1.3. Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology

Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of the sciences, only about 125 years old. It began as a science of its own in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, with the establishment of a psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt.
ስለዚህ Who is the Father of modern Pyschology? ቢባል መልሱ ግልፅ ነው:- Wundt.

Once psychology begun to use the scientific method, it then went through successive developments in which different schools of thought(pyschology) were emerged.

💡Old(early) School of Pyschology
💡Modern School of Pyschology

➤Early School of Physchology
ቆይ first School of Physchology ምን ማለት ነው?
ለምሳሌ እናንተ "የሰው ባህሪ ከዉርስ የሚመጣ ነው።" ወይም "የሰው ባህሪ መሰረቱ የሚኖርበት Environment" ብላችሁ ልታስቡ ትችላላችሁ let's take subExample ሰው ሲናደደ ከወላጆቹ ወርሶ ነው ወይም ደግሞ ሌላ አይነት Thought ሲኖራችሁ፣ ያን ጊዜ School of physchology(thought) ይባላል። Simply it the system of thinking abt certain issue.

There are five early School of Thought.
📌Structuralism
📌Functionalism
📌Gestalt Psychology
📌Behaviourism
📌psychoanalysis

1⃣Structuralism- It views Phsychology as a study of structure of mind.
🌹ይሄኛው የሳኮሎጂ ትምህርት ቤት ደግሞ ሳይኮሎጂን የሚያብራራው "ሳይኮሎጂን ስለ አይምሮ መዋቅር(Structure) ጥናት ነው።" ብሎ ነው

🌹የዚኛውን School of Psychology መስራችስ ማን ነበር? Titchner ይባላል የWundts ተማሪ ነበር።
Wundts ደግሞ ማነው ረሳቹት😊
የዘመናዊው(Modern) pschology መስራች ነበር።
🌹እና Structuralism የሚያጠነጥነው እነዚህ አይምሮን የሚሰሩ(make up) ጥቃቅን Unitኦች ወይም Elementኦች
ላይ ነው፣ እነዚህ ለMind መሠረት የሆኑት ነገሮች ምንድናቸው?
✧images
✧feelings
✧sensations ይባላሉ።
Structuralistኦች እንደ ሚያምኑት ከሆነ አይምሮ የተመሠረተው ከእነዚህ👆 ሶስት ነገሮች ላይ ነው፤ ሳይኮሎጂም ስለ እነዚህ ነገሮች የሚያጠና ነው ብሎው ያምናሉ። እናንተም እመኑ ከፈለጋችሁ🤓

2⃣Functionalism እነዚህ ደግሞ Structuralism (ሳይኮሎጂ ስለ አይምሮ ብቻ ነው ማለት) ለሳይኮሎጂ በቂ ማብራርያ አይሆነውም፣ ብለው ሌላ አስተሳሰብ(School of Psychology) አመጡ። የነዚህ ሀሳብ ደግሞ ምን ይሆን?🤔

🌹Functionalist views psychology as a study of function of the mind.
ሳይኮሎጂ ስለ አይምሮ የሚያጠና ብቻ ሳይሆን ስለ አይምሮ አሰራር(function) የሚያጠና ነው።

🌹የዚህ አስተሳሰብ መስራች ማን
ነው? William James ይባላል( የመጀመርያውን የሳይኮሎጂ መፅሐፍ የፃፈው ሰውዬ)

ይቺ የWilliamን ሀሳብ ግልፅ ታደርገዎለች👇
Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world; how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings, a viewpoint he called functionalism.

3⃣Gestalt Psychology
መጀመርያ gestalt ቃሉ ራሱ
ምንድነው? German(የጀርመን) word ነው፣ ትርጉሙ form, whole, configuration or pattern(አቋቋም ወይም ቅርፅ ተብሎ መተርጎም ይችላል።

🌹It views psychology as a study of the whole mind.
ይሄ ደግሞ structuralismምም ሆነ Functionalism Psychologyን በደምብ አያብራራውም። ሳይኮሎጂ ሰለ አጠቃላይ ስለ አይምሮ የሚያጠና ነው ይላሉ።

🌹የዚህ አስተሳሰብ Founder የነበሩት Max Wertheimer እና ጓደኞቹ ነበሩ።

✅By the way Gestaltኦች በStructuralism ሀሳብ(አይምሮ የጥቃቃን ነገሮች Combination ነው) አይስማሙም።😊 እናንተስ?

They held that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Means mind is greater than its parts (images, sensations, and feelings) አያቹ
Gestalts ያሉት The Whole ነው
Structuralists ደግም The sum ነው።

🖇ያም ሆነ ይህ ሶስቱም School of Psychology ትኩረት ያደረጉት የሰው አይምሮ፣ ውስጣዊውና የማይታየው ልምምድ ላይ ነበር።

ደግሞ እኛ Psychologyን ስናጠና Sceintific ነው ብለን ዬለ
😊ስለዚህ ሳይንሳዊ በሆነ መንገድ ሳይኮሎጂን ለመረዳት ውጫዊና የሚታነው ባህሪ ያስፈልጋል።
ለዚህ ሲባል ሌሎች ተጨማሪ አስተሳሰቦች ተፈጠሩ🙈

4⃣Behaviorism:

🌹behaviorists view psychology as a study of observable and measurable behaviors.
ሳይኮሎጂ የሚታየው እና ልንገመግመው የምንችለው ባህሪ ነው፥ ምንም ከውስጣዊው አይምሮ ጋር የሚያገናኘው
ነገር የለም🙄 አሉ።

🌹John B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism.
እና ይሄ ሰውዬ የሚያምነው ባህሪን
እንማረዋለን እንጂ ከወላጆቻቸን አንወርሰውም ብል ይላል።

እነዚህ አራቱም School of Psychology በቂ አልነበሩም፣
ከዛ ሌላ አስተሳሰብ መጣ።

5⃣Psychoanalysis:
🌷 psychology studies about the components of the unconscious part of the human mind.

🌹Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is the founder of this school of thought.

እና ይሄ ሰውዬ ዶክተር ስለነበር😋
አንዳንዱን ተማሚዎቹን ሲያይ የህመመቻው #ምንጭ የሚታወቅ አይደለም ማለትም፣ ተመርምሮም
አይገኝም ደግሞም ታማሚዎቹም
እራሳቸው አያውቁትም😔
🖇ይሄ ማለት የህመማቸው ምንጭ (cause) Non-Physical or Emotional ነው ማለት ነው።
🖇የዚህን አይነቱን illness
(ህመመ) Sigmund..."hysteria" ብሎ
ይጠራዋል።

Modern schools of psychology

እነዚህ ደግሞ ስድስት ናቸው👇
➨psychodynamic,
➨behavioral
➨humanistic
➨cognitive
➨biological and
➨sociocult

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Fallacies Of Presumption

These Fallacies arise not because the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion or provide sufficient reason But because the premises presume what they purport to prove.

ሊጠየቁና ሊብራሩ የሚገቡ ጉዳዮችን አድበስብሶ በማለፍ መደምደሚያ ለመስጠጠት መሞከር ማለት ነው።

15. Begging the Question
[Petitio Principii]

🔖The fallacy of begging the question occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. In other words, you assume without proof the stand/position.

ጥያቄ የሚያስነሳውን ጉዳይ በተዘዋዋሪ እንድንቀበለው ስንጠየቅ፤ ይሄ fallacy ሌላ ስሙ "Arguing in A circle" ይባላል። ቆይ እነዚህን ምሳሌ ተመልከቱ፣

Eg1. "I believe the President is telling the truth because he says he is telling the truth."

Eg2. "God exists because I do not want to be sent to hell."

16. Complex question

🔖It is committed when someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved.

ሁለት አማራጭ ብቻ ተሰቷችሁ ጥያቄ ስትጠየቁ ፣ የተጠየቀውን አምናችሁ እንድትቀበሉ ማድረግ ነው።

ለምሳሌ "እኔ አንዱን የA+ Tutorial ተማሪን ክላስ ውስጥ ፈስ መፍሳት አቁመሃል? 😂ብዬ ብጠይቀው "አዎ/ወይም አይደለም" ብሎ ከመለሰ መጀመሪያ ፈስ ይፈሳ እንደነበር አምኗል ማለት ነው።🙆‍♂

Eg2. " Have You stopped dating girls?
Eg3. " Have you still proud of yourself being a man having many wives?"

17. False Dichotomy

🔖When the arguer assumes that only two alternatives possible in a given situation (that is impossible to be outside of these two choices).

ሁለት ተፃራሪ አማራጭ በማቅረብ አንዱን እንድንመርጥ ማስገደድ ነው። ይሄ fallacy ብዙ ስም አለው Black and White thinking, false dilemma...

Eg1. "If you are not for me, you must be against me."

Eg2. " The TPLF has only two options; that is either እጅ መስጠት or መደምሰስ"😁

18. Suppressed Evidence

ተገቢውን መረጃ በመሰወር ተገቢ ባልሆኑ መረጃዎች መደምደሚያ ሃሳብ ላይ መድረስ።

Eg1 "Addis Ababa University is one of the prominent and good universities in Africa, because the colour of the buildings are impressive, the flowers and other plants get enough water and it has sample gates around the compound."

አያቹአ ዩኒቨርስቲው ምርጥ ነው ለማለት የተጠቀመበትን ምክንያቶች፣ ከትምህርት ጥራቱ ይልቅ ሌላ ነገር እንደ መረጃ ተጠቅሞ ነው፣ መደምደሚያ የሰጠው።

Fallacies of Ambiguity

These fallacies are Committed when misleading or wrong conclusions of an argument is drawn from ambiguous words or statements.

19. Equivocation

🔖In equivocation fallacy the #Word is used in two different senses.

በአንድ አመክንዮ አንድን ቃል ሁለት ትርጉም እንዲይዝ ሆኖ ጥቅም ላይ ሲውል የሚከሰት ስህተት ነው።

Eg1. "The music that i have heard yesterday in Cinema Ethiopia was #sweet. I have made a #sweet talk there with the person That I couldn't recognize him now. Hence, I couldn't recognize the music that I heard yesterday in Cinema."

20. The Fallacy of Amphibody

🔖The fallacy of amphiboly happens when someone uses grammar or punctuation in a way that a statement could be interpreted as having more than one meaning, so it is unclear what is really meant.

ይሄኛው ሁለት ሰዎች በተሳሳተ የቋንቋ ሰዋሰው በመጠቀም የሚፈጥሩት የግንዛቤ ችግር ነው።

Eg. "Arega Told me that he always quarrels with his father when he is drunk.

This statement can be interpreted in two ways

Listener1- "So, it is the continuous intoxication of Arega that causes the quarrel Against his father"

Listener2- "No, It is Arega's father who is continuously drinking"

አያቹአ "He" የሚለው Pronoun ያመጣውን ስህተት፣ ከEquivocation ጋር እንዳይጋጭባችሁ፣ ያኛው Word(Phrase) ነው Amphiboly ግን Grammatical ስህተት ነው።

Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy

21. Fallacy of Composition

📖If some one argue that:

📍What is true of each part (some part) of a whole is also necessarily true for the whole itself.

የክፍሉ ባህሪ የዋናው አካል ባህሪ ነው ብሎ ማመን፣ ለምሳሌ፦

"Each member of the team is married; therefore the team must have married."

ግን ከHasty generalization fallacy ጋር እንዳይምታታባችሁ!
📍Composition ከMembers/ Parts of the whole ጋር ነው ሚገናኘው።

22. Fallacy of Division

📖It is the opposite of fallacy of Composition, it is committed when some one argues that:

📍What is True of a Whole is also necessirly true for its parts

ይህ የዋናውን አካል ባህሪ የክፍሎቹ(የብልቶቹ) ባህሪ ማድረግ ነው።

Eg. "The USA is the richest country in the World. Hence, my uncle who live there must be wealth too."

ይሄ ደግሞ ከAccident fallacy ጋር እንዳይምታታባችሁ!

The End!


𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝘂𝘀 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 ⤵️⤵️
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ጅማዎች አፍጥኑልን ባላችሁን መሠረት፣ ይሄው ጨርሰናል፣ በቀጣይ ቀናት የተለያዩ ምሳሌዎችን እና ጥያቄዎችን እናያለን።

ደግሞም በ Tutorial ስለ Fallacy ብቻ Out of 30 ቅዳሜ ዕለት Final exam ይኖራቸዋል።

በደንብ አጥኑ፣ ጥያቄዎችን ስሩ! ይሄን ሳምንት በቃ የfallacy ሳምንት ነው😁
ከፍተኛ ውጤት ለሚያመጡ ተማሪዎች ሽልማት አለ።

ደህና ሁኑ በርቱ!

© Tutorial Class

ሊምታቱባችሁ የሚችሉ Fallacyዎች

📍Bandwagon, Vanity, Snobbery

📍Missing the point, Straw man, Red herring

📍Slippery slope and Post hoc ergo propter hoc

📍Begging the question and Suppressed Evidence

📍Composition and Hasty generalization

📍Division and Accident

እነዚህን በደንብ Conceptአቸውን ለይታችሁ እወቁ፣ ከዚያ እያነፃፀራችሁ ጥያቄዎችን ስሩ👍

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የከበዳችሁን ጥያቄ Commentኡ ስር ተጠያየቁ፣ የሚያቀው/የገባው ላልገባው ያስረዳ!👍


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