✅Geography- 2022 - Prelims
1. Gandikota canyon - Forgot to post this but there was a trend of asking questions based on natural wonders of India from 2017 like chandipur beach, banni grasslands and maldhari tribes, etc - Gandikota is now from same list- https://www.thebetterindia.com/118998/lesser-known-natural-wonders-india-offbeat-travel-inspiration/
2. Namcha Barwa - Easy one- B- Nokrek is a part of meghalaya plateau and Namcha barwa is not in the indian part
3. Levant- While discussing about ISIS- Click here and most materials must have covered this- so it wont be a problem.
4. Afghanistan Borders- Look at this map- Click here
5. Monazite Sand mining- As a source of rare earth-Click here, Monazite contains thorium is known from NCERTs/ standard textbooks and this map will help you remember that they are not all along the coast- Click here - if you eliminate this 3rd option you will be left with only 1 - i.e. B
6. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the yearSummer solstice - Click here
7. wetlands - lake locations- This is a direct question-Ramsar sites list- you cant get this Wrong
8. major tea growing states- https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf - Considering this data- Andhra Pradesh is not taken as major tea producing area.
9. Gandhi sagar- Famous resorvoir in MP on chambal , Indira Sagar Dam-MP, Maithon- Jharkhand- Difficult to remember so many dams
10. UNCLOS- Doubt will be regarding innocent passage- but this was in news- Click here + Underwater domain awareness-Click here
11. Senkaku Islands- a decade old dispute almost - I expected Kuril islands- click here - Instead got this old one- but most standard sources(IR classes) must have covered this old one.
Polity and Economy analysis- Click here
1. Gandikota canyon - Forgot to post this but there was a trend of asking questions based on natural wonders of India from 2017 like chandipur beach, banni grasslands and maldhari tribes, etc - Gandikota is now from same list- https://www.thebetterindia.com/118998/lesser-known-natural-wonders-india-offbeat-travel-inspiration/
2. Namcha Barwa - Easy one- B- Nokrek is a part of meghalaya plateau and Namcha barwa is not in the indian part
3. Levant- While discussing about ISIS- Click here and most materials must have covered this- so it wont be a problem.
4. Afghanistan Borders- Look at this map- Click here
5. Monazite Sand mining- As a source of rare earth-Click here, Monazite contains thorium is known from NCERTs/ standard textbooks and this map will help you remember that they are not all along the coast- Click here - if you eliminate this 3rd option you will be left with only 1 - i.e. B
6. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the yearSummer solstice - Click here
7. wetlands - lake locations- This is a direct question-Ramsar sites list- you cant get this Wrong
8. major tea growing states- https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf - Considering this data- Andhra Pradesh is not taken as major tea producing area.
9. Gandhi sagar- Famous resorvoir in MP on chambal , Indira Sagar Dam-MP, Maithon- Jharkhand- Difficult to remember so many dams
10. UNCLOS- Doubt will be regarding innocent passage- but this was in news- Click here + Underwater domain awareness-Click here
11. Senkaku Islands- a decade old dispute almost - I expected Kuril islands- click here - Instead got this old one- but most standard sources(IR classes) must have covered this old one.
Polity and Economy analysis- Click here
#IR #Geography
✅OIC
🅾️What?- 2nd largest intergovernmental organisation after the United Nations with a membership of 57 states-collective voice of the Muslim world.
🅾️The Organisation of the Islamic Conference was established by the First Islamic Summit Conference held in Morocco in September 1969
🅾️What was the Trigger?- to marshal the Islamic world after an act of arson at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jersualem by a 28-year-old Australian in 1969.
🅾️Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
🅾️Is India a member?- NO! It did not want to join an organisation founded on religion- Pakistan vehemently opposes India's membership + to avoid cracks in bilateral relations due to issues such as Kashmir which Pakistan brings up.
⚠️Is India an observer at least?- NO- At the 45th session of the Foreign Ministers’ Summit in 2018, Bangladesh, the host, suggested that India, where more than 10% of the world’s Muslims live, should be given Observer status, but Pakistan opposed the proposal.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
✅OIC
🅾️What?- 2nd largest intergovernmental organisation after the United Nations with a membership of 57 states-collective voice of the Muslim world.
🅾️The Organisation of the Islamic Conference was established by the First Islamic Summit Conference held in Morocco in September 1969
🅾️What was the Trigger?- to marshal the Islamic world after an act of arson at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jersualem by a 28-year-old Australian in 1969.
🅾️Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
🅾️Is India a member?- NO! It did not want to join an organisation founded on religion- Pakistan vehemently opposes India's membership + to avoid cracks in bilateral relations due to issues such as Kashmir which Pakistan brings up.
⚠️Is India an observer at least?- NO- At the 45th session of the Foreign Ministers’ Summit in 2018, Bangladesh, the host, suggested that India, where more than 10% of the world’s Muslims live, should be given Observer status, but Pakistan opposed the proposal.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
#IR #Geography
✅Gulf Cooperation Council
🅾️An alliance of 6 countries in the Arabian Peninsula
🅾️Which countries?- Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iran is not a member of the GCC.
🅾️It was established in 1981 to promote economic, security, cultural and social cooperation between the members and holds a summit every year to discuss cooperation and regional affairs.
🅾️India was the largest recipient of remittances in last few years- largest contributor is the huge Indian diaspora in the Gulf-The share of Persian Gulf countries in India’s crude imports has remained at around 60% over the last 15 years.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
✅Gulf Cooperation Council
🅾️An alliance of 6 countries in the Arabian Peninsula
🅾️Which countries?- Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iran is not a member of the GCC.
🅾️It was established in 1981 to promote economic, security, cultural and social cooperation between the members and holds a summit every year to discuss cooperation and regional affairs.
🅾️India was the largest recipient of remittances in last few years- largest contributor is the huge Indian diaspora in the Gulf-The share of Persian Gulf countries in India’s crude imports has remained at around 60% over the last 15 years.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
🎖Please Subscribe for theme based videos
➡️These videos will be based on last 2 year contemporary Issues - useful for mains 2022 and Prelims 2023 : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
➡️These videos will be based on last 2 year contemporary Issues - useful for mains 2022 and Prelims 2023 : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Geography
✅Occurrence of Lightning
🅾️Context : lightning strikes across Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
🅾️Details : lightning is a rapid and massive discharge of electricity in the atmosphere some of which is directed towards earth-The discharges are generated in giant moisture-bearing clouds.The base of these clouds typically lie within 1-2 km of the Earth’s surface, while the top is 12-13 km away.Temperatures in the top of these clouds are in the range of –35° to –45°C.
🅾️This process results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged, while the middle layer is negatively charged.The electrical potential difference between the two layers is huge, of the order of a billion to 10 billion volts.In very little time, a massive current, of the order of 100,000 to a million amperes, starts to flow between the layers.
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Occurrence of Lightning
🅾️Context : lightning strikes across Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
🅾️Details : lightning is a rapid and massive discharge of electricity in the atmosphere some of which is directed towards earth-The discharges are generated in giant moisture-bearing clouds.The base of these clouds typically lie within 1-2 km of the Earth’s surface, while the top is 12-13 km away.Temperatures in the top of these clouds are in the range of –35° to –45°C.
🅾️This process results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged, while the middle layer is negatively charged.The electrical potential difference between the two layers is huge, of the order of a billion to 10 billion volts.In very little time, a massive current, of the order of 100,000 to a million amperes, starts to flow between the layers.
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#Geography
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Summer solstice
⚜️Winter Solstice - this year's Prelims Question was based on this topic- Click here
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Summer solstice
⚜️Winter Solstice - this year's Prelims Question was based on this topic- Click here
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Monsoon
🛑Expected Question: Regional variation in Monsoon -> Why North Is Rain-Starved & Northeast Is Flooded?
➡️characteristics of ongoing floods: La-Nina + negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-> leading to floods
➡️Reason for changing monsoon pattern :
🅾️The moisture-holding capacity of the air has increased with global warming.
⚠️Impact : India now has long dry periods interspersed with short spells of heavy rains. For example, a month’s rain is pouring in a day or two now
➡️Impact of a 1˚C rise in global temperature for South Asia :
🅾️ Read from the highlights.
🔶Prelims : What is Storm surge- Click here
➡️Way ahead :
📍Disaster-proof every district and village of South Asia and make them climate-resilient
📍 Redesign cities and prepare rural areas for intensifying cyclones, floods and heatwaves
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🛑Expected Question: Regional variation in Monsoon -> Why North Is Rain-Starved & Northeast Is Flooded?
➡️characteristics of ongoing floods: La-Nina + negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-> leading to floods
➡️Reason for changing monsoon pattern :
🅾️The moisture-holding capacity of the air has increased with global warming.
⚠️Impact : India now has long dry periods interspersed with short spells of heavy rains. For example, a month’s rain is pouring in a day or two now
➡️Impact of a 1˚C rise in global temperature for South Asia :
🅾️ Read from the highlights.
🔶Prelims : What is Storm surge- Click here
➡️Way ahead :
📍Disaster-proof every district and village of South Asia and make them climate-resilient
📍 Redesign cities and prepare rural areas for intensifying cyclones, floods and heatwaves
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Marine Heatwaves
🅾️What are Marine Heatwaves?- periods of extremely high temperatures in the ocean.
🅾️Impact-coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, affecting the fisheries sector , affect ecosystem structure-mass mortality of marine invertebrates,change the habitat ranges of certain species-spiny sea urchin off southeastern Australia, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and overfishing.
🅾️Drivers of marine heatwaves?- ocean currents which can build up areas of warm water and air-sea heat flux, or warming through the ocean surface from the atmosphere.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️What are Marine Heatwaves?- periods of extremely high temperatures in the ocean.
🅾️Impact-coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, affecting the fisheries sector , affect ecosystem structure-mass mortality of marine invertebrates,change the habitat ranges of certain species-spiny sea urchin off southeastern Australia, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and overfishing.
🅾️Drivers of marine heatwaves?- ocean currents which can build up areas of warm water and air-sea heat flux, or warming through the ocean surface from the atmosphere.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Economy #Geography #Minerals
✅Uranium Mining in Rajasthan-Mines and Minerals- Rare Earths
🅾️Context : Huge reserves of Uranium have been found at Rohil (Khandela Tehsil) in Sikar district of Rajasthan- After Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand, Rajasthan has become the third state where uranium has been found.
🅾️Fact : World’s largest producer of Uranium are Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia
🅾️ Uranium has also been found in Niger, Russia, Uzbekistan, Namibia, Ukraine and the US.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Uranium Mining in Rajasthan-Mines and Minerals- Rare Earths
🅾️Context : Huge reserves of Uranium have been found at Rohil (Khandela Tehsil) in Sikar district of Rajasthan- After Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand, Rajasthan has become the third state where uranium has been found.
🅾️Fact : World’s largest producer of Uranium are Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia
🅾️ Uranium has also been found in Niger, Russia, Uzbekistan, Namibia, Ukraine and the US.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#Geography
✅What are Cloudbursts?
➡️Context : cloudburst occurred at the Amarnath Cave Shrine near Pahalgam in south Kashmir.
🅾️What?- Short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area- with unexpected precipitation exceeding 100mm/h over a geographical region of approximately 20-30 square km.
🅾️Reasons : During the cloudburst, the relative humidity and cloud cover was at the maximum level with low temperature and slow winds.It is expected that because of this situation a high amount of clouds may get condensed at a very rapid rate and result in a cloudburst.
🅾️Climate change impact?- It is expected that because of this situation a high amount of clouds may get condensed at a very rapid rate and result in a cloudburst.Several studies have shown that climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of cloudbursts in many cities across the globe.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅What are Cloudbursts?
➡️Context : cloudburst occurred at the Amarnath Cave Shrine near Pahalgam in south Kashmir.
🅾️What?- Short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area- with unexpected precipitation exceeding 100mm/h over a geographical region of approximately 20-30 square km.
🅾️Reasons : During the cloudburst, the relative humidity and cloud cover was at the maximum level with low temperature and slow winds.It is expected that because of this situation a high amount of clouds may get condensed at a very rapid rate and result in a cloudburst.
🅾️Climate change impact?- It is expected that because of this situation a high amount of clouds may get condensed at a very rapid rate and result in a cloudburst.Several studies have shown that climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of cloudbursts in many cities across the globe.
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Climate change- Glaciers
⚜️Glaciers in India-Click here
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- India's umbrella plan for dealing with climate change - NAPCC
➡️ Under The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) the 5th mission is National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem- It is aimed at protecting the Himalayas, it has mapped institutes and civil society organisations working on the Himalayan ecology for ease of coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies.-Click here
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚜️Glaciers in India-Click here
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- India's umbrella plan for dealing with climate change - NAPCC
➡️ Under The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) the 5th mission is National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem- It is aimed at protecting the Himalayas, it has mapped institutes and civil society organisations working on the Himalayan ecology for ease of coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies.-Click here
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Geography
✅Derecho Storm System’
🅾️What is it?- band of fast-moving showers or thunderstorms.Its name has been derived from Spanish word ‘la derecha’ meaning ‘straight’ in English.
➡️ Straight-line storms can be defined as the thunderstorm winds having no rotation.It is a rare phenomenon, as opposed to other storm systems like tornadoes or hurricanes
🅾️Where will you find them?- Mostly in the central and eastern parts of United States.Derechos have also been reported in countries like Russia, Germany, Finland, Bulgaria and Poland.
⚠️Important feature- Skies turn green when light interacts with huge amount of water held by them
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Derecho Storm System’
🅾️What is it?- band of fast-moving showers or thunderstorms.Its name has been derived from Spanish word ‘la derecha’ meaning ‘straight’ in English.
➡️ Straight-line storms can be defined as the thunderstorm winds having no rotation.It is a rare phenomenon, as opposed to other storm systems like tornadoes or hurricanes
🅾️Where will you find them?- Mostly in the central and eastern parts of United States.Derechos have also been reported in countries like Russia, Germany, Finland, Bulgaria and Poland.
⚠️Important feature- Skies turn green when light interacts with huge amount of water held by them
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Disaster Management- Role of IMD
🅾️IMD or the India Meteorological Department has the mandate to warn against severe weather phenomena which cause destruction of life and property.
➡️Also read Cyclone prediction by IMD
🔴The mandate of IMD is not to measure the impact of loss and damage ? So how is NDMA related to MHA ?
➡️Also read about Tauktae, Yaas cyclones- Click here
🎖@hinduhighlights for News analysis
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️IMD or the India Meteorological Department has the mandate to warn against severe weather phenomena which cause destruction of life and property.
➡️Also read Cyclone prediction by IMD
🔴The mandate of IMD is not to measure the impact of loss and damage ? So how is NDMA related to MHA ?
➡️Also read about Tauktae, Yaas cyclones- Click here
🎖@hinduhighlights for News analysis
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs -1 : Geography- Impact of climate change on climate- Heatwaves- This is one question that is very likely to be asked in mains 2022- Prepare a short note on India specific action plan to handle this problem - click here
IMD classifies anything as Heat waves if temperatures reach at least 40℃ in the plains and at least 30℃ in the hilly regions, and should reflect an increase of at least 5℃-6℃ above the normal temperature
⚜️Also read Marine Heatwaves- click here
⚜️Definition of coldwave?- Click here
🅾️Are dew point and wet bulb temperature the same?- Click here
🅾️North America heat wave- caused by the heat dome- Click here
➡️Impact - Why North Is Rain-Starved & Northeast Is Flooded?- Click here
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
IMD classifies anything as Heat waves if temperatures reach at least 40℃ in the plains and at least 30℃ in the hilly regions, and should reflect an increase of at least 5℃-6℃ above the normal temperature
⚜️Also read Marine Heatwaves- click here
⚜️Definition of coldwave?- Click here
🅾️Are dew point and wet bulb temperature the same?- Click here
🅾️North America heat wave- caused by the heat dome- Click here
➡️Impact - Why North Is Rain-Starved & Northeast Is Flooded?- Click here
⚠️@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Climate change
✅Gs-3 : Disaster Management- Drought management- National Disaster management plan.
🅾️What is Drought and its types?- Click here
⚜️Ex : 2021 Madagascar Food Crisis- Click here
🅾️Reasons for droughts- Click here
🅾️Data to substantiate your answers- UNCCD has released the Drought in Numbers report- Latest stats- Click here
🔰Solution :
⚜️1. Surface water conservation- Rain water harvesting- Click here
⚜️2. Ground water conservation-Governance policies - Click here
⚜️3. Encouraging local innovation-Case study : SDG12- Responsible consumption- Ramesh Bariya case
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Disaster Management- Drought management- National Disaster management plan.
🅾️What is Drought and its types?- Click here
⚜️Ex : 2021 Madagascar Food Crisis- Click here
🅾️Reasons for droughts- Click here
🅾️Data to substantiate your answers- UNCCD has released the Drought in Numbers report- Latest stats- Click here
🔰Solution :
⚜️1. Surface water conservation- Rain water harvesting- Click here
⚜️2. Ground water conservation-Governance policies - Click here
⚜️3. Encouraging local innovation-Case study : SDG12- Responsible consumption- Ramesh Bariya case
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
@Geohighlights- for Geography news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Geography
✅Karakoram Anomaly
🅾️What?- Karakoram Range mountains have not been as affected by Climate Change as others. It is referring to stability or anomalous growth of glaciers in the central Karakoram- nearby mountainous ranges of Himalayas and other mountainous ranges of the world are witnessing retreat of glaciers
🅾️Reason- revival of Western Disturbances (WDs).The study suggests they constitute about around 65% of the total seasonal snowfall volume and about 53% of the total seasonal precipitation, easily making them the most important source of moisture.
🅾️Further, the precipitation intensity of WDs impacting Karakoram has increased by around 10% in the last two decades, which only enhances their role in sustaining the regional anomaly.
➡️The Karakorams cover parts of Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Karakoram Anomaly
🅾️What?- Karakoram Range mountains have not been as affected by Climate Change as others. It is referring to stability or anomalous growth of glaciers in the central Karakoram- nearby mountainous ranges of Himalayas and other mountainous ranges of the world are witnessing retreat of glaciers
🅾️Reason- revival of Western Disturbances (WDs).The study suggests they constitute about around 65% of the total seasonal snowfall volume and about 53% of the total seasonal precipitation, easily making them the most important source of moisture.
🅾️Further, the precipitation intensity of WDs impacting Karakoram has increased by around 10% in the last two decades, which only enhances their role in sustaining the regional anomaly.
➡️The Karakorams cover parts of Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu