♦️🌍HISTORY OF OIL AND GAS IN THE WORLD🌎:♦️

The history of oil and gas dates back several centuries. Here is a brief overview of their significant developments:

1. Ancient Uses:
- Oil was used in ancient times for medicinal purposes, as a fuel for lamps, and in waterproofing boats.
- Natural gas was often burned at the surface, but its potential was not fully recognized.

2. Early Oil Industry:
- The modern oil industry began in the mid-19th century with the first commercial oil well drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859 by Edwin Drake.
- This discovery sparked the petroleum industry and led to the establishment of major oil companies.

3. Rise of the Oil Titans:
- The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the growth of major oil companies, such as John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, which dominated the industry in the United States.
- The Middle East emerged as a significant oil-producing region during this time, with oil discoveries in Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.

4. Technological Advances:
- Technological advancements, like the development of rotary drilling, improved oil exploration and extraction techniques.
- The invention of the automobile and the demand for gasoline further drove the growth of the oil industry.

5. Nationalization and OPEC:
- In the mid-20th century, several countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Venezuela, began nationalizing their oil resources, leading to the creation of state-run oil companies.
- In 1960, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed to coordinate policies and stabilize oil markets, giving exporting nations more influence.

6. Global Demand and Geopolitics:
- The late 20th century witnessed a surge in global energy demand, largely fueled by oil and gas. Competition for control over resources, market access, and pricing became important geopolitical factors.

7. Environmental Awareness and Challenges:
- Concerns about pollution, climate change, and finite resources have raised awareness of the environmental impact of oil and gas operations.
- The development of renewable energy sources and efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels have gained prominence.

Throughout history, oil and gas have played a significant role in shaping the global economy, politics, and energy sectors. As the world continues to transition towards more sustainable energy sources, the future of oil and gas will likely involve a shift towards cleaner alternatives.

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Dear friends,
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Following tests have been uploaded so far in the ACE-PRARAMBH test series for GATE2024.

⚡️Tests have been uploaded based on the upload date mentioned in the test series BROCHURE

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♦️🇮🇳HISTORY OF OIL AND GAS IN INDIA🇮🇳:♦️

The history of oil and gas in India dates back to the late 19th century when oil was first discovered in the country. Here is a brief overview of its history:

1. Early Discoveries: The first oil discovery in India was made in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the northeastern state of Assam. The Digboi oilfield became the first commercial oilfield in India and was operated by Assam Oil Company Limited (AOC). Subsequently, other oilfields were discovered in the region, including Naharkatiya, Moran, and Rudrasagar.

2. Nationalization and Formation of ONGC: In 1955, the government of India nationalized the assets of the foreign companies operating in the country, leading to the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) in 1956. ONGC played a pivotal role in the exploration and production of oil and gas resources across India.

3. Offshore Exploration: In the 1960s, offshore exploration activities started in India's western coast with the discovery of oil and gas fields off the coast of Mumbai. The Bombay High field, discovered in 1974, became one of the largest producing oil and gas fields in the country.

4. Natural Gas Development: In the 1980s and 1990s, India witnessed a significant focus on natural gas development. The discovery of the Gandhar field in Gujarat in 1983 marked the beginning of the country's commercial production of natural gas. The introduction of the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) in 1997 aimed at attracting foreign investment to explore hydrocarbon resources.

5. Major Achievements and Reforms: In recent years, India has made substantial progress in the oil and gas sector. The country became self-sufficient in refining capacity, and several refineries were established across the country. Additionally, significant gas discoveries such as the Krishna-Godavari Basin and the Rovuma Offshore Basin in Mozambique have boosted India's prospects in the energy sector.

6. Reforms and New Initiatives: The Indian government has undertaken various reforms to promote investment and improve the ease of doing business in the oil and gas sector. The introduction of open acreage licensing policy (OALP) and the bidding rounds held under Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) have attracted both domestic and international players.

India's oil and gas sector has undergone significant transformations, evolving from a primarily state-controlled industry to one that incorporates a mix of public and private entities. The country continues to strive for energy security by exploring domestic resources, promoting renewables, and ensuring a favorable investment climate.

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🎯🎯ACE PRARAMBH TEST SERIES UPDATE:🔅🔅

Guys,
We have uploaded newly designed 40+ tests in Test series.
Therefore there is no pending tests now.

Right now everyone can get a 50% discount on test series. Offer shall expire on 30-08-2023

🎯🎯Do not wait for success to find you.. take step forward and work for it!!

all those who have bough the series are requested to send their mail id and phone number to ACE ADMIN or apigateinpetroleum@gmail.com

We shall add you all to the pvt-discussion group of API-PRARAMBH

All the best to all the aspirants for GATE PE

🇮🇳✅The largest proven reserves of oil and gas in India ✅🇮🇳

♦️1. Mumbai High Field: Located in the Arabian Sea, Mumbai High is India's largest offshore oil field. It has estimated proven reserves of over 1.5 billion barrels of oil and 1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

♦️2. Krishna-Godavari Basin: Situated in the eastern offshore region of India, the Krishna-Godavari Basin has significant reserves of both oil and natural gas. It is estimated to hold over 1 billion barrels of oil and around 49 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

♦️3. Cambay Basin: Located in the western part of India, the Cambay Basin is one of the major petroleum-producing regions in the country. It has proven reserves of approximately 550 million barrels of oil and around 10 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

♦️4. Barmer Basin: Situated in the western state of Rajasthan, the Barmer Basin has substantial reserves of oil. The Mangala oil field, discovered in this basin, is one of the largest onshore oil discoveries in India, with estimated proven reserves of over 590 million barrels of oil.

♦️5. Cauvery Basin: Located in southern India, the Cauvery Basin is known for its offshore oil and gas reserves. It has proven reserves of around 237 million barrels of oil and approximately 9 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

Please note that these estimates are based on available data, and the actual reserves may vary over time due to extraction and new discoveries.

#FACT #ONGC
#INDIA
#OIL #GAS

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🚩Exploration and well drilling in India
It typically involves the following steps: seismic surveys, exploratory wells, appraisal wells, development wells, drilling techniques, government regulations, and partnerships.

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Guys,
We will be sharing weekly quizes on petroleum Engineering subjects/ topics.
Follow this channel to get weekly quiz for GATE in Petroleum Engineering.

🔴First Quiz: ⭕️
⚡️⚡️EXPLORATION-1 ⚡️⚡️
✅Topics-Classification and description of some common rocks with special reference to clastic and nonclastic reservoir rocks.
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🔴ACE CONCEPT🔴

⚡️⚡️Capillary Pressure & its effect in Hydrocarbon recovery⚡️⚡️

Capillary pressure in the reservoir plays a significant role in the behavior of fluids, particularly oil, and affects both fluid distribution within the reservoir and hydrocarbon recovery. Here's how:

✅1. Fluid distribution: Capillary pressure is the pressure difference between two immiscible fluid phases within the porous rock matrix of the reservoir. In the context of oil reservoirs, it refers to the pressure difference between the oil phase and the water phase. The capillary pressure determines how fluids are distributed within the reservoir and affects their movement and saturation.

- If the capillary pressure is high, indicating a strong affinity for water, the water phase would preferentially occupy the pores of the reservoir rock. This can lead to low oil saturation and restricted oil flow, reducing hydrocarbon recovery.

- On the other hand, if the capillary pressure is low, indicating a stronger affinity for oil, the oil phase will occupy the pore space more easily, resulting in higher oil saturation and better oil flow and recovery.

✅2. Hydrocarbon recovery: Capillary pressure impacts the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery in several ways:

- Fluid displacement: During primary recovery methods, such as natural reservoir drive or water flooding, capillary pressure plays a role in displacing the oil from the reservoir rock pores. The lower the capillary pressure, the easier it is for the displacing fluid (e.g., water) to push the oil out of the pore spaces and improve recovery.

- Residual oil saturation: Capillary pressure is also a significant factor in determining the residual oil saturation, which refers to the amount of oil that remains trapped within the reservoir after primary recovery methods. Higher capillary pressure results in a thicker oil film around the rock grains, leading to higher residual oil saturation and lower recovery efficiency.

- Enhanced oil recovery (EOR): Capillary pressure is a crucial consideration in the design and implementation of EOR techniques. EOR methods, like miscible gas injection or chemical flooding, aim to reduce the capillary pressure in the reservoir to improve oil recovery. By modifying interfacial tensions or altering the wettability of the rock surfaces, the capillary pressure can be reduced, enabling better displacement of oil and increased hydrocarbon recovery.

So, capillary pressure in the reservoir influences oil distribution, fluid displacement, residual oil saturation, and thus, the overall recovery of hydrocarbons. Managing and understanding the capillary pressure characteristics is essential for optimizing production strategies and maximizing oil recovery from reservoirs.

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🔴First Quiz is NOW ACTIVE: ⭕️
⚡️⚡️EXPLORATION-1 ⚡️⚡️

✅Topics-Classification and description of some common rocks with special reference to clastic and nonclastic reservoir rocks.

✅Discount offers for the topper of the quiz

👇🏼To attempt the quiz do join this channel 👇🏼

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Friends,
Result of Exploration-1 quiz shall be uploaded tomorrow with the Topper students list who are awarded with the discount based on their rank

See your result here and see weather you get the rank for the discount offer here.
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Dear Friends, result will be declared soon stay tuned here👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻

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Guys attempt this quiz in more and more number as you can..
Result will be shared at 1830hrs ie. 6:30 PM

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Detailed result of scholarship Quiz.
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