የ Concise አባላት አላችሁ🙌🙌 ኑሩልን ለ finite minutes 😢😝😝 ። እስኪ ዛሬ ቀለል ያሉ ጥያቄዎችን እንስራ😿😹

🌐 Choose the best answer.

#1) Not only corona but also other calamities ........ the world people.

A) has bothered
B) has been bothered
C) have been bothered
D) have bothered

#2) Neither of You ........ responsible for the failure.

A) has C) is
B) have D) are

#3) ......... I am elected for the class monitor😁 , I will submit all the students' recommendations to the stakeholders.

A) as if C) would
B) should D) Could

#4) The Library along with its indispensable books ........ it prefferable to many students for many years.

A) has made C) have made
B) makes D) make

#5) Either the students or the teacher....... liable for the poor grade.

A) were C) was
B) have D) has

#6) ........... had we gone school than it rained.

A) No sooner
B) as soon as
C) very soon
D) when

#7) Each of the players........ well so far.

A) have played
B) has played
C) is played
D) are played

#8) Neither the people nor the prime minister........ eligible for the legacy of the country.

A) is not C) is
B) are D) is not

#9) so slow .......... that I couldn't arrive at work on time.

A) the bus has
B) the bus have
C) the bus was
D) was the bus

#10) The lioness accompanied by its cubs ....... eating meat now.

A) is C) was
B) are D) were

#11) which one is grammatically correct?😳

A) Neither of you are inept for the exam.

B) Either of the member was unhappy last night.

C) Every of the players is playing well now.

D) Each of the members is participating well now.

#12) which one is grammatically correct?😢

A) The teacher as well as the students are visiting the park right now.

B) Neither the the children nor the father are ready to buy the jacket.

C) All students except one have passed the exam.

D) Not only You but also your friends is reluctant to join this channel.

#13) .......... enough money , I would have bought you toys.

A) if I had C) if I got
B) had I got D) if

#14) Hadn't we done our home work , the teacher........... us.

A) would have Punished
B) wouldn't have Punished
C) would punish
D) wouldn't punish

#15) The owner of this channel in addition to other admins.......... ready to see your result.

A) are
B) is

😎🤓🙌 Prepared by Concise English channel.

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📚Anthropology Course

📖What is Anthropology?

📍It is a Subject that enables human beings to deal with themes such as culture, kinship(ዝምድና፣ጠንካራ ትስስር), marriage, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, humanity(ሰውነት), human origins, cosmologies, race, ethnicity, ethnic relations, ethnic boundaries....

ለመግቢያ ያክል Anthropology ካላይ በዘረዘርናቸው ነገሮች ላይ ትኩረት ያደርጋል ካልን፣ አሁን የModuleኡን Content ደግሞ እንየው፦ በአጠቃላይ Anthropology Freshman Course 7 Chapter አለው!

ነገር ግን Generally Focus የሚያደርገው በሚከተሉት ላይ ነው፦

📍Scope of Anthropology
📍Branches of Anthropology
📍Unique features of Anthropology and
📍 Research methods in Anthropology


📖Unit One

🗒Introducing Anthropology and its Subject Matter

በዚህ Chapter ስር ስለ Anthropology ምንነት በሰፊው እናያለን፣ ትርጉሙን፣ ስፋቱን (ምን ምን እንደሚያጠቃል/Scope)፣ የAnthropologyን Subfeildኦች፣ መሰረታዊ የሆኑትን የAnthropology መርሆች እናያለን።

🔖Concepts in Anthropology

📍The term anthropology is a compound of two Greek Words
'anthropos' and
'logos'.

"Anthropos" ማለት 'Human being/Man kind) ሲሆን

"Logos" ማለት ደግሞ እንደምታውቁት "Study/Sceince/" ማለት ነው።

So, In General 'Anthropology means
The study or science of humankind or humanity.'

ስለዚህ በቀላሉ Anthropology ምንድነው ከተባለ ስለ ሰውነት (humanity) የሚያጠና ሳይንስ ነው ብለን መመለስ እንችላለን።

Definitionኡን በጣም Precise አድርገን (አጥብበን) ደግሞ ካየነው፦

📌Anthropology is the study of people---their origins, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever and whenever they have been found.

አያቹአ ስለ ሰው ልጅ መፈጠር🐣፣ ስለ እድገቱ🐥፣ ከዚያ ደግሞ የሰው ልጆች ልዩነት (በዘር፣ በቋንቋ..) እነዚህን እና የመሳሰሉትን ጉዳዮች ይዳስሳል።

📌የAnthropology Scope ሰፊ ነው።👇👇
It is the study of humans as a group, from its first appearance on earth to its present stage of development.

አያቹ ይህን👆 ሁሉ ነገር ነው በውስጥ ያጠቃለለው [የሰው ልጅ ከተፈጠረበት አንስቶ እስካሁን ያለውን ያጠናል]


🔖The Historical Development of Anthropology

Anthropology did not arise as a science until the 1850s. Anthropology እንደ Science of Humanity መቆጠር የጀመረው በተለምዶ ምዕራባውያን "The West" ብለን በምንጠራቸው፣ Specifically ደግሞ France🇫🇷, Great Britain🇦🇺, USA🇺🇸 and Germany🇩🇪!

Historically Speaking, We can say that Anthropology is European discipline.

📖Generally speaking, anthropology as an academic discipline was born during the 19th century, out of the intellectual atmosphere of Enlightenment, which is the eighteenth century social philosophical movement.

ስለዚህ Anthropology 19th Century ውስጥ ሲወለድ መሠረቱ "Enlightment" እና "Darwin Theory of Evolution" ነበሩ።

📌Ethnography  is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.
Ethnography ማለት የአንድን ግለሰብ🧔/ማህበረሰብ👨‍👨‍👧‍👧 ባህል ሳይንሳዊ በሆነ መንገድ ማጥናት ማለት ነው። ለምሳሌ፣ የሀገራችንን ባህል ማጥናት የፈለገ Anthropologist👨‍💼 መጥቶ በእኛ መካካል እየኖረ፣ ከእኛ ጋር እየበላ እየጠጣ..ባህላችንን ሲያጠና Enthnographic research ይባላል።

📌Ethnology is the comparative study of two or more cultures.
ይህ ደግሞ የተለያዩ ማህበረሰብን ባህል እያነፃፀራችሁ ስታጠኑ ምናምን Ethnology ይባላል።

📚Sub-fields of anthropology

There are four major sub-fields:

📍Physical/Biological Anthropology
📍Archeology
📍Linguistic Anthropology 📍Socio-Cultural Anthropology

1⃣Physical/Biological Anthropology

This branch Seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

አንብባችሁታላ☝️ They are also interested in how biology and culture work together to shape our lives.

It has two broad Areas of investigation:

📌Human evolution is the study of the gradual processes of simple forms into more differentiated structures in hominid.

ይህም ብዙ sub branch አለው፣ ነገር ግን Major የሆኑት 2 አሉ።
1. Paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.
🔖ቀድሞ Record ተደርገው የተቀመጡትን መረጃዎች በመጠቀመ ስለ ሰው ልጅ Evolution ስናጠና ማለት ነው።

2. Primatology is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman [gorillas, Chimpanzees] primates.

📌Human Genetics It focuses to examine the genetic materials of an organism such as DNA and RNA.
ይህ የሚያጠናው የሰው ልጅ የፊቱ መልክ፣ ቁመናው፣ በአጠቃላይ genetic ነገሩ ምናምን እንዴትና ለምን እንደዚያ እንደ ሆነ ነው።

2⃣Archaeological Anthropology

🔖Studies the ways of lives of past peoples by excavating and analysing the material culture/physical

remains (artefacts, features and eco-facts) they left behind.

Archeology ማለትን artefacts, features እና eco-facts ተጠቅመን ቀድሞ በጥንት ዘመን ይኖሩ የነበሩት ሰዎች አኗኗራቸው ምን ይመስል ነበር የሚለውን መረጃዎችን እየቆፈርን⛏⛏😃 ስናጠና ነው።

🔖Artefacts are material remains made and used by the past peoples and that can be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory for further analysis.
አያቹአ የጥንት ሰዎች የሚጠቀሙበት Materials ሆነው ነገር ግን ዛሬም ወደ Laboratory ምናምን ወሰደን ለምርምር ልንጠቀምባቸው የምንችላየው እቃዎች ናቸው "Artefacts" የሚባሉት።

ለምሳሌ፦ Tools, ornaments, arrowheads, coins, and fragments of pottery

🔖Features are like artifacts, are made or modified by past people, but they cannot be readily carried away from the site.

እነዚህን ከArtefacts የሚለያቸው "ካሉበት አንስታቿቸው ወደ Lab ምናምን መውሰድ አትችሉም🙅‍♂።"

ለምሳሌ፦ ancient buildings, fireplaces, steles, and postholes(የጥንት ጉድጓዶች)

🔖Eco-facts are nonartefactual, organic and environmental remains such as soil, animal bones, and plant remains that were not made or altered by humans!

እነዚህ Materials አይደሉም ነገር ግን Physical remaining ናቸው፣ ሰው ያልፈጠራቸው ነገር ግን ሰው የሚጠቀምባቸው ናቸው፣ ከላይ የዘረዘርናቸው👆.

📖The most important Subfields of Archeology👇:

የሚከፋፋል ነገር በዛ አ🙈 ገና ምን አይታቹ😁 እንቀጥል...

📍Prehistoric archaeology investigates human prehistory and prehistoric cultures.
👉Periodኡ ከዛሬ 6000አመት በፊት እስከ መጀመሪያው Artifacts (the first stone tools) ፦ማለትም ከ2.5billion አመት በፊት ያለው ነው Prehistory ሚባለው።

📍Historical Archeology focuses on the cultures of people who used writing and about whom historical documents have been written.
ይህ ግን ከ6ሺ አመት ወዲህ ያለውን ፁhuፍ፣ ቋንቋ ምናምን ከተጀመረ ወዲህ ያለው ታሪክ ላይ ትኩረት የሚያደርግ ነው።

3⃣Linguistic Anthropology

Studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four👇 distinct branches or areas of research.

ከስሙ እንደምትረዱት ከቋንቋ ጋር በተያያዘ ጥናትም የሚያደርግ የAnthropology Branch ነው።

📍Structural /Descriptive Linguistics
Studies the structure of linguistic patterns. It examines sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words.

በቀላሉ Descriptive linguistic በጥንት ዘመን ሰዎች ይግባቡበት የነበረውን ቋንቋ grammaticallyም ምቹ እንዲሆነ በማድረግ፤ ሚጨመረውን በመጨመር አንድ ላይ Compile አድርጎ ማስቀመጥ ነው።

📍Ethno-linguistics (cultural linguistics) examines the relationship between language and culture.

ይህ የlinguistic branch ትኩረት ያደረገው የሰዎች ቋንቋ አስተሳሰባቸውን🧠፣ አነጋገራቸውን🗣፣ ድርጊታቸውን በአጠቃላይ በህላቸውን እንዴት ነው affect ሊያደርግ የሚችለው የሚለው ላይ ነው።


📍Historical linguistics Focuses on the comparison and classifications of different languages to differentiate the historical links between them.

ይህ የተለያዩ ቋንቋዎችን ታሪካዊ አመጣጥ ወይም ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ እንዴት እያደጉ እንደመጡ የሚያሳይ ነው።

📍Socio-linguistics: Investigates linguistic variation within a given language.
ሁሉም ሰው የሚናገረው ቋንቋ አዚህ አለም ላይ የለም! የዚህ ምክንያቱ ደግሞ የምናድግበት Society፣ የቋንቋ accent (ቅላፄ😁)...ስለዚህ Social life እና ቋንቋ Related መሆናቸውን እንረዳለን።

እስኪ እንጠቅልለው🙈

Linguistic anthropology generally focuses on the evolution of languages.

4⃣Socio-Cultural Anthropology

📍is the largest sub-fields of anthropology.

📍It deals with human society and culture.

Society እና Culture ምንድናቸው🤔

📌Society(ማህበረሰብ) is the group of people who have similar ways of life.

📌Culture(ባህል) is a way of life of a group of people.

Socio-cultural anthropologists engage in two aspects of study.
ቅድም ያየናቸው Ethnography እና Ethnology. ረሳቹት?? Okay ላስታውሳችሁ፦

Ethnography፦ በተወሰነ Community, Culture ወይም Society ላይ detailed የሆነ Sceintific study ስናደርገ ማለት ነው።

Ethnology ደግሞ የተለያዩ Culture, Society Compare እያደረግን ስናጠና ማለት ነው።

ለዛሬ እዚህ ላይ እናብቃ!😊
በቀጣይ Basic Features of Anthropology እና Misconceptions about Anthropology አይተን Unit 2 እንጀምራለ

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📚Freshman second semister course

📖Introduction to Emerging Technology

🔖Chapter 1 Emerging Technology


Evolution of technology

📌Emerging Technology ምን ማለት እንደሆነ ከማየታችን በፊት Technology እና Evolution የሚሉትን ሁለት ቃላት ትርጓሜ እንመልከት ።

📖 Technology የሚለው ቃል ለመጀመርያ ጊዜ "science of mechanical and industrial arts " ተብሎ በ 1859 በይፋ የተመዘገበ ሲሆን ከዛ በፊት
በ 1610 " discourse or treatise on an art or the arts " የሚል ፍቺ ተሰቶት ይገኝ ነበር ።

Technology የሚለው ቃል፦

📍"Tekhno" - see techno
📍"Logy" - study

ከሚሉት ሁለት ቃላት ውህድ የተፈጠረ ነው ።

📌Evolution የሚለው ቃል ትርጉም ደግሞ ቀስ በቀስ (gradually) የሚታይ ወይንም የሚስተዋል የእድገት ወይንም የመለወጥ ሂደት ማለት ነው ።

Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes.

🔔ይህን ስለ Technology እና Evolution ካየን Emerging Technology ምን ማለት እንደሆነ እንመልከት 🙌

📖Emerging technology ማለት አዳዲስ ፣ ቀደምት ወይም ከዚ በፊት የነበሩ እንዲሁም አሁን ላይ በመበልጸግ ወይንም በመሰራት ላይ ያሉ በ ትምህርት በጤና በሳይንስ በቢዝነስ እና በመሳሰሉት ዘርፎች ጥቅም ላይ ሊውሉ የሚችሉ የ Technology ፈጠራዎችን ያመለክታል ።

✍ እነዚህ የ Emerging technology አይነቶች አሁን ላይ በመበልጸግ ላይ ያሉ (currently developing ) ወይንም በቀጣይ አምስትና አስር አመታት ውስጥ ሊፈጠሩ የሚችሉትን ያጠቃልልናል ።

📍 Artifical intelligence ( ሰው ሰራሽ አስተውሎት)
📍Block chain ( Bit coin )
📍Cloud computing....

👆👆ለ Emerging Technology እንደ ምሳሌ የሚጠቀሱ ሲሆን በስፋት በቀጣዮቸ ምዕራፎች የምንመለከታቸው ይሆናል!

✍ከዚው ጋር በተያያዘ

" Technological Evolution is theory of radical transformation of society through technological development."

ይህም ማለት አንድን ማህበረሰብ Technological Development ቀድሞ ከ ነበረበት ሁኔታ ወደ አዲስ አሁን ወዳለበት ሲያመጣው የሚታየውን ለውጥ የሚያጠና Technological Evolution እንለዋለን ።

ለምሳሌ 🙌

ስልክ ከመፈጠሩ በፊት አያቶቻችን ለሰው መልዕክት የሚልኩት በሰው በኩል በደብዳቤ ወይንም በፈረስ 🏇 አስጭነው ልከው ነበር ከዛ ቀስ በቀስ የገመድ ስልክ መግባት ጀመረ የመንገድ ስልኮች 📞 በየቦታው የተለመደ ሆነ ብሎ ብሎ አሁን በእጃችን የምንጠቀምበት Smart phone 📲 ላይ ደረስን ( ብዙ ሂደት አልፈን እዚ ላይ እንደደረስን ልብ ይበሉ ) ይህን ነው ማህበረሰቡን ቀድሞ ከነበረበት አሁን ወዳለበት የሚያሻግር የቴክኖሎጂ እድገት የሚያጠናውን Technological Evolution የምንለው።

✍ Emerging Technology በሰዎች ማህበራዊ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ህይወት ላይ ከፍተኛ ተጽዕኖን ያሳድራል ።

ለምሳሌ ✋

በዜና ወይንም Internet ላይ ተመልክታቹህ ከሆነ በአንዳንድ በበለጸጉ ሀገራት እንደ ቻይና በ ፋብሪካዎቻቸው የሰው ሀይልን በ ROBOT በመተካት ለመስራት እየሞከሩ እንደሚገኝ ሰምታቹሀል ምን አይነት የ Economy ተጽዕኖ ያለው ይመስላቹሀል❓

✋ Robot ከ Emerging Technology አንዱ መሆኑን ልብ ይበሉ❕

📌Keep in mind

❕Emerging Technology can have slightly different meanings when used in different Fields such as media, business, science and education.

❕Emerging technology includes Technologies currently developing, or that are expected to be available within the next 5 - 10 years .


📝Exercise To Students

Use Your module as a reference to answer this questions!

1. Define Emerging Technology.

2. Define the word Technology and evolution.

3. List at least 5 Examples of emerging technologies currently available or developing.

4. What is technological Evolution? Find one example to explain the concept

5. List down the impacts of Emerging Technologies in Human life And Its benefits.

ለዛሬ እንደመግቢያ ከምዕራፍ አንድ የያዝንላቹ ይህን ይመስላል 🤗 እንወዳቹሀለን በቀጣይ የቀሩትን አይተን ምዕራፉን እናጠናቅቃለን እስከዛው ሰላም 🙌

ጥያቄና አስተ