🎯General Physics

📚 Chapter two ppt

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📚 Bahirdar University.

📚 Anthropology Mid exam.

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📚 Bahirdar University.

📚 Anthropology Mid exam.

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🙏𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 🙏 𝐄𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐦 𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐢 𝒚𝒕𝒆𝒃𝒌𝒍𝒈𝒏
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒌𝒂𝒎 𝒎𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒉𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒉𝒖 🥰🥰


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📌 Bahirdar university
physics mid exam 2013

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𝐏𝐬𝐲𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
📚CHAPTER 4

📖MEMORY AND FORGETTING

ባለፈው ትምህርታችን ስለ Learning መማራችን ይታወሳል፣ አሁን ደግሞ ከእሱጋ ተያያዥነት ያለውን Memory🧠 and Forgetting🤦🏼‍♂ እናያለን።

በዚህ ቻፕተር ስር የምናየው👇

📖Memory
📍Meaning and Processes of Memory
📍Stages/Structure of Memory
📍Factors Affecting Memory

📖Forgetting
📍Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting
📍Theories of Forgetting

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ስር እንግዲህ የማስታወስ ችግር ያለባችሁ ምናምን ትፈወሳላችሁ😎😁
በደንብ አንብባችሁ ተግባራዊ ብታደርጉት በጣም ይጠቅሟቸዋል።

📔Meaning and Processes of Memory

📌Memory is the retention of information/what is learned earlier over time. It is the way in which we record the past for later use in the present.

Memory ማለት እንደምታውቁት "ትውስታ" እንደማለት ነው። ትውስታ ማለትስ ምን ማለት ነው?😁 ከላይ ያለውን ደግማችሁ አንብቡት!

አሁን ቀጥለን ስለ Memory Processኦች እና ስለ Memory Structure እናያለን።

The processes of Memory

📌Are the mental activities we perform to put information into memory, to keep it there, and to make use of it later.
አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ሳይኮሎጂስቶች የMemoryን Nature ከComputer🖥ጋር አያይዘው ያዩታል። ሶስቱ የMemory ሂደቶች፤ አንድ ነገር ለማስታወስ ነገሩ በሚከተሉት ሂደት ውስጥ ያልፋል።

1⃣Encoding: In encoding we transform a sensory input into a form or a memory code that can be further processed.
ይሄ ከውጪ የመጣው Information ቀጥታ ወደ አይምሮ ሄዶ Useable በሆነ form የሚቀመጥበት ነው።

2⃣Storage: Is a location in memory system in which material is saved. Storage is the persistence of information in memory.
ይሄ ደግሞ encode የተደረገው Information የሚቆይበት የአይምሮ ክፍል ነው።

3⃣Retrieval: This is the point at which the material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used.
ይሄ Stored የሆነውን information አስታውሰን፣ የምንጠቀምበት የመጨረሻው ሂደት ነው።

ስለዚህ በቀላሉ Memoryን እንዲህ👇 ማብራራት እንችላለን።

"Memory is the process by which information is encoded (phase1), stored (phase 2) and later retrieved (phase 3)."

Structure of Memory

📌Memory structure is the nature of memory storage itself- how information
🔖Is represented in memory
🔖How long it lasts
🔖How it is organized
ያው እኛ በተለምዶ memoryን ወይም ማስታወስን ቀለል አድርገን እናዩዋለን እንጂ Memory structure ትንሽ ከበድ ይላል፣ እነዚህን ከላይ የተዘረዘሩ ሶስት ነገሮችን ያጠቃልላል።

Like computer, we also store vast amounts of information in our memory storehouse.
ከstorehouseኡ አውጥተን ነው እንግዲህ mental screen ላይ display የምናደርገው። ማለትም ነገሩን በ ህሊናችን እናውቀዋለን።
በእንደዚህ👆 አይነት መልኩ ብዙ የmemory structure ሞዴሎች ተመስርቷል።

One of the most important and influential of these is the one developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968). According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, memory has three structures.

1) Sensory Memory
👉It is the entry way to memory. It is the first information storage area.
እዚህጋ አንድ ያያቹት (Iconic memory) ነገር storage ውስጥ የሚቆየው ቢበዛ ለአንድ በሰከንድ🕧 ነው።
የሰማችሁት ነገር (Echonic memory) ደግሞ ቢበዛ ለሁለት ሰከንድ storageኡ ውስጥ ይቆያል።

ስለዚህ በSensory memory ውስጥ save ያደረግነው ነገር ብዙ አይቆይም ነገር ግን attention👀 ከሰጠነው ትንሽ ይቆያል [ማለትም ወደ 2ተኛው👇 memory/storage ይተላለፋል]

2) Short-term Memory: is part of our memory that holds the contents of our attention.
🔸STM is important in a variety of tasks such as thinking, reading, speaking, and problem solving.
አያችሁ የዚህ Memory ጥቅሙ ከመጀመሪያው የተሻለ ነው። ለምሳሌ ስታስቡ፣ ስታነቡ፣ ስታወሩ ምናምን informationኡ Save የሚሆነው በዚህ Memory ውስጥ ነው።
🔸ይሄ memory ሌሎች የተለያዩ ስሞች አሉት።
📌Working memory
📌 Immediate memory
📌 Active memory
📌 Primary memory

STM is distinguished by four characteristics

📍It is active- information remains in STM only so long as the person is consciously processing, examining, or manipulating it. ይሄ Active ነው ማለትም እንደ sensory memory ለአንድ ወይም ሁለት ሰከንድ ብቻ አይደለም የሚቆየው።

📍Rapid accessibility - Information in STM is readily available for use. በውስጣችሁ ያለውን information ቶሎ አውጥታችሁ መጠቀም ትችላላችሁ፤ ይሄ ከlong term memory የተሻለ ያደርገዋል።

📍Preserves the temporal sequence of information- mean that STM keeps the information fresh until it goes to further analysis and stored in LTM in meaningful way. ይሄኛው ባህሪ ደግሞ Store ያደረግነው information Fresh ሆኖ ይቀመጣል ይላል።

📍Limited capacity
Short-term memory is a limited - capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information up to 30 seconds.
አያቹአ ይሄ memory በጣም ያልተለማመድነው ወይም ብዙ ትኩረት ያልሰጠነው ነገር እስከ 30ሰከንድ በዚህ (STM) ውስጥ ሊቆይ ይችላል።

Capacity:
“The magic number” (George Miller)
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Humans have the ability to retain 7 + -2 items of information (in adults).
ይሄ George Miller የተባለው ሰውዬ አንድ ወጣት ሰው በውስጡ ከ5 እስከ 9 የሚጠጉ ነገሮችን የመያዝ አቅም አለው ይላል።

People can group information in ways to expand their short-term memory capacity called “Chunking.”

“Chunking” allows for easier encoding.
እስኪ የሚከተለውን ምሳሌ እንመልከት
285566297488
ብዙ ጊዜ እንዲህ አይነት ቁጥር ሲሰጠን ለመያዝ እንዲቀለን በchunking ከፋፍለን ነው ምንይዘው ማለትም👇
285 566 297 488

ልክ እንደዚህ ማለት ነው😎

3. Long Term Memory

It is a memory system used for the relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.
እስኪ እስካሁን ከአይምሮአችሁ ያልጠፋውን ወደፊትም probably ሊጠፋ የማይችል ብላችሁ የምታስቡት ነገር አስቡ፣ አአአዎ👍 እሱ አሁን Stored የሆነው በLTM ውስጥ ነው።

LTM stores information for indefinite periods. It may last for days, months, years, or even a lifetime.

The LTM is assumed to be composed of different sub systems.

Declarative/ explicit memory: the conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events that can be verbally communicated.
It is further subdivided into semantic and episodic memories.

Semantic memory: factual knowledge like the meaning of words, concepts and our ability to do math.

Non-declarative/ implicit memory: One of the most important kinds of implicit memory is procedural memory.
It is the "how to" knowledge of procedures or skills.
ይሄን ከመጀመሪያው ለየት ሚያረገው፣ የመጀመሪያው (declarative) ለምሳሌ ስለ ፀጉር አቆራረጥ የተለያዩ መረጃ ስታገኝ እሱ declarative ስር ነው ሚመደበው፥ ነገር ግን "ፀጉሬን እንዴት ልቆረጥ" ካልን ከዚህኛው (implicit) memory ጋር ነው የሚያያዘው።

Serial Position Effect

📌Occurs when you are introduced to a lot of people at a party and find you can recall the names of the first few people you met and the last, but almost no one in between.

📌That is, recall will be best for items at the beginning of the list (the primacy effect) and at the end of the list (the recency effect).
ይሄኛው ከላይ እንዳነበባችሁት፣ ለምሳሌ👇
John
Merry
Kran
Malin
Dan
ይሄኛው ዝርዝር ስታዩ አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ምታስታውሱት የመጀመሪያውንና የመጨረሻውን ስም ነው፣ ይሄ ነው serial position effect ሚባለው።

Factors Affecting Memory

📍Ability to retain
📍Good health
📍Age of the learner
📍Maturity
📍Sleep or rest, and so on.

Forgetting
ይህን በሚቀጥለው ጊዜ እናያለን።
የግቢ ትምህርት እንዳይደራረብባችሁ መፅሐፋችሁን በደንብ ከስር ከስር አንብቡ!

ሰላም ሁኑልን🙏፣ እንወዳቿለን።

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