📚 Ambo University.

📚 Emerging Technology Mid Exam 2014.


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#ለፈጣን እና ታማኝ መረጃ

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🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

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መረጃ ‼️‼️

❗️የ 12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት እስከ ታህሳስ 25 ድረስ ይፋ ይሆናል።

❗️❗️ ከ 25 እስከ 30 ባሉት ቀናት የዩኒቨርስቲ መግቢያ ነጥብ ተነግሮ ምደባ ይደረጋል።

✍ በጥር ወር ተማሪዎች ወደ ተመደቡበት ዩኒቨርስቲ እንዲገቡ ይደረጋል።

🫥የ 2ኛው ዙር ፈተና ከ ታህሳስ 11-14 የሚሰጥ መሆኑን በድጋሚ እናሳስባለን።

ለሁሉም ተማሪዎች ሼር ይደረግ




#ለፈጣን እና ታማኝ መረጃ

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Moral and Civic Chapter 5 Note – Campus Handout

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Moral and Civic Chapter 2 Note –

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Civic Final Exam – AASTU –

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Anthropology Mid Exam – Woldiya University –

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Anthropology Final Exam – AASTU –



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Global Trends Chapter 1 Note


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Global Trends Chapter 2 Note


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𝙱𝚎𝚣𝚒𝚑 𝚂𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚈𝚎𝚖𝚝𝚠𝚎𝚜𝚍𝚞𝚊𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚠𝚗/𝙴𝚢𝚎𝚠𝚎𝚜𝚎𝚍𝚊𝚌𝚑𝚞𝚊𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚠 𝚢𝚊𝚕𝚞 𝚌𝚘𝚞𝚛𝚜𝚘𝚌𝚑𝚗 𝙲𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝙻𝚊𝚢 𝚃𝚜𝚊𝚏𝚞𝚕𝚐𝚗


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Entrepreneurship Final Exam – Addis Ababa University


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📚Anthropology Course

📖What is Anthropology?

📍It is a Subject that enables human beings to deal with themes such as culture, kinship(ዝምድና፣ጠንካራ ትስስር), marriage, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, humanity(ሰውነት), human origins, cosmologies, race, ethnicity, ethnic relations, ethnic boundaries....

ለመግቢያ ያክል Anthropology ካላይ በዘረዘርናቸው ነገሮች ላይ ትኩረት ያደርጋል ካልን፣ አሁን የModuleኡን Content ደግሞ እንየው፦ በአጠቃላይ Anthropology Freshman Course 7 Chapter አለው!

ነገር ግን Generally Focus የሚያደርገው በሚከተሉት ላይ ነው፦

📍Scope of Anthropology
📍Branches of Anthropology
📍Unique features of Anthropology and
📍 Research methods in Anthropology


📖Unit One

🗒Introducing Anthropology and its Subject Matter

በዚህ Chapter ስር ስለ Anthropology ምንነት በሰፊው እናያለን፣ ትርጉሙን፣ ስፋቱን (ምን ምን እንደሚያጠቃል/Scope)፣ የAnthropologyን Subfeildኦች፣ መሰረታዊ የሆኑትን የAnthropology መርሆች እናያለን።

🔖Concepts in Anthropology

📍The term anthropology is a compound of two Greek Words
'anthropos' and
'logos'.

"Anthropos" ማለት 'Human being/Man kind) ሲሆን

"Logos" ማለት ደግሞ እንደምታውቁት "Study/Sceince/" ማለት ነው።

So, In General 'Anthropology means
The study or science of humankind or humanity.'

ስለዚህ በቀላሉ Anthropology ምንድነው ከተባለ ስለ ሰውነት (humanity) የሚያጠና ሳይንስ ነው ብለን መመለስ እንችላለን።

Definitionኡን በጣም Precise አድርገን (አጥብበን) ደግሞ ካየነው፦

📌Anthropology is the study of people---their origins, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever and whenever they have been found.

አያቹአ ስለ ሰው ልጅ መፈጠር🐣፣ ስለ እድገቱ🐥፣ ከዚያ ደግሞ የሰው ልጆች ልዩነት (በዘር፣ በቋንቋ..) እነዚህን እና የመሳሰሉትን ጉዳዮች ይዳስሳል።

📌የAnthropology Scope ሰፊ ነው።👇👇
It is the study of humans as a group, from its first appearance on earth to its present stage of development.

አያቹ ይህን👆 ሁሉ ነገር ነው በውስጥ ያጠቃለለው [የሰው ልጅ ከተፈጠረበት አንስቶ እስካሁን ያለውን ያጠናል]


🔖The Historical Development of Anthropology

Anthropology did not arise as a science until the 1850s. Anthropology እንደ Science of Humanity መቆጠር የጀመረው በተለምዶ ምዕራባውያን "The West" ብለን በምንጠራቸው፣ Specifically ደግሞ France🇫🇷, Great Britain🇦🇺, USA🇺🇸 and Germany🇩🇪!

Historically Speaking, We can say that Anthropology is European discipline.

📖Generally speaking, anthropology as an academic discipline was born during the 19th century, out of the intellectual atmosphere of Enlightenment, which is the eighteenth century social philosophical movement.

ስለዚህ Anthropology 19th Century ውስጥ ሲወለድ መሠረቱ "Enlightment" እና "Darwin Theory of Evolution" ነበሩ።

📌Ethnography  is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.
Ethnography ማለት የአንድን ግለሰብ🧔/ማህበረሰብ👨‍👨‍👧‍👧 ባህል ሳይንሳዊ በሆነ መንገድ ማጥናት ማለት ነው። ለምሳሌ፣ የሀገራችንን ባህል ማጥናት የፈለገ Anthropologist👨‍💼 መጥቶ በእኛ መካካል እየኖረ፣ ከእኛ ጋር እየበላ እየጠጣ..ባህላችንን ሲያጠና Enthnographic research ይባላል።

📌Ethnology is the comparative study of two or more cultures.
ይህ ደግሞ የተለያዩ ማህበረሰብን ባህል እያነፃፀራችሁ ስታጠኑ ምናምን Ethnology ይባላል።

📚Sub-fields of anthropology

There are four major sub-fields:

📍Physical/Biological Anthropology
📍Archeology
📍Linguistic Anthropology 📍Socio-Cultural Anthropology

1⃣Physical/Biological Anthropology

This branch Seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

አንብባችሁታላ☝️ They are also interested in how biology and culture work together to shape our lives.

It has two broad Areas of investigation:

📌Human evolution is the study of the gradual processes of simple forms into more differentiated structures in hominid.

ይህም ብዙ sub branch አለው፣ ነገር ግን Major የሆኑት 2 አሉ።
1. Paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.
🔖ቀድሞ Record ተደርገው የተቀመጡትን መረጃዎች በመጠቀመ ስለ ሰው ልጅ Evolution ስናጠና ማለት ነው።

2. Primatology is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman [gorillas, Chimpanzees] primates.

📌Human Genetics It focuses to examine the genetic materials of an organism such as DNA and RNA.
ይህ የሚያጠናው የሰው ልጅ የፊቱ መልክ፣ ቁመናው፣ በአጠቃላይ genetic ነገሩ ምናምን እንዴትና ለምን እንደዚያ እንደ ሆነ ነው።

2⃣Archaeological Anthropology

🔖Studies the ways of lives of past peoples by excavating and analysing the material culture/physical

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remains (artefacts, features and eco-facts) they left behind.

Archeology ማለትን artefacts, features እና eco-facts ተጠቅመን ቀድሞ በጥንት ዘመን ይኖሩ የነበሩት ሰዎች አኗኗራቸው ምን ይመስል ነበር የሚለውን መረጃዎችን እየቆፈርን⛏⛏😃 ስናጠና ነው።

🔖Artefacts are material remains made and used by the past peoples and that can be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory for further analysis.
አያቹአ የጥንት ሰዎች የሚጠቀሙበት Materials ሆነው ነገር ግን ዛሬም ወደ Laboratory ምናምን ወሰደን ለምርምር ልንጠቀምባቸው የምንችላየው እቃዎች ናቸው "Artefacts" የሚባሉት።

ለምሳሌ፦ Tools, ornaments, arrowheads, coins, and fragments of pottery

🔖Features are like artifacts, are made or modified by past people, but they cannot be readily carried away from the site.

እነዚህን ከArtefacts የሚለያቸው "ካሉበት አንስታቿቸው ወደ Lab ምናምን መውሰድ አትችሉም🙅‍♂።"

ለምሳሌ፦ ancient buildings, fireplaces, steles, and postholes(የጥንት ጉድጓዶች)

🔖Eco-facts are nonartefactual, organic and environmental remains such as soil, animal bones, and plant remains that were not made or altered by humans!

እነዚህ Materials አይደሉም ነገር ግን Physical remaining ናቸው፣ ሰው ያልፈጠራቸው ነገር ግን ሰው የሚጠቀምባቸው ናቸው፣ ከላይ የዘረዘርናቸው👆.

📖The most important Subfields of Archeology👇:

የሚከፋፋል ነገር በዛ አ🙈 ገና ምን አይታቹ😁 እንቀጥል...

📍Prehistoric archaeology investigates human prehistory and prehistoric cultures.
👉Periodኡ ከዛሬ 6000አመት በፊት እስከ መጀመሪያው Artifacts (the first stone tools) ፦ማለትም ከ2.5billion አመት በፊት ያለው ነው Prehistory ሚባለው።

📍Historical Archeology focuses on the cultures of people who used writing and about whom historical documents have been written.
ይህ ግን ከ6ሺ አመት ወዲህ ያለውን ፁhuፍ፣ ቋንቋ ምናምን ከተጀመረ ወዲህ ያለው ታሪክ ላይ ትኩረት የሚያደርግ ነው።

3⃣Linguistic Anthropology

Studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four👇 distinct branches or areas of research.

ከስሙ እንደምትረዱት ከቋንቋ ጋር በተያያዘ ጥናትም የሚያደርግ የAnthropology Branch ነው።

📍Structural /Descriptive Linguistics
Studies the structure of linguistic patterns. It examines sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words.

በቀላሉ Descriptive linguistic በጥንት ዘመን ሰዎች ይግባቡበት የነበረውን ቋንቋ grammaticallyም ምቹ እንዲሆነ በማድረግ፤ ሚጨመረውን በመጨመር አንድ ላይ Compile አድርጎ ማስቀመጥ ነው።

📍Ethno-linguistics (cultural linguistics) examines the relationship between language and culture.

ይህ የlinguistic branch ትኩረት ያደረገው የሰዎች ቋንቋ አስተሳሰባቸውን🧠፣ አነጋገራቸውን🗣፣ ድርጊታቸውን በአጠቃላይ በህላቸውን እንዴት ነው affect ሊያደርግ የሚችለው የሚለው ላይ ነው።


📍Historical linguistics Focuses on the comparison and classifications of different languages to differentiate the historical links between them.

ይህ የተለያዩ ቋንቋዎችን ታሪካዊ አመጣጥ ወይም ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ እንዴት እያደጉ እንደመጡ የሚያሳይ ነው።

📍Socio-linguistics: Investigates linguistic variation within a given language.
ሁሉም ሰው የሚናገረው ቋንቋ አዚህ አለም ላይ የለም! የዚህ ምክንያቱ ደግሞ የምናድግበት Society፣ የቋንቋ accent (ቅላፄ😁)...ስለዚህ Social life እና ቋንቋ Related መሆናቸውን እንረዳለን።

እስኪ እንጠቅልለው🙈

Linguistic anthropology generally focuses on the evolution of languages.

4⃣Socio-Cultural Anthropology

📍is the largest sub-fields of anthropology.

📍It deals with human society and culture.

Society እና Culture ምንድናቸው🤔

📌Society(ማህበረሰብ) is the group of people who have similar ways of life.

📌Culture(ባህል) is a way of life of a group of people.

Socio-cultural anthropologists engage in two aspects of study.
ቅድም ያየናቸው Ethnography እና Ethnology. ረሳቹት?? Okay ላስታውሳችሁ፦

Ethnography፦ በተወሰነ Community, Culture ወይም Society ላይ detailed የሆነ Sceintific study ስናደርገ ማለት ነው።

Ethnology ደግሞ የተለያዩ Culture, Society Compare እያደረግን ስናጠና ማለት ነው።

ለዛሬ እዚህ ላይ እናብቃ!😊
በቀጣይ Basic Features of Anthropology እና Misconceptions about Anthropology አይተን Unit 2 እንጀምራለ

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𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
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1.3 Unique/Basic Features of Anthropology

📌What Makes Anthropology Unique?

Anthropologyን ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ Subjectኦች የሚለየው ነገር ምንድነው ካልን፣ የሚከተሉት ዋነኞቹ ናቸው፦
📌Its Scope
📌Its Approach
📌Its Focus
📌Its Method of Study.

1. Its Scope: Anthropology has broad Scope. It is the broad study of human kind, around the world and throughout time.

ከዚህ በፊት እንዳየነው Anthropology የሚያጠነጥነው (ይሄ word..😂) ብዙ ነገሮች ላይ ነው። ይህም ከሌሎች disciplineኦች ልዩ ያደርጓል።

2. Its Approach: In its approach anthropology is holistic, relativistic, and focused one.

📍Holistic: Holism means that an anthropologist looks at the entire context of a society when analysing any specific feature.
ለምሳሌ: አንድ Anthropologist👨‍💼 ስለ ኢትዮጵያ የቡና ስረዓት ማወቅ ከፈለገ የሀገሪቱን ባህል፣ ሃይማኖት፣ ታሪክ👑 በስፋት ማጥናት ይኖርበታል። ይህ ነው Holism የሚያስብለው።
📍Relativistic: Anthropology አንድን እምነት፣ ባህል...ሲያብራራ በራሱ Context ውስጥ ሆኖ ነው፣ ማለት ይህ ባህል መጥፎ ነው🙅‍♂ ወይም ጥሩ ነው💁‍♂ በሎ Judge አያረግም።
📍Focused: Anthropological studies give attention to how people perceive themselves and understand their world. ይሄኛውን አይነት Perspective Anthropologistኦች "Emic Perspective" ብለው ይጠሩታል።

3. Its Method of Study: Anthropology is highly dependent on qualitative research (quantitative ካለ እንዳትሸወዱ😎) to understand the meaning behind any human activity.

📖Misconceptions about anthropology

እስኪ የተለያዩ ሰዎች ስለ Anthropology ያላቸውን የተሳሳተ መረዳት እንመልከት፣

📌Anthropology is limited to the study of "primitive"👴 societies.
ነገር ግን ይህ ትክክል አይደለም! Anthropology ስለ ጥንት/ስለ ቀደሙት ሰዎች/ነገሮች ብቻ ሳይሆን በአሁን ዘመን ስላሉትም👱‍♂ የሚያጠና ነው!

📌Anthropologists only study the rural people and rural areas.
ነገር ግን ስለ urban Peoples እና ስለ urban areasም ያጠናል [Urban Anthropology].

📌Anthropology is the study/analysis of fossil evidences of the proto-humans like that of Lucy/Dinkeneshe.
ስለ እነዚህም ያጠናል ነገር ግን anthropology ስለ human Evolution ብቻ ነው የሚያጠናው ካልን ስህተት ነው።

እነዚህና የመሳሰሉት ማብራርያቸው ስለ anthropology የተሳሳቱ ናቸው! ድንገት ፈተና ላይ ከመጡ miss ልታረጓቸው አይገባም!👌

በቀጣይ Chapter 2 እንገባለን!🤗

ጥያቄ የሆነባችሁ ካለ


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