilishi mumkin. Men yoki biz so'zlarida qo'llanadi.
I think we shall win - o'ylaymanki biz g'olib bo'lamiz.
Will esa barcha shaxslar uchun ishlatilaveradi. They will, he will, she will, it will va hokazo.
Falon joyda bo'laman demoqchi bo'lganda "be" (bo'lmoq) qo'shiladi:
I will (I'll) be in Paris - Men Parijda bo'laman.

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30-dars. Present and past tenses

O'tgan darslarda kelgan shu mavzudagi qoidalarni takrorlab, bir biridan ajratib olishimiz kerak bo'ladi.
Present continius - davomli hozirgi zamon.
Past continius - davomli o'tgan zamon.
Ikkalasida ham harakat so'zlariga "ing" qo'shiladi. Egadan so'ng present continiusda am/is/are, past continiusda was/were, ya'ni "To be" qo'yiladi.
Bir ish sodir bo'lgan, lekin uni kim qilgani noma'lum. Yoki gapda unga ishora qilinmagan. Bu holat passiv deb atalib, u ikkiga bo'linadi:
1. Present passive - hozirda ham davom etayotgan ish.
The room is cleaned every day - Bu xona har kuni tozalanadi.
Kim tozalashi noma'lum, lekin hozirda ham tozalanadi.
2. Past passive - o'tgan zamonda qolib ketgan ish.
The room was cleaned yesterday - Bu xona kecha tozalangan.
Ikkala passive'ga ham "To be" qo'yiladi, doimgidek presentga am/is/are, pastga was/were. Ikkalasida ham to'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi, noto'g'ri fe'llar 3-formatda yoziladi.
Agar ish bajaruvchiga ishora bor bo'lsa, "passive" emas, "active" bo'ladi, "To be" qo'yilmaydi.
Somebody cleaned the room yesterday - Bu xonani kecha kimdir tozaladi. [active]
Have/has + past participle = present perfect.
Present perfect - ish o'tgan zamonda sodir bo'lganini biz hozir ko'rib turgan holat. Buni have/has bilan ifoda qilamiz.
I have cleaned my room - Men xonamni tozaladim.
Biz tozalayotganini ko'rmadik, lekin tozalangan xonani ko'rib turibmiz. Mana shu holat "present perfect" bo'ladi. Bunda "To be" qo'yilmaydi, to'g'ri fe'lga "ed" qo'yiladi, noto'g'ri fe'l 3-formatda yoziladi.
Present simple - oddiy hozirgi zamon. Savol berishda do/does, inkor qilishda don't/doesn't ishlatiladi.
Past simple - oddiy o'tgan zamon. Savol berishda did, inkor qilishda didn't ishlatiladi. To'g'ri fe'lga "ed" qo'yiladi, no'to'g'ri fe'l 2-formatda yoziladi. Did/didn't ishlatilganda "ed" qo'yilmaydi, noto'g'ri fe'l 1-formatda yoziladi.

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Ingliz tilida 16 ta zamon bor, ularning hammasi ushbu formula asosida yasaladi. 👇👇👇


1. The Present Simple Tense. (Oddiy hozirgi zamon)
Positive- S+V.
Negative- S+do(does)+not+V.
Questions- Do(does)+S+V?


2. The Simple Past Tense. (Oddiy o’tgan zamon)
Positive- S+Ved.
Negative- S+did+not+V.
Questions- Did+S+V.


3. The Future Simple Tense. (Oddiy kelasi zamon)
Positive- S+will(shall)+V.
Negative- S+will(shall)+not+V.
Questions- Will(shall)+S+V.


4. The Simple Future in the Past Tense. (O’tgan zamondagi kelasi zamon)
Positive- S+would(should)+V.
Negative- S+would(should)+not+V.
Questions- Would(should)+S+V.


5. The Present Continuous Tense.(Hozirgi davom zamon)
Positive- S+to be+Ving.
Negative- S+to be+not+Ving.
Questions- To be+S+Ving.


6. The Past Continuous Tense. (O’tgan davom zamon)
Positive- S+was(were)+Ving.
Negative- S+was(were)+not+Ving.
Questions-Was(were)+S+Ving.


7. The Future Continuous Tense. (Kelasi davom zamon)
Positive- S+will(shall)+be+Ving.
Negative- S+will(shall)+not+be+Ving.
Questions- Will(shall)+S+be+Ving.


8. The Future Continuous in the Past Tense. (O’tgan zamondagi kelasi davom zamon)
Positive- S+would(should)+be+Ving.
Negative- S+would(should)+not+Ving.
Questions-Would(should)+S+be+Ving.


9. The Present Perfect Tense. (Hozirgi tugallangan zamon)
Positive- S+have(has)+P.P.
Negative- S+have(has)+not+P.P.
Questions-Have(has)+S+P.P.


10. The Past Perfect Tense. (O’tgan tugallangan zamon)
Positive- S+had+P.P.
Negative- S+had+not+P.P.
Questions-Had+S+P.P.


11. The Future Perfect Tense. (Kelasi tugallangan zamon)
Positive- S+will(shall)+have+P.P.
Negative- S+will(shall)+not+have+P.P.
Questions-Will(shall)+S+have+P.P.


12. The Future Perfect in the Past Tense. (O’tgan zamondagi kelasi tugallangan zamon)
Positive- S+would(should)+have+P.P.
Negative- S+would(should)+not+have+P.P.
Questions-Would(should)+S+have+P.P.


13. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense. (Hozirgi tugallangan davom zamon)
Positive- S+have(has)+been+Ving.
Negative- S+have(has)+not+been+Ving.
Questions-Have(has)+S+been+Ving.


14. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense. (O’tgan tugallangan davom zamon)
Positive- S+had+been+Ving.
Negative- S+had+not+been+Ving.
Questions-Had+S+been+Ving.


15. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense. (Kelasi tugallangan davom zamon)
Positive- S+will(shall)+have+been+Ving.
Negative- S+will(shall)+not+have+been+Ving.
Questions- Will(shall)+S+have+been+Ving.


16. The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense. (O’tgan zamondagi kelasi tugallangan davom zamon)
Positive- S+would(should)+have+been+Ving.
Negative- S+would(should)+not+have+been+Ving.
Questions-Would(should)+S+have+been+Ving.

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