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Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanism, in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that it is unable to resolve.

Defense Mechanism แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แАแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแŒญแ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹Š แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ Respond แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰…แŒฃแ‰ฝแˆแฃ แˆˆแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆซแˆตแŠ• แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ #Unconsciouslly แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แˆณแ‰ณแˆตแ‰กแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ต แ‹˜แ‹ด แАแ‹แข

Some of the major defense mechanisms described by psychoanalysts are the following:

1. Repression

๐Ÿ“ is the withdrawal from consciousness of an unwanted idea, affect, or desire by pushing it down, or repressing it, into the unconscious part of the mind.

แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎแŠ แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแ‰ณแˆตแ‰กแ‰ตแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆญแˆณแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒฃแˆแ‰ถ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ฝแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿ˜‚ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒแˆแฅ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŒแ‹ต Repress แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ‹แˆ˜แˆญแˆณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒฃแŒฃแˆซแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข


2. Denial

๐Ÿ“is refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation.

It is refusal to perceive that painful facts exist.

แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แАแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แАแ‹แฃ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแŒแŒฅ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’แ‹แข

แŒ แŒ… แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆŒ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆแˆณแˆŒ๐Ÿƒโ€โ™‚๐Ÿƒโ€โ™‚
แˆ˜แŒ แŒฅ๐Ÿป แ‹จแˆšแŒ แŒฃแŠ• แˆฐแ‹แฃ แˆ˜แŒ แŒฅ แˆ€แŒขแ‹ซแ‰ต แАแ‹ แŠ แ‰ตแŒ แŒฃ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แŠ แˆแˆฐแˆ›แˆ…แˆ แˆ€แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ Deny แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

3. Regression

๐Ÿ“Involves reverting to immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past.
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• "แˆ›แŒˆแˆญแˆธแ‰ต" แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ซแ‹™แ‰ต๐Ÿ˜ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆณแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ซแŒˆแˆจแˆฝแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แАแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แˆณแˆตแ‰งแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ตแˆ˜แˆฐแŒกแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹›แ‰นแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠญแˆชแ‰ฅแ‰ถ๐Ÿ–Š แ‰ แŠ แ‹แ‰ฝแˆ...๐Ÿ˜‹

4. Rationalization

๐Ÿ“ is the substitution of a safe and reasonable explanation for the true (but threatening) cause of behaviour.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แ‰ แˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แŠซแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆ… แˆตแ‰ตแ‰ฃแˆ‰แค "แ‰ฃแŠญแˆ… แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹แŠ• แŠ แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ถแ‹แ‰ฅแŠ•แŠฎ แАแ‹" แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… Reply แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

5. Displacement

๐Ÿ“the defense mechanism that involves expressing feelings toward a person who is less threatening than the person who is the true target of those feelings.

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แАแ‹ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰นแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต แ‹แŠ•แ‰ณ แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแ‰ตแ‹ˆแŒก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แАแ‹แข
แŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆฐแ‹ Displace แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แАแ‹๐Ÿ’โ€โ™‚

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แŠจแˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒฃแˆแ‰ฐแˆ… แค แŠฅแˆซแˆฑแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉแŠ• แŠแ‰ตแˆˆแŠแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แŒ‹แˆแŒฅ แˆแŠ•แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ฐแˆ… แ‹จแ‹ถแˆญแˆ แˆแŒ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ตแˆ…แŠ• แˆตแ‰ตแ‹ˆแŒฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• mechanism แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰แˆ๐Ÿ˜ƒ

6. Projection

๐Ÿ“is a form of defense in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ "แŠฅแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแฃ แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แŠฎแАแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข"

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แ‹แˆธแ‰ณแˆ แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แˆฒแ‹‹แˆปแ‰ฝแˆแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‹‹แˆธแŠ›แˆˆแˆ… แ‰ฅแˆŽ แŒ“ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹๐Ÿคฆ๐Ÿผโ€โ™‚

7. Reaction formation

๐Ÿ“ is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse.

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠจแˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒแ‰ฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆซแˆจแ‰ฃแˆแข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆ แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒฃแˆแ‰ถ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแ‰ฐแŒฃแˆ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แˆตแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŒฅแˆฉ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ˜แŒฃ แˆฐแ‹ Act แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

8. Sublimation

๐Ÿ“defense mechanism that involves expressing sexual or aggressive behavior through indirect, socially acceptable outlets.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แАแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แŒ แŒฅแ‰ถ แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŠจแˆ†แАแฃ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แ‹ซ แˆฐแ‹ แˆฐแŠซแˆซแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ธแŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ตแฃ แ‹ซแ‹˜แŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ…แŠ“แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แŠจแˆ†แАแฃ แ‹ญแˆ… Sublimation แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ Solid to gas๐Ÿƒโ€โ™‚๐Ÿ˜

แ‰ แ‰ƒ Sublimation แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ reaction formation แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แˆแŠ•แ‰ณแฃ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแˆฉ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แŒฅแˆฉ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠซแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Defense mechanismแŠฆแ‰ฝแŠ• apply แŠฅแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆ‰๐Ÿ˜

The End

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๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 3

๐Ÿ“–Learning And Theories of Learning

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ”–Definition, Characteristics and Principles of Learning

๐Ÿ”–Factors Influencing Learning

๐Ÿ”–Theories of Learning and their Applications

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ตแˆ›แˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแˆ„ Chapter แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆ! แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ แŠฅแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆณแ‰ณแŒจแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก๐Ÿ•บ๐Ÿ•บ๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐ŸŒฑThere are many definitions of learning. But, Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications which take place as a result of experience.

แ‹ซแ‹ Learning แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ!๐Ÿ˜Š แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆต แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹! แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ แˆŠแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‰ขแ‰ฝแˆแˆ แŒแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰น แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆฉแ‰ณแˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ "แŠจแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‰‹แˆš แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข"

๐ŸŒฑแˆแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ‰๐Ÿ‘† This definition of learning stresses on three important elements of learning:

๐Ÿ“ŒLearning is a behavioural change. แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แАแ‹ (แŒฅแˆฉแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ)

๐Ÿ“ŒThis behavioural change should take place as a result of practice and experience. แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ตแŒแฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฒแ‹ซแˆ˜แ‹ Or แˆฒแ‹ฐแŠญแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Learning แŠจแˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒThis change in behavior is relatively permanent. แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒก แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ดแ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• For a long time แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

Characteristics of learning

แ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จLearning แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ Yoakman and Simpson แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ฝแ‹ 9แŠ™แŠ• แ‹จLearning Characteristics describe แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰€แˆฉ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹Ÿแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

1. Learning is continuous modification of behavior throughout life.
๐Ÿ“แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ/แˆ˜แˆปแˆปแˆ แАแ‹

2. Learning is pervasive, it reaches into all aspects of human life.
๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰† แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แАแ‹ pervasive แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹

3. Learning involves the whole person, socially, emotionally & intellectually.
๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‹Šแฃ แˆตแˆœแ‰ณแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แАแ‹

4. Learning is often a change in the organization of experiences.

5. Learning is responsive to incentives.
๐Ÿ“Learning แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแ‹แ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แАแ‹แข

6. Learning is an active process.

7. Learning is purposeful

8. Learning depends on maturation, motivation and practice.

9. Learning is multifaceted
๐Ÿ“multifacated แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต Having many different parts แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Principles of learning

What does it take for learning to take place effectively? แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‰ฐแ…แŠฅแŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ?

๐Ÿ“Œ Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally #ready to learn.

๐Ÿ“Œ Students learn best and retain information longer when they have #meaningful_practice and #exercise.

๐Ÿ“ŒLearning is strengthened when accompanied by a #pleasant or #satisfying_feeling
LearningแŠ• แ‰ แŒฅแˆฉ แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แŠซแˆแ‹ซแ‹แАแ‹ แŒ แŠ•แŠญแˆฎ แˆŠแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“Œ Things learned first create a strong impression in the mind that is difficult to erase. Things most recently learned are best remembered.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆญแˆณแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹

๐Ÿ“ŒThe principle of intensity implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute.
แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ณแˆ‰แข

๐Ÿ“ŒIndividuals must have some abilities and skills that may help them to learn.

๐Ÿ“ŒThings freely learned are best learned - the greater the freedom enjoyed by individuals, the higher the intellectual and moral advancement.
แ‰ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แŠจแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆชแแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แАแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แˆแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ’ƒ แ‹จแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แАแ‹โ˜บ๏ธ

Factors Influencing Learning

1. Motivation๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแˆฝแАแ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•, แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแŒ“แŒ“ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

2. Maturation๐Ÿ‘‰The learner's motivation matters for the effective learning. แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆ…แƒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ›แˆญ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆฐแˆ/แˆ›แ‹ฐแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

3. Health condition of the learner๐Ÿ‘‰ The learner should be in a good health status to learn. แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆžแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ฐแŠซแˆ› แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

4. Psychological wellbeing of the learner๐Ÿ‘‰ แแˆญแˆ€แ‰ตแฃ แŒญแŠ•แ‰€แ‰ต๐Ÿค•แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต๐Ÿคฆโ€โ™€ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แŠ• แŠจแˆ†แА Learning แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแ…แŠ– แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹‹แˆแค แ‹ญแˆแ‰แŠ‘ Self respect, self confidence แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแŠ‘แˆซแ‰ฝแˆโ˜บ๏ธ

5. Good working conditions๐Ÿ‘‰absence or presence of fresh air, light, comfortable surroundings...แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ Matter แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แฃ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แŒแŠ• แ‹ถแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ…แ‹ตแ‰ต แŠ แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแฃ แˆตแ‰ณแŒ แŠ‘แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แˆชแ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆแˆจแŒกแข

6. Background experiences๐Ÿ‘‰ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ Learning แˆ‹แ‹ญ Matter แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แˆ

7. Length of the working period๐Ÿ‘‰ Learning periods should neither be too short nor too long. แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆˆแˆจแŒ…แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŠญแˆ›แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆžแˆ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆˆแ‰ปแˆแฃ แˆˆแŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ แ‰‚ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆ›แˆญแˆโœ…

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
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๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ”ฐTenses in the Passive Voice.
___

๐ŸŒน
Past Tenses in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple Past Passive.
S
ub + was/were + V3.

e
.g1)๐Ÿ”ป Leul killed the rat.(Active)

๐Ÿ”บThe rat was killed.(passive)

e.g2) He invited us.(active).

We were invited.(passive)

B)past continuous passive.
Su
b +was/were+being +V3.

e
.g1) Sisay was writing a letter.(Active).

A letter was being written by Sisay.(passive).

e.g2) He was inviting us.(Active).

We were being invited.(passive)

C)Past perfect passive.
Su
b + had + been + V3.

e
.g1) Leul had killed the rat.( active).

The rat had been killed by Leul.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Present Tense in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple present passive.
Su
b + is/am/are + V3.

e
.g1) Leul kills the rat.(Active).
The rat is killed.(passive).

e.g2) He invites me.(Active
I am invited.(passive)

e.g3) He invites us.(active)
We are invited.(passive)

e.g4) Apes adore banana.(active)
Banana is adored by Apes.(passive)


B)present continuous passive.

S
ub + is/am/are + being + V3.

e
.g1) He is inviting me.(active).
I am being invited.(passive).

e.g2) He is inviting us.(active).
We are being invited.(passive).

e.g3) Sisay is writing a letter.(active).
A letter is being written.( passive).

C)present perfect passive.
Su
b + has/have + been + V3.

e
.g1) Kids has played football.( active)
Football has been played.(passive).

e.g2) He has invited them.( active).
They have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒนFuture Tense in the passive voice.

A) simple future passive.
Sub + will + be + V3.

e.g1)He will invite us.(active)
We will be invited.(passive)

B)Future perfect passive.
Sub + will + have + been + V3.

e.g1) He will have invited us.( active).

We will have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Modal auxiliary verb in the passive voice.

Modal auxiliary verbs แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต May, Must, Ought to, Can, Could, Might...etc แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

Sub + modal auxiliary verb + be + V3.

e.g1) She must buy some cookies.(active).
Some cookies must be bought by her.(passive).

e.g2) Corona Virus can kill humans.(active).
Humans can be killed by corona virus.(passive).

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… active voice แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•( tense forms) แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž rules แŠ แˆ‰ แก แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแข

Rule 1
The passive voice can be used with all tenses.However, past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous are not frequently used in the passive voice.

Rule 2
Intransitive verbs are not used in passive voice. Verbs like die, sneeze, disappear, vanish, go, sleep, sit etc are intransitive verbs.

๐Ÿ”ท Examples

โŒ The old woman was died last week.(wrong).
โœ”๏ธ The old woman died last week.(correct).

โŒ He has been disappeared. (wrong).
โœ”๏ธ He has disappeared.( correct).

Rule 3
When the subject of the active sentence is negative word like nobody, nothing and no one, the passive form will be negative.
๐Ÿ”ดExamples

Nobody knows the book.(active).
The book is not known.(passive).

No one has reached the secrets.(active).
The secrets have not been reached.

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆป:-

แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ต Communicative English แŠฎแˆญแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ active แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ active แ‰€แ‹ญแˆฉ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•(forms) แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

โœ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Active voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

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๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ“š Communicative English Skill II

๐Ÿ“š Chapter Two

๐Ÿ“š Speculation about the Future of Science.

๐Ÿ“š Grammar - Future Tenses.

๐ŸŽฏ แŠฅแˆบ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹จแ‹ แ‹จ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•(future actions) แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จ tense แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแАแˆ›แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•(future actions) แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแАแˆ›แŠ• แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿค”โ“ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แˆต แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แАแ‹๐Ÿค”โ“แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ดแŠ•แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ‘‰ Present Continuous Tense.(Present Progressive Tense).
๐Ÿ‘‰ Simple Present Tense.
๐Ÿ‘‰ Simple Future Tense.(will and going to)
๐Ÿ‘‰ Future Continuous Tense.
๐Ÿ‘‰ Future Perfect Tense.
๐Ÿ‘‰ Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

๐Ÿ™Œ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ดแŠ•แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ•(future action) แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆ‰ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ขแŒˆแˆแแˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แАแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ญ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

๐ŸŽฏ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แˆ›แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แˆแข แ‰  Communicative English Skill II แˆžแŒแˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹ Present Continuous Tense , Simple Present Tense , Simple Future Tense(will and going to) แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆถแˆตแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹แข

๐ŸŽฏ แŠซแˆแŠ• แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆต แŠซแˆˆแŠ• แ‹•แ‹แ‰€แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆŠแˆแŒ แˆญแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿค”โ“แ‹ซ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แАแ‹๐Ÿค”โ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต Present Continuous Tense แŠฅแŠ“ Simple Present Tense แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ•(Future action) แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•๐Ÿค”โ“ Simple Present Tense แŠฅแŠ“ Present Continuous Tense แŠฅแŠฎ แˆตแˆˆ present แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆฉแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆˆ future action แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•๐Ÿค”โ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แˆŠแˆ˜แˆ‹แˆˆแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜แข แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แАแŒจแ‹ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แŠซแˆˆแˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แАแ‹แข แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แˆตแˆ‹แŒ‹แŒ แˆ™แŠ แАแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จ A+ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰†แˆญแŒ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒƒแ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŠ‘แข แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ’แ‹ตแข


๐Ÿ“š Present Continuous Tense


๐Ÿ”ธAffirmative form

I + am + V-ing.
You/we/they + are + v-ing.
He/she/it + is + v-ing.

๐Ÿ”นNegative form

I + am not + v-ing.
You/we/they+ aren't + v-ing
He/she/it + isn't + v-ing.

๐Ÿ”ต Question form

Am + I + v-ing?
Are + you/we/they + v-ing?
Is + he/she/it + v-ing?

๐Ÿ‘† แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆฉแ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰น แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แАแ‹แข แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰นแŠ•(usages) แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹แข แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแ‰ฐแŠ‘แ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแข

๐Ÿ“š Usages

๐ŸŽฏ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰€แ‹ Present Continuous Tense แŠจ 3 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ตแข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠฎแˆญแˆต แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹จแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แАแ‹ แŠฅแˆญแˆฑแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹แข แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ†แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆฐแŒฅแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰กแ‰ตโ—๏ธแŠฅแˆบ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑแŠ•แข

โœ… Present Continuous Tense is used to describe plans and arrangements in the future.

๐ŸŽฏ แŠจ Present Continuous Tense แŒฅแ‰…แˆžแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠแ‰ต(future) แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแ‰€แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‹จแ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ˆแˆญ
๐Ÿ‘‰2022 แˆ‹แ‹ญ
๐Ÿ‘‰แАแŒˆ
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ต แˆแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแ‰€แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แก Present Continuous Tense แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ˜ปแˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แˆแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆโ“Present Continuous Tense แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆ program แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•(planned future actions) แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆ‹แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆแˆณแˆŒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐ŸŒนExample 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แАแŒˆ แˆแ‰ฅแˆต แŠ แŒฅแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แŠซแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ… แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แŠจแ‹ซแ‹แŠญ แАแŒˆ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ…แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹แŠญแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต(แˆแ‰ฅแˆต แˆ›แŒ แ‰ฅ) แ‰  Present Continuous Tense แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…

๐Ÿ“š I am washing my clothes tomorrow.

๐ŸŽฏแ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ tomorrow แŠฅแŠฎ future แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆแ€แ‹ Simple Future Tense(will) แŠ• แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต Present Continuous Tense แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•๐Ÿค”โ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆแŠ“แАแˆณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŽฏ แŒฅแˆฉ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แАแ‹แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แŠซแ‹ˆแŒฃแŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰  present continuous Tense แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆˆแแ‰ต แ‰  Simple Future Tense แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡

โ˜‘๏ธ I am washing my clothes tomorrow.(แАแŒˆ แˆแ‰ฅแˆต แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰…แŒƒแˆˆแˆแก แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ›แŒ แ‰ค sure แАแ‹แข)

โ˜‘๏ธI will wash my clothes tomorrow.( แАแŒˆ แˆแ‰ฅแˆต แˆ‹แŒฅแ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆแก แŒแŠ• แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‹ˆแŒฃแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ‹แˆ‹แŒฅแ‰ฅแˆ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆแข)


๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐ŸŽฏ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ณแŠ•แŠคแˆ แˆแ‹ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ณแŠ•แŠคแˆ แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠญแ‰ แˆญ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ญแ‹Ÿแˆ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹แข แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‹แข แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ญแˆ… แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแАแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต(แˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ›แŠญแ‰ แˆญ) แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แˆตแˆˆแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰  Present Continuous Tense แ‹ญแŒˆแˆˆแƒแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐Ÿ˜‡ Daniel is celebrating his birth day next week.

๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ”ฐTenses in the Passive Voice.
___

๐ŸŒน
Past Tenses in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple Past Passive.
S
ub + was/were + V3.

e
.g1)๐Ÿ”ป Leul killed the rat.(Active)

๐Ÿ”บThe rat was killed.(passive)

e.g2) He invited us.(active).

We were invited.(passive)

B)past continuous passive.
Su
b +was/were+being +V3.

e
.g1) Sisay was writing a letter.(Active).

A letter was being written by Sisay.(passive).

e.g2) He was inviting us.(Active).

We were being invited.(passive)

C)Past perfect passive.
Su
b + had + been + V3.

e
.g1) Leul had killed the rat.( active).

The rat had been killed by Leul.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Present Tense in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple present passive.
Su
b + is/am/are + V3.

e
.g1) Leul kills the rat.(Active).
The rat is killed.(passive).

e.g2) He invites me.(Active
I am invited.(passive)

e.g3) He invites us.(active)
We are invited.(passive)

e.g4) Apes adore banana.(active)
Banana is adored by Apes.(passive)


B)present continuous passive.

S
ub + is/am/are + being + V3.

e
.g1) He is inviting me.(active).
I am being invited.(passive).

e.g2) He is inviting us.(active).
We are being invited.(passive).

e.g3) Sisay is writing a letter.(active).
A letter is being written.( passive).

C)present perfect passive.
Su
b + has/have + been + V3.

e
.g1) Kids has played football.( active)
Football has been played.(passive).

e.g2) He has invited them.( active).
They have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒนFuture Tense in the passive voice.

A) simple future passive.
Sub + will + be + V3.

e.g1)He will invite us.(active)
We will be invited.(passive)

B)Future perfect passive.
Sub + will + have + been + V3.

e.g1) He will have invited us.( active).

We will have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Modal auxiliary verb in the passive voice.

Modal auxiliary verbs แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต May, Must, Ought to, Can, Could, Might...etc แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

Sub + modal auxiliary verb + be + V3.

e.g1) She must buy some cookies.(active).
Some cookies must be bought by her.(passive).

e.g2) Corona Virus can kill humans.(active).
Humans can be killed by corona virus.(passive).

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… active voice แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•( tense forms) แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž rules แŠ แˆ‰ แก แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแข

Rule 1
The passive voice can be used with all tenses.However, past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous are not frequently used in the passive voice.

Rule 2
Intransitive verbs are not used in passive voice. Verbs like die, sneeze, disappear, vanish, go, sleep, sit etc are intransitive verbs.

๐Ÿ”ท Examples

โŒ The old woman was died last week.(wrong).
โœ”๏ธ The old woman died last week.(correct).

โŒ He has been disappeared. (wrong).
โœ”๏ธ He has disappeared.( correct).

Rule 3
When the subject of the active sentence is negative word like nobody, nothing and no one, the passive form will be negative.
๐Ÿ”ดExamples

Nobody knows the book.(active).
The book is not known.(passive).

No one has reached the secrets.(active).
The secrets have not been reached.

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆป:-

แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ต Communicative English แŠฎแˆญแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ active แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ active แ‰€แ‹ญแˆฉ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•(forms) แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

โœ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Active voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

ยฉ A+ Tutorial Class




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๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ“š Communicative English Skill II.

๐Ÿ“š Unit 2 - Speculation about the Future of Science.

๐Ÿ“š Grammar- Future Tenses

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ†แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜˜โ“แ‰  แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ“แ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ present continuous or present progressive tense แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแŠ“แˆแข แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแˆˆ simple future tense แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆฉแŠ•แข แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แАแ‹ แŒแŠ•๐Ÿ˜ขโ“แŠซแˆแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ•แŒˆแˆฉแŠ๐Ÿ™แข แŠฅแˆบ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ’แ‹ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆแข


๐Ÿ“š Simple Future Tense


๐Ÿ—ณAffirmative form

Subject + will + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ญNegative form

subject + will not + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ฎQuestion form

Will + you + verb-1?

๐Ÿ™Œ แŠฅแˆบ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑ(usage) แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ”แ‹ฐแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ simple future tense แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆžแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆˆแŠ•แข Come on everybody come on๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช:: แŠฅแˆบ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆญ๐Ÿ˜ข

๐ŸŽUsage

๐Ÿ“š 1) to talk about the future.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹จ simple future tense แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•แข แАแŒˆแˆญแŒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แŠจแ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒแŠ• simple future แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แก 'Going to' แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ present continuous แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข

โšฝ๏ธ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แАแŒˆ แŠณแˆต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แŠฅแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ณแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… program แŠซแˆแ‹ซแ‹แŠญแก

๐ŸŸ I will play football tomorrow.

๐Ÿ“š 2) to make predictions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ รท แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠจแˆฐแ‰ตรท แˆ‹แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ รท แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แก แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ขแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ แ‹ญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆŒแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‹ simple future แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• predict แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แแŠ•แŒญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แŠจแˆ†แА แŒแŠ• Going to แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แˆตแˆˆ going to แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŒŽ แ‰  2050 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ‰ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ง In the year 2050, people will live under the sea.

๐ŸŒน Example 2

แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ฅแ‰ตแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐ŸŒ Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แˆญ I think... will and I don't think....will แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ๐Ÿ˜Ž

โœ… In the year 2050, I think people will live under the sea.
โœ… I think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐ŸŽฏ I don't think....will แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ negative แˆˆแˆ†แА แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ

โœ… I don't think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.(แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠแˆแข)

๐Ÿ™ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ๐Ÿ‘‡

I don't think Mekdes will not the beauty contest. แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆแข Double Negative แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“š3) to make promise.

๐ŸŽฏ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆˆแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆšแˆตแŒขแˆญแก แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒแก simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™Š I will not tell the secret to anyone.
แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ซแก will not แŠ แŒฅแˆฎ แˆฒแƒแ won't แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…

๐Ÿ™ŠI won't tell the secret to anyone. แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐Ÿ˜Ž แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆดแˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแˆญ 3.8 แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆ แแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆ…/แˆˆแแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆฝ แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ฃ/แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ข แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแแ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™ I will score 3.8 in this semester. แŠ แ‰ฆ แ‹แ‹ถแ‰ผ แ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š๐Ÿ˜˜แข

๐Ÿ“š 5) used for decisions in that moment or used for instant decesions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆฐแАแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ›(แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š) แ‹แˆณแŠ”แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠซแŒ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒแŠ• sprite แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แกแก sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) sprite แŠจแˆŒแˆˆ coca แˆแŒ แŒฃ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ…แก แ‰ แ‰ƒ แŠฅแˆฝ coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต coca แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ… แก coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ coca แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แˆแŠ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰  แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆแก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ƒแˆˆ แˆแˆแˆแˆต แ‹ญแŠธแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆแข๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

You: "Would you give me sprite, please!"

Waiter: " Sorry, we don't have any sprite."

You:" That is ok, I will have coca"

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐ŸŽฏ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹•แ‰ƒ แŒแ‹› แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹˜แ‹˜แˆ…แข แŠจแ‹› แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแˆฉแŠ• แŠ แŒ แ‹แŠธแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚แข แŒญแˆซแˆฝ แˆจแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆตแ‰ตแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹‹แˆแŠญแข แŠจแ‹› แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ”แ‹ต แˆตแ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฅ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‹›แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ตแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆ”แ‹ตแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ•แŠญ๐Ÿฅต:: แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹แˆณแŠ”แˆ…แŠ• แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšถโ€๐Ÿšถโ€ I will not go home.

๐Ÿ™Œ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแŠ•แข แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰€แŠ•๐Ÿ˜แข แАแŒˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

ยฉ A+ Tutorial Class.

ยฉ Your Sucess is guaranted with A+ Tutorial Class.

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๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance

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