𝐖𝐃 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐰𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐡𝐮𝐧 𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐳𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐲𝐞𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐡𝐮 𝐲𝐤𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐚 𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐲𝐤𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐡𝐮
𝐃𝐞𝐠𝐦𝐨 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐠𝐧 𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐧𝐞𝐰
𝐄𝐬𝐡𝐢 𝐚𝐡𝐮𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐡𝐮 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐡𝐮 𝐲𝐚𝐛𝐳𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐡𝐮
𝐖𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐰 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐧𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐧 𝐲𝐚𝐝𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐡𝐮


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🎯General Physics

📚 Chapter two ppt

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📚 Bahirdar University.

📚 Anthropology Mid exam.

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📚 Bahirdar University.

📚 Anthropology Mid exam.

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🙏𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒆𝒏 🙏 𝐄𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐦 𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐢 𝒚𝒕𝒆𝒃𝒌𝒍𝒈𝒏
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒌𝒂𝒎 𝒎𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒉𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒉𝒖 🥰🥰


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📌 Bahirdar university
physics mid exam 2013

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𝐏𝐬𝐲𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
📚CHAPTER 4

📖MEMORY AND FORGETTING

ባለፈው ትምህርታችን ስለ Learning መማራችን ይታወሳል፣ አሁን ደግሞ ከእሱጋ ተያያዥነት ያለውን Memory🧠 and Forgetting🤦🏼‍♂ እናያለን።

በዚህ ቻፕተር ስር የምናየው👇

📖Memory
📍Meaning and Processes of Memory
📍Stages/Structure of Memory
📍Factors Affecting Memory

📖Forgetting
📍Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting
📍Theories of Forgetting

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ስር እንግዲህ የማስታወስ ችግር ያለባችሁ ምናምን ትፈወሳላችሁ😎😁
በደንብ አንብባችሁ ተግባራዊ ብታደርጉት በጣም ይጠቅሟቸዋል።

📔Meaning and Processes of Memory

📌Memory is the retention of information/what is learned earlier over time. It is the way in which we record the past for later use in the present.

Memory ማለት እንደምታውቁት "ትውስታ" እንደማለት ነው። ትውስታ ማለትስ ምን ማለት ነው?😁 ከላይ ያለውን ደግማችሁ አንብቡት!

አሁን ቀጥለን ስለ Memory Processኦች እና ስለ Memory Structure እናያለን።

The processes of Memory

📌Are the mental activities we perform to put information into memory, to keep it there, and to make use of it later.
አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ሳይኮሎጂስቶች የMemoryን Nature ከComputer🖥ጋር አያይዘው ያዩታል። ሶስቱ የMemory ሂደቶች፤ አንድ ነገር ለማስታወስ ነገሩ በሚከተሉት ሂደት ውስጥ ያልፋል።

1⃣Encoding: In encoding we transform a sensory input into a form or a memory code that can be further processed.
ይሄ ከውጪ የመጣው Information ቀጥታ ወደ አይምሮ ሄዶ Useable በሆነ form የሚቀመጥበት ነው።

2⃣Storage: Is a location in memory system in which material is saved. Storage is the persistence of information in memory.
ይሄ ደግሞ encode የተደረገው Information የሚቆይበት የአይምሮ ክፍል ነው።

3⃣Retrieval: This is the point at which the material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used.
ይሄ Stored የሆነውን information አስታውሰን፣ የምንጠቀምበት የመጨረሻው ሂደት ነው።

ስለዚህ በቀላሉ Memoryን እንዲህ👇 ማብራራት እንችላለን።

"Memory is the process by which information is encoded (phase1), stored (phase 2) and later retrieved (phase 3)."

Structure of Memory

📌Memory structure is the nature of memory storage itself- how information
🔖Is represented in memory
🔖How long it lasts
🔖How it is organized
ያው እኛ በተለምዶ memoryን ወይም ማስታወስን ቀለል አድርገን እናዩዋለን እንጂ Memory structure ትንሽ ከበድ ይላል፣ እነዚህን ከላይ የተዘረዘሩ ሶስት ነገሮችን ያጠቃልላል።

Like computer, we also store vast amounts of information in our memory storehouse.
ከstorehouseኡ አውጥተን ነው እንግዲህ mental screen ላይ display የምናደርገው። ማለትም ነገሩን በ ህሊናችን እናውቀዋለን።
በእንደዚህ👆 አይነት መልኩ ብዙ የmemory structure ሞዴሎች ተመስርቷል።

One of the most important and influential of these is the one developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968). According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, memory has three structures.

1) Sensory Memory
👉It is the entry way to memory. It is the first information storage area.
እዚህጋ አንድ ያያቹት (Iconic memory) ነገር storage ውስጥ የሚቆየው ቢበዛ ለአንድ በሰከንድ🕧 ነው።
የሰማችሁት ነገር (Echonic memory) ደግሞ ቢበዛ ለሁለት ሰከንድ storageኡ ውስጥ ይቆያል።

ስለዚህ በSensory memory ውስጥ save ያደረግነው ነገር ብዙ አይቆይም ነገር ግን attention👀 ከሰጠነው ትንሽ ይቆያል [ማለትም ወደ 2ተኛው👇 memory/storage ይተላለፋል]

2) Short-term Memory: is part of our memory that holds the contents of our attention.
🔸STM is important in a variety of tasks such as thinking, reading, speaking, and problem solving.
አያችሁ የዚህ Memory ጥቅሙ ከመጀመሪያው የተሻለ ነው። ለምሳሌ ስታስቡ፣ ስታነቡ፣ ስታወሩ ምናምን informationኡ Save የሚሆነው በዚህ Memory ውስጥ ነው።
🔸ይሄ memory ሌሎች የተለያዩ ስሞች አሉት።
📌Working memory
📌 Immediate memory
📌 Active memory
📌 Primary memory

STM is distinguished by four characteristics

📍It is active- information remains in STM only so long as the person is consciously processing, examining, or manipulating it. ይሄ Active ነው ማለትም እንደ sensory memory ለአንድ ወይም ሁለት ሰከንድ ብቻ አይደለም የሚቆየው።

📍Rapid accessibility - Information in STM is readily available for use. በውስጣችሁ ያለውን information ቶሎ አውጥታችሁ መጠቀም ትችላላችሁ፤ ይሄ ከlong term memory የተሻለ ያደርገዋል።

📍Preserves the temporal sequence of information- mean that STM keeps the information fresh until it goes to further analysis and stored in LTM in meaningful way. ይሄኛው ባህሪ ደግሞ Store ያደረግነው information Fresh ሆኖ ይቀመጣል ይላል።

📍Limited capacity
Short-term memory is a limited - capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information up to 30 seconds.
አያቹአ ይሄ memory በጣም ያልተለማመድነው ወይም ብዙ ትኩረት ያልሰጠነው ነገር እስከ 30ሰከንድ በዚህ (STM) ውስጥ ሊቆይ ይችላል።

Capacity:
“The magic number” (George Miller)
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