ሰላም እንዴት ናችሁልን😊

ፈተና እየደረሰባችሁ ነዋ፣ እንግዲህ በደንብ አጥኑ።

ለሚቀጥሉት አምስት ተከታታይ ቀናት የሚቆይ "የጥናት ችሎታና ልማድን እንዴት ማዳበር እንደምንችል" እናያለን።

📌ማጥናት ማለት ምን ማለት እንደሆነ?
📌በደንብ የሚያጠና ሰው ባህሪያት
📌ግላዊ የመማሪያ መንገዶች
📌መቼ እናጥና
📌እንዴት እናጥና

እነዚህን አጠር አጠር አድርገን እንለቃለን፣ በጣም ስለሚረዳችሁ አንብባችሁ ተግባራዊ ብታደርጉት መልካም ነው።

ይህን በቻናሉ ሊያስተላልፍ የፈለገ ሰው መጀመሪያ አድሚኖቹን ማስፈቀድ አለበት።

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የጥናት ችሎታና ልማድን በማዳበር ለትምህርታዊ ልእቀት መስራት
(getting excellent by developing effective studying habits.)

ክፍል 1

🔖ማጥናት ምንድነዉ?😊(what is studying?)
📍ጥናት ችሎታ ነዉ።(studying is a skill.)

📍ችሎታ ደግሞ በስራ የሚመጣ እንጂ የሚሰጥ ወይም አለኝ የምንለዉ አይደለም።

📍ተማሪ በትምህርቱ ልቆ ለመገኘት የጥናት ችሎታዉን ማዳበር እና ልማዱ ማድረግ አለበት።
(in order to be successful learn studying skills, practice them and develop effective
study habits)

🔖Good study habits include different skills:

- time management
(ጊዜን ባግባቡ መጠቀም)
- self-discipline
(በስርዓት መመራት)
- concentration
(ማስተዋል)
- memorization (ማስታወስ)
- organization
(ማቀናጀት(
- effort
(ትጋት/ጥረት)

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ክፍል 4

እንዴት እናጥና?(how to study?)

📍First፡ preview the chapter. Look at headings, subheadings, topic sentences, boldfaced and italicized words, pictures, diagrams, graphs, summaries, and review questions at the end.
Second፡ ask yourself questions about the subheadings.

📍Third፡ read a section of the chapter (one subheading at a time). Put the book down and ask yourself what you just read. Did you understand what it was about? Could you answer questions about it? Could you explain it to someone else? Continue reading and stopping to think about what you just read. Ask yourself questions.

📍Fourth፡ don’t skip any part of the chapter. Read the sidelines, the captions under photos, definitions, and any additional information the author has included. It’s all there to help you learn.

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ክፍል 3

መቼ እናጥና?

✅ ከክላስ በፊት
:
ክላስ
:
✅ ከክላስ በኋላ
:
✅ ከፈተናበፊት

🔖የጥናት ጊዜና ቦታን በአግባቡ ማዘጋጀት (Organizing time and place to study)

Time: (ጊዜ)

📌 Plan your study time. Leave enough time for each of your
📌 subjects and more time for difficult subjects. Plan to study 2hr for 1hr class every day 1:30hr for 40min class.
📌 Prioritize your time and put off other activities to allow for adequate study time.
📌 Be sure to plan extra time for long study sessions before tests

🔖Place:(ቦታ)

👉 Study in an area that is set up for serious study.
👉Have your tools for study: notebooks, textbooks, pens, pencils, computer, dictionary, thesaurus, etc.
👉choose a place free from noise and distractions but not too comfortable
👉 Try to study in the same place everyday.

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ክፍል 5...

📍Fifth፡ don’t be afraid to mark your text – use different colored highlighters for particularly important parts, but don’t defeat the purpose of highlighting by overdoing it.

📍Sixth፡ outline the chapter: When you have read the chapter through, go back and take notes. Define terms, draw diagrams, and explain things in your own words. Make up memory tricks to help you remember new terms. For example, if you are studying the part of the brain called the “hippocampus” you may use a memory trick of association, picturing a “hippo” with a good memory, since the hippocampus deals with memory formation.

📍Seventh፡ draw arrows or other symbols to direct you to important details or definitions. If a word appears that you do not know, look it up and write the definition in the margin. Underline key points.

The End

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📚FORGETTING

📖Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting

በየለት ህይወታችን ብዙዎቻችን የተለያዩ ነገሮችን እንረሳለን፦ የሰው ስም፣ ሰዎች የነገሩን ነገር፣ ስልክ ቁጥር...ይሄ ስለምንድነው ካላችሁ?
በየቀኑ ብዙ information encode, store እናረጋለን ይህንን ሁሉ ለማስታወስ ከፈለግን ችግር ውስጥ እንገባለን😊 ስለዚህ we are selective in storing and forgetting information.

Psychologists generally use the term forgetting to refer to "the apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in the long-term memory."
'apparent' ማለት ግልፅ የሆነ እንደ ማለት ነው። አንድ ነገር ሙሉ በሙሉ ትዝ ሳይለን ሲቀር 'መርሳት' እንሏለን።

The first attempts to study forgetting were made by German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus.
ይሄ ሰውዬ ስለforgetting ሲያጠና በራሱ ላይ ነበር Experiment የሰራው።👌
ዝምብሎ እስኪ አስታውሳለሁ ወይስ እረሳለሁ የሚለውን check ለማድረግ ሶስት ፊደል ያላቸውን meaningless word ወሰደ እነሱም:- FIW እና BOZ
እና he found that forgetting occurred systematically. ማለትም 👉The most rapid forgetting occurs in the first hours, and particularly in the first hour. 👉After nine hours, the rate of forgetting slows and declines little, even after the passage of many days.
ሰው አንድን ነገር encode እና store ካረገ በኃላ ቶሎ ረሳ ከተባለ በ1ሰዓት ውስጥ ነው ሚረሳው፣ ነገር ግን ከ9ሰዓት በኃላ የforgetting rateኡ ይቀንሳል።

Theories of Forgetting

🌷Psychologists have proposed five mechanisms to account for forgetting.

1⃣The Decay Theory

The decay theory holds that memory traces or engram fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.
🌷ይሄ Theory ከስሙ እንደምትረዱት "አንድን ነገር ደግመን ደጋግመን ትኩረት ካልሰጠነው፣ #በጊዜ ሂደት ሊረሳ ይችላል። indirectly በአይምሮአችን ውስጥ ያለው Physical የሆነው (Engram/trace) መልኩን መልቀቀ ወይም fade ማረግ ሲጀምር ነው Forgetting የሚከሰተው ብሎ ነው የሚያምነው ይሄ Theory.

ግን ሰው የሚረሳው ከጊዜ የተነሳ ብቻ አይደለም፣ ሰው አንድ ነገር በተለያየ መንገድ/ምክንያት ሊረሳ ይችላል።👇👇

2⃣Interference
🔖is an explanation for forgetting in long term memory, which states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another, in other words forgetting occurs because of interference from other memories.

🌷አያቹ አ ይሄ ደግሞ የሚለው ሰው የሚረሳው ቀድሞ በውስጡ የነበረውና አዲስ Encode ያደረገው ነገር እርስ በእርስ ሲገጩበት ነው።

There are two ways in which interference can cause forgetting:
For Eg. When old phone numbers confuse with the new ones.

📍Proactive interference
Occurs when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learnt. When what we already know interferes with what we are currently learning – where old memories disrupt new memories.
I think እንግሊዘኛው በጣም ግልፅ ነው።

📍Retroactive interference
Occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task. In other words, later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories.

ይሄም የገባችሁ ይመስለኛል

3⃣Displacement Theory
🔖This Theory Holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old information.
🌷ይሄ ደግሞ ሰው እንዴት ነው ሚረሳው ለሚለው መልሱ "አዲስ የገባው መረጃ ቀድሞ የነበረውን ሲተካው ነው።" ብሎ ነው።

📌አይምሮው ብዙ ነገር በአንድ ጊዜ መያዝ ስለማይችል እየተተካካ ነው መሄድ ያለበት ይላል። ይላል ይሄ theory😁 እና This theory is mostly associated with the STM [Short Term Memory]..LTM ከሆነ ስህተት ነው ምክንያቱም የLTM Capacity Unlimited ነው፤ Unlimited ከሆነ ደግሞ replacemet ሚባል ነገር የለም።

4⃣Motivated Foretting
🔖Is what Freud referred to as repressing memories. According to Freud, there are times when an event or an action is so painful that we can't deal with the memory of it, so we repress the memory completely.

🌷ይሄ ማለት ደግሞ ማስታወስ ያልፈለጋቹት ነገር በውስጣችሁ አምቃችሁ(repress) በመያዝ በራሳችሁ ፍላጎት ነገሩን ልትረሱ ትችላላችሁ።
📌Freud ይሄንን self-protective process Repression ብሎ ይጠራዋል።
ለምሳሌ እኔ አሁን Mosheን እርሱት Moshe የሚለውን ስም ለመርሳት ማድረግ ያለባችሁን ሁሉ አድርጉና እርሱት ብዬ የቤት ስራ ብስጣችሁና ነገ በዚህ ሰዓት ከረሳችሁት ይሄ Motivated Forgetting ይባላል።

ምንም ቢሆን የማትረሱት ነገርስ😂

5⃣Cue Dependent Forgetting
🔖is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded.

🌷ይሄ ደግሞ ምን መሰላችሁ "ሰው አንድ ነገር የሚረሳው ቀድሞ ነገሩን Encode ሲያረግ በዙሪያው የነበረው ምልክት (Cue) አሁን ላይ ካሌለ ነው።" ቆይ በምሳሌ ላስረዳችሁ students would sometimes forget what they had studied before an exam. This occurs because of the examination room's environmental conditions are different to the room or place where learning occurred.
Green area ያለበት ቦታ አጥንታችሁ ግን ከዚያ ስትሄዱ እዚያ ያጠናችሁት ነገር ሊጠፋባችሁ ይችላል፣ ለምን ከተባለ ከgreen areaው(Cue) ቦታ ስለሄዳችሁ።

📌ሌላ ምሳሌ ጫት🌿(cue) እየቃማችሁ ያጠናችሁት ነገር ከጫቱ የራቃችሁ ዕለት የምትረሱት ከሆነ ይህ Cue Dependent Forgetting ይባላል። ይሄ ምሳሌ ለድሬ ተማሪዎች በደንብ ይገባችኋል😂

📌Likewise, if your emotional arousal is specially high or low at the time of an event, you may remember that event best when you are once again in the same emotional state.

Improving Memory

የመርሳት ችግር ያለባችሁ ልጆች የሚከተለውን አንብባችሁ ተግብሩት😃

📍Pay Attention ትኩረት🌞
📍Encode information in Multiple ways
📍Add Meaning to the material
📍Take Your time: minimize interference by using study breaks አንዳንዴ ደግሞ ተኙ ለሽ🤩
📍Over learn: እያነበባችሁ ያላችሁትን ነገር ከዚህ በፊት እንደምታውቁት እያሰባቹት ስታነቡ የማስተወስ አቅማችሁ ይጨምራል።
📍Monitor Your Learning እናንተው እራሳችሁ ለራሳችሁ ሃለቃ ወይም መሪ ሆናችሁ፣ እራሳችሁን ገምግሙ፣ etc.

እነዚህ ከብዙ በጥቂቱ ሞጁሉ ላይ የተጠቀሱት ናቸው፣ ሌሎች ተጨማሪ ከፈለጋችሁ internet ላይ Search አድርጋችሁ ማየት ትችላላችሁ።😊

በቀጣይ Chapter 5 እንቀጥላለን!
ደህና ሁኑ!😊

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Are you ready🙌

እንደ ምትሰሩት ተስፋ አለኝ።

ፈተናውን የሚደፍን ሽልማት ሊኖረው ይችላል!😊

🖌📋ዝግጁ


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Psychology Mid Exam
[A+ Tutorial Class]

Read the following statements Carefully and Write True or False.

1. Sensory Adaptation lets you detect potentially important change in your environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it.

2. A reinforcement is a stimulus that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur.

3. The decay Theory holds that the Trace simply fades away with nothing left behid, due to passage of time.

4. Over learn is one of the ways to improve memory.

5. Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage.

Choose the best Answer

6. Which of the following is not organizing principle of Perception?
A. Proximity
B. Continuation
C. Law of Closure
D. Convergence

7. Which of the following is correct about Retinal disparity?
A. It is the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on thee single retina.
B. It's one of the monocular cues
C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity
D. It is two dimensional perception

8. From the following, One is Not Correct About Learning?
A. Learning is responsive to incentives
B. Learning is Pervasive
C. Learning is Multifaceted
D. Learning is a Passive Process

9. A Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called:
A. Conditioned Stimulus
B. Unconditioned Stimulus
C. Neutral Stimulus
D. Unconditioned Response

10._____________is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
A. Stimulus generalization
B. Extinction
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Stimulus Discrimination

11. If someone nags you all the time to stud, but stops nagging when you comply, your studying is likely to increase-because you will then avoid nagging. This implies
A. Negative punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Postive reinforcement

12. Which schedule of reinforcement is often used by Employers to increase productivity?
A. Variable ratio schedule
B. Fixed interval schedule
C. Fixed ratio schedule
D. Variable interval schedule

13. Short term memory is
A. Active
B. Rapid accessibility
C. Limited capacity
D. All Except B

14. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
A. Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class.
B. A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets.
C. A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward.
D. A baby takes his fi rst steps.
E. A horse jumps over a fence to avoid an electric shock

15. Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.
B. Long-term memory holds only episodic memories while short-term memory does not.
C. Long-term memory varies a great deal from one person to another, while short-term memory does not.
D. In terms of processing, long-term memory comes directly after sensory memory while short-term memory does not.
E. Long-term memory depends on neural connections in the limbic system while short-term memory does not.

Give the Correct Answer for the following

16. Write the factors that are important that are important for the effectiveness of Punishment

17. What are four conditions that are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else according to Bandura

18. What is a Serial Position effect

19. According to George Miller the stimated capacity of Short Term Memory is to be the magic number________

20. Suppose a oneyear old child is playing with a toy near an electrical outlet. He sticks part of the toy into the outlet. He gets shocked, becomes frightened, and begins to cry. For several days after that experience, he shows fear when his mother gives him the toy and he refuses to play with it. What is

a) UCS(Unconditioned stimulus)_____________

b) UCR(Unconditioned
Response) _________

c) CS(Conditioned Stimulus)_______________

d) CR(Conditioned Response)______________

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ሰዓቱ ቢያልቅም አሁንም መሞከር ትችላላችሁ!

ችግርየለውም የቻላችሁትን ያህል ሰርታችሁ ላኩ😊

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#Answer

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6.D
7.C
8.D
9.B
10.C
11.B
12.C
13. No answer
14.D
15.A
16. Immediacy, Consistency and Intensity

17. Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation

18. Is the ability to remember(recall) the first(primacy effect) and the last(recency effect)...

19. 7plus or minus 2

20. a. Electric shock
b. Frighten and cry
c. Toy
d. Fear (Frighten and cry)

Any ቅሬታ on😎👇

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Geography For Trial
(1st year chapter 3)👇

Logic True/ False

1. In an inductive argument, it is intended that the conclusion contain more information than the premises

✅True

2. In a deductive argument, the conclusion is not supposed to contain more information than the premises

✅True

3. The form of argumentation the arguer uses may allow one to determine whether an argument is inductive or deductive.

✅True

4. The actual strength of the link between premises and conclusion may allow one to determine whether an argument is inductive or deductive.

✅True

5. A geometrical proof is an example of an inductive argument.

✅False

6. Most arguments based on statistical reasoning are deductive.

✅False

7. If the conclusion of an argument follows merely from the definition of a word used in a premise, the argument is deductive

✅True

8. An argument that draws a conclusion about a thing based on that thing's similarity to something else is a deductive argument.

✅False

9. An argument that draws a conclusion that something is true because someone has said that it is, is a deductive argument.

✅False

10. An argument that presents two alternatives and eliminates one, leaving the other as the conclusion, is an inductive argument

✅False

11. An argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to knowledge of an effect is an inductive argument

✅True

12. If an argument contains the phrase "it definitely follows that," then we know for certain that the argument is deductive

✅False

13. An argument that predicts what will happen in the future, based on what has happened in the past, is an inductive argument.

✅True

14. Inductive arguments always proceed from the particular to the general.

✅False

15. Deductive arguments always proceed from the general to the particular.

✅False

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@preparatorystudent
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ሰላም እንዴት ናችሁ😊

Psychology course Chapter 5 መድረሳችን የሚታወስ ነው። ኖቱን ልለቅላችሁ ጥረት ባደርግም፣ ምንም አልሆነልኝም፣ ማለትም ጊዜ አልበቃኝም🙏 ስለዚህ Chapter 5 እና 6ን ከተለያየ Source ያገኘውትን soft copy ከላይ Attach አድርጌላቿለው። እነሱን አንብቡ! ያልገባችሁን ደግሞ ጠይቁ፣ ከቻልኩ በድምፅ እመልሳለሁ😊

Logic መምህራችሁ ደግሞ የት እንደጠፋባችሁ አላቅም😁 እሱም በቅርቡ እንደሚመጣ ተስፋ አለኝ።

በተረፈ እንወዳችዋለን፣ በርቱልን፣ ጊዜያችሁን በአግባቡ ተጠቀሙ፣ ይቺን First Semister ሙቱባት፣ እንቅልፍ ከዚያ በኃላ ይደርሳል፣ መዝናናት ከዚያ በኃላ ይደርሳል።👍

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ስለ fallacy ዝና ሰምተዋል❓

🙌 ሰላም የ A+ tutorial Class ቤተሰቦች እንዴት ናችሁ ፡ ፈተና እንዴት ነው❓

😊 እንደሚታወቀው የ Logic Chapter 1 እና Chapter 2 ን ተምረናል።

📚 በተለይ Chapter 2 mid exam በብዛት ስለሚወጣበት ሰፊ ሽፋን በመስጠት ፡ ጥሩ ገለፃ ለማድረግ ሞክረናል። ትምህርቱንም እንደወደዳችሁት ብዙዎቻችሁ ነግራችሁናል። ለ Mid Exam ብዙ እንደጠቀማችሁም እርግጠኛ ነኝ😎 ።

😕 ነገር ግን ጊዜ ስላልተመቻቸልኝ የ Chapter 3 እና Chapter 4 ኖቶችን አዘጋጅቼ መልቀቅ አልቻልኩም። ይቅርታ እጠይቃለሁ🚶‍♂።

😊 አሁን ላይ ደግሞ final exam እየተቃረበ ነው።

😋 Fallacy(Chapter 5) ደግሞ በጣም ብዙ ጥያቄ ነው የሚወጣበት።

😎 ስለዚህ እኔም ያለችኝን ጊዜ አጣብቤ ለ final exam የሚጠቅሟችሁን እጅግ መሰረታዊ የሆኑ ፅንሰ ሀሳቦችን በመዳሰስ final exam ን በ ልበ ሙሉነት ተፈትናችሁ አሪፍ ውጤት ታመጡ ዘንድ ደፋ ቀና እንላለን።

😊 ስለዚህ ጓደኞቻችሁ ፡ የ ዶርማችሁ ልጆች እንዲመዘገቡ እና ትምህርቱ እንዲያገኙ አድርጉ። በ እርግጠኝነት ለ ፈተና የሚያዘጋጁአችሁ ግልፅ እና ጠቃሚ የሆኑ ሀሳቦችን እንዳስሳለን።

😊ገና ብዙ እንጓዛለን።

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