📚 Communicative English Skill II.

📚 Chapter Three

📚 Grammar Focus - Modal Verbs For Giving advice.

🙌 ተወዳጆች ሆይ ሰላም ለእናንተ እንዴት ናችሁ። በባለፈው ትምህርታችን ስለ Expressing possibility ተምረናል። ዛሬ ደግሞ ስለ Modal Verbs for giving advice እንማራለን። እስኪ እንማረው😊።

🎯 Giving Advice

📚 ሁላችሁም እንደምታውቁት Giving Advice ማለት ምክር መስጠት ማለት ነው። ታዲያ ምክር ስንሰጥ ምክር መስጠታችንን ለመግለፅ የምንጠቀምባቸው Modal Verbs አሉ። ታዲያ ምክር ለመስጠት የምንጠቀምባቸው Modal Verbs የትኞቹ ናቸው🤔❓

📚 Should , Ought to and Had better are used to give advice.

🎯 ስለዚህ ከላይ የተዘረዘሩት Should, Ought to እና Had better የተባሉት Modal verbs ምክረ ሐሳብ ለመስጠት የሚያገለግሉ ናቸው። ምሳሌዎችን እንመልከት😎

📚 ለምሳሌ አንቺ የ እንግሊዝኛ ቋንቋን አቀላጥፈሽ መናገር ትፈልጊያለሽ። ነገር ግን መናገር አትችይም። ከዛ ጓደኛሽን "እንግሊዝኛ አቀላጥፌ መናገር እፈልጋለሁ ምን ባደርግ ይሻለኛል?" ብለሽ ጠየቅሻት። ጓደኛሽም "በየቀኑ ማውራት ብትለማመጂ(practise) ብታደርጊ ጥሩ ነው" ብላ ሞክሯን ሰጠችሽ። ስለዚህ😎

👩‍🏫 You - I want to speak English fluently. What shall I do?

👩‍🏫 You friend - You Should practice speaking everyday.
👩‍🏫 You friend - You ought to practise speaking everyday.
👩‍🏫 Your friend - You had better practise everyday.

👆 ስለዚህ የ ጓደኛሽ ምክር ልገሳ በ should , ought to ና had better ይገለፃል ማለት ነው።

📚 ሌላ ምሳሌ አንድ ሰው በተደጋጋሚ አልኮል መጠጥ ሲጠጣ ብታየው እና "መጠጣት የለብህም ለጤናህ ጥሩ አይደለም" ብለህ ምክር ለመስጠት ብትፈልግ

🎯 You should stop drinking alcohol.
🎯 You ought to stop drinking alcohol.
🎯 You had better stop drinking alcohol.

👆 ስለዚህ የአንተ ምክረ ሐሳብ በ should, ought to እና had better ይገለፃል ማለት ነው::

🎯 Had better

📚 እሺ አሁን ደግሞ አንድ ነገር ልንገራችሁ። Should, Ought to እና Had better አገልግሎታቸው ተመሳሳይ ነው። ሁሉም ምክር ለመስጠት ነው የምንጠቀምባቸው። ነገር ግን ጠንከር ያለ ምክር ለመስጠት ስንፈልግ ደግሞ Had better ን እንጠቀማለን።

📚 Had better can be used for emphatic, stronger advice.

📚 ስለዚህ አፅንኦት ያለው ወይም ጠንካራ ምክር ለመስጠት Had better ን እንጠቀማለን። ምሳሌ

📚 የ ዶርም ጓደኛህ "አሞኛል ምን ባደርግ ይሻለኛል" ብሎ ሲጠይቅህ አንተም "ክሊኒክ ብትሔድ ጥሩ ነው" ብለህ ጠንከር ያለ ምክር መስጠት ብትፈልግ Had better ን ትጠቀማለህ ማለት ነው።

👨‍🏫 Your friend - I am sick. What shall I do?
👨‍🏫 You - You had better go to clinic.

👆 ከዚህ ዐ.ነገር ላይ should ንም ought to ንም መጠቀም እንችላለን ግን ምክራችን ጠንካራ መሆኑን ለመግለፅ ነው በተለዬ መልኩ had better ን የተጠቀምነው።

📚 እሺ እስካሁን Should , Ought to እና Had better ን በ positive statement ነበር ምሳሌ ያየነው። አሁን ደግሞ Negative statement ላይ ያላቸው ፎርም ምንድን ነው?

🎯 Should not

📚 ስለዚህ should ለ positive statement ሲሆን should not ደግሞ ለ negative statement ይሆናል። ምሳሌ

🎯 You should study hard.(positive statement).

🎯 You should not drink alcohol.(negative statement).

🎯 Ought not to

📚 ስለዚህ ought to ለ positive statement ሲሆን ought not to ደግሞ ለ negative statement ነው። አስተውሉ👇

👉 Ought not to (ነው የሚባለው)
👉 ought to not(በፍፁም አይባልም ስህተት ነው። ፈተና ላይ እንዳትሸወዱ)።

🎯 You ought to study hard.(positive statement).

🎯 You ought not to drink alcohol.(negative statement).

🎯 You ought to not ግን አይባልም። Gramatically ስህተት ነው። ፈተና ላይ ስለሚያወጡት ትኩረት ስጡት።

🎯 Had better not

📚 ስለዚህ had better ለ positive statement ሲሆን had better not ደግሞ ለ negative statement ነው። ምሳሌ

🎯 You had better study hard.(positive statement).

🎯 You had better not drink alcohol.(negative statement).

📚 የዛሬው ክላስ በዚሁ ይቋጫል። Should , Should not, Ought to, Ought not to እና Had better, Had better not ምክርን ለመስጠት የሚያገለግሉ Modal verbs ናቸው።

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📚 Communicative English Skill II.

📚 Chapter Three.

📚 Grammar Focus - Modal Verbs.

☺️ ተወዳጆች ሆይ ሰላም ለእናንተ። በባለፈው ትምህርታችን ስለ expressing possibility እና giving advice ተምረናል። ዛሬ ም ስለ ሌሎች የ Modal verbs አገልግሎት እንማራለን።

🎯 Asking for Permission

📚 Permission ማለት ፈቃድ ማለት ነው። አንድ ነገር ለማድረግ ከሆነ አካል(ከባለቤቱ) ፈቃድ መጠየቅ asking for permission ይባላል። ታዲያ ፈቃድ መጠየቃችንን ለመግለፅ የምንጠቀምባቸው Modal verbs አሉ። እነርሱም

🎯 Can, Could and May are used with I and We to ask for permission in the present or future.

🎯 ይህ ማለት Can/Could/May + I/we!

📚 ስለዚህ Can , Could ና May ን ተጠቀምን ፈቃድ መጠየቅ እንችላለን ማለት ነው። ታዲያ Can, Could ና May ን ተጠቅመን ፈቃድ ስንጠይቅ ከ Can , ከ Could ና ከ May ቀጥሎ የሚመጡት I ና we ናቸው። Examples

🌹 Can I use your cell phone?
🌹 Could we go to a cinema house?
🌹 May I borrow your pen?

🎯 Make a request

📚 request ማለት ሰዎች አንድ ነገር እንዲያደርጉልን ወይም ውለታ እንዲውሉልን መጠየቅ ማለት ነው። ታዲያ ያ ሰው የሆነ ውለታ እንዲውልልን ወይም የሆነ ነገር እንዲያደርግልን በምንጠይቅበት ጊዜ የምንጠቀማቸው Modal verbs አሉ። እነርሱም

🎯 Can, Could and Would ናቸው። ስለዚህ Can, Could ና Would ን ተጠቅመን ሰዎች አንድ ነገር እንዲያደርጉልን ትህትና በተሞላበት መልኩ መጠየቅ እንችላለን።

📚 ለምሳሌ ክላስ ውስጥ ስኪብርቶ አልቆብህ መምህሩን " ስኪብርቶ አውሰኝ" ብለህ ለመጠየቅ👇

🌹 Would you lend me your Pen?
🌹 Could you lend me your pen?
🌹 Can you lend me your pen?

ብለህ መጠየቅ ትችላለህ። Would > Could > Can (degree of politeness).

📚 በቀጣይ ስለ Deduction ሰፋ ያለ ትምህርት ለመማር እንሞክራለን😊። መልካም ጊዜ❗️

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🎀 መልካም የገና በዓል ይሁንላቹ ።

🎁 የመልካም ምኞት ይደርሰናል።

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📖 -SHORT NOTE BY UNIVERSITY LECTURES

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🎞Chemical Thermodynamics

✅Basic Terminology:

🎯System- Part of the universe under investigation.

🎯Open System- A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.

🎯Closed System- A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary.

🎯Isolated system- A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding.

🎯Surroundings- Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it.

🎯Boundary- Anything which separates system from surrounding.

🎯State variables- The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc.

🎯State Functions- Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

🎯Intensive properties- Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration,

🎯Extensive properties- Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.

🎯Process- Path along which state of a system changes.

🎯Isothermal process- Process which takes place at constant temperature

🎯Isobaric process- Process which takes place at constant pressure

🎯Isochoric process- Process which takes place at constant volume.

🎯Adiabatic process- Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding.

🎯Cyclic process- Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes.

🎯Reversible process- Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment.

🎯Irriversible Process- This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type.

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✅MODAL VERBS

📚List of Modal Verbs

What is a modal verb?

The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility, obligation, advice, permission, ability, …

Modal verbs list in the English language: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to…

Modal Verbs: Rules & Examples

Learn how and when to use modal verbs in English with rules and example sentences.

🎯1. ‘Can’ and ‘could’ are used to refer to skills and abilities.
For example:

He can cover a hundred metres in under ten seconds.

My father could see perfectly before the age of fifty.

I can’t ride a horse.

🎯2. ‘Must’ is used to indicate that something is necessary or of extreme importance, and ‘should’ is used to suggest that something is advisable.
For example:

You must do your homework.

You mustn’t skip school.

You should say sorry.

You shouldn’t smoke.

🎯3. ‘Can’, ‘could’ and ‘may’ are used to ask for, give and withhold permission.
For example:

Can I try my hand at it?

Could we disperse early today?

You may not enter the premises.

🎯4. ‘Will’ and ‘would’ are used to refer to habits and inclinations.
For example:

When I was a child, I would often climb trees.

I will never refuse you anything.

He would never do such a thing.

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እስኪ ዛሬ ደግሞ አንዳንድ ነገሮችን እንማር። ለ ማትሪክ ይጠቅማል።

ፎርሙላን ወደ ጎን ለመፃፍ ስለማይመች ወደ ታች ነው የፃፍኩት።😔😔

➡️ Neither of
➡️ Either of
➡️ Each of
➡️ Every one of
+
Plural noun (subject)
+
Singular Verb.

ያው እንደነገርኳችሁ ፎርሙላውን ወደ ጎን ለመፃፍ ስለማይመች ወደ ታች ነው የፃፍኩት ። እስኪ እናብራራው😁😁

#1⏭ Neither of

Neither of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው subject መሆን ያለበት plural subject ነው። ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው።🤗🤗 በአጭሩ ከ Neither of ቀጥሎ plural subject እንጠቀማለን ፡ verb ቡ ግን 🙊 singular Verb ነው የሚሆነው።

🤔 Examples

Neither of the students....... disturbing now.

A) is B) are

☹️😕 መልሱ ምንድን ነው የሚሆነው??

እንግዲህ ቅድም እንደነገርኳችሁ፡

ከ Neither of ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው plural subject ነው። ከ plural subject ቀጥሎ ደግሞ singular Verb ነው።😇 ስለዚህ በዚህ ጥያቄ መሰረት

Neither of + the students ( plural subject) + is ( singular Verb ) ይሆናል።

ስለዚህ መልሱ

🤗 Neither of the students is disturbing now.

😳😳🤣🤣 አይገርምም ግን
The students ተብሎ is ን መጠቀም። ህግ ህግ ነው አለ ባሻ🥺🥺

#2⏭ Either of

Either of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። በ አጭሩ

🤗 ከ Either of በሗላ plural subject ን እንጠቀማለን፡ ከ plural subject ቱ በሗላ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን።

😁😁Example

Either of the workers....... to take the blame.

A) has B) have

😢😢 መልሱ??? ፈታ በሉ😁😁

ቅድም እንደነገርኳችሁ ከ Either of ቀጥሎ plural subject እንጠቀማለን ። ከ plural subject ቀጥሎ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን። ስለዚህ ፡ በዚህ ጥያቄ መሰረት

ከ Either of ቀጥሎ ያለው the workers የሚለው plural subject ነው። ስለዚህ ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው ደግሞ singular Verb ነው ። ስለዚህ መልሱ

Has ወይስ have ?? ተናገሩ እንጅ😂😂 በቃ እሱን ስትገረፍ ታወራዋለህ።😢

ከ has እና ከ have የቱ ነው singular Verb?😳 Has ነው እሺ። ስለዚህ መልሱ👇👇

🤗 Either of the workers has to take the blame.

😤😱 አይገርምም ግን?? The workers ተብሎ has ን ስንጠቀም። ህግ ህግ ነው🤓


#3⏭ Each of

Each of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ይሆናል። በአጭሩ

ከ Each of በሗላ plural subject ን እንጠቀማለን ፡ ከ plural subject ቱ በሗላ ደግሞ singular Verb እንጠቀማለን።

🤔😋 Example

Each of the books ......... stolen yesterday.

A) was B) were

😊 Well እንግዲህ ከ Each of በሗላ the books የሚለውን plural subject ነው የመጣው። ከ the books( ከ plural subject) በሗላ የሚመጣው ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። ስለዚህ was ወይስ were ?? የቱ ነው singular Verb?? Was ነው ኣ ። ስለዚህ መልሱ

😺😺 Each of the books was stolen yesterday.

😥ጉድ እኮ ነው😂 the books ተብሎ was😔 ። ህግ ህግ ነው።

#4⏭ Every one of

Every one of ካልን በሗላ የሚመጣው plural subject ሲሆን ከ plural subject ቱ ቀጥሎ ደግሞ የሚመጣው singular Verb ይሆናል።

🤔 Example

Every one of the teachers ......... unhappy of his/her monthly salary.

A) is B) are

ከ Every one of በሗላ የመጣው the teachers የሚለው plural subject ነው። the teachers ከሚለው plural subject ቀጥሎ የሚመጣው verb ደግሞ singular Verb ነው። ስለዚህ መልሱ ፡

😏😒 Every one of the teachers is unhappy of his/her monthly salary.

"አይከብድም ወይ በልብ ያለን ሰው መርሳት" አለ ዘፋኙ😂😂

አይከብድም ወይ the teachers ተብሎ is ን መጠቀም።😔😁
ህግ ህግ ነው ብሏል ባሻ😡😡

ግን እዚጋ ማስተዋል ያለብን ነገር

Every of አይባልም። በህግ ያስቀጣል 🙆‍♂😳‍ okay😒

Every one of ነው የሚባለው😊

የዛሬው ክላስ በዚህ ይብቃን😢

🙈 ማስታወሻ 🙊

ከላይ የተማርናቸው ህጎች በ British English ብቻ ነው የሚያገለግሉት። በ American English ሲሆን ደግሞ ሌላ ህግ አላቸው። ለ Entrance ጥያቄ ግን መልሳችን የሚሆነው በ British English ስለሆነ ከላይ ያለውን ኖት ተረዱት🤕🤕

🙄 ማስታወሻ 🙆

"None of" ደግሞ የራሱ የሆነ special case አለው። በቀጣይ እናየዋለን!

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