🎈Non-material culture consists of the words the people use or the language they speak, the beliefs they hold, values and virtues they cherish, habits they follow.
ይሄ ደግሞ እኛ በተለምዶ የምናውቀው ነው፦ የዚያ ህዝብ አመለካከት፣ ትውፊት፣ ልማዳቸው፣ ቋንቋቸው ምናምን Non-material Culture ነው ሚባለው።

📝Some of the aspects of non-material culture:-

📍Values: are the standards by which member of a society define what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
Value (እሴት) ማለት ህብረተሰቡ ጥሩ ነው👌 ወይም መጥፎ ነው👎 ብሎ Judge ያደረገው ነገር ነው።

📍Beliefs: are basically Assumptions that refer to the acceptance that something exists or is True, especially without proof.
Beliefs (እምነት) ደግሞ አንድ ነገር ትክክል/እውነት ሊሆን እንደሚችል አምኖ መቀበል ማለት ነው።

እስኪ ሁለቱን በምሳሌ እንረዳ:- ሞጁሉ ላይ የሚገኘው ምሳሌ እንዲህ ይላል፦

"Education is Good" ይሄ የAmerica Society ውስጥ basic #Value ነው።

"Grading is the best way to evaluate Students" ይሄ ደግሞ እምነታቸው ነው። [ይሄ እምነት አይደል መከራ ሚያበላን😹]

🙌ከኔ ጋር ናችሁ! እንቀጥል

📍Norms: are ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular society.
"Norm" ማለት ልማድ፣ ትውፊት የምንለው ነገር ነው። ለምሳሌ የበአል የበአል ሰሞን በሬ🐃 እያረዱ🔪፣ ቅርጫ እየተከፋፈሉ በአሉን ሚያከብሩት ነገር Social Norm ነው😎

📝Types of Norms (Informal)

1. Folkways፡ are informal rules and norms that, while not offensive to violate, are expected to be followed.
ይህ ማለት ለምሳሌ Taxi ውስጥ ለትልቅ ሰው መቀመጫ ካልለቀቃችሁ👎 ችግር የለውም፣ ማንምም አይፈርድባችሁም፣ ነገር ግን በSocietyው የተለመደው ከትልቅ ሰው ስር መነሳት ነው።

2. Mores [ሞሬስ]፡ are also informal rules that are not written, but, when violated, result in severe punishments and social sanction upon the individuals.
ይህ ደግሞ ለምሳሌ፡ የህብረተሰቡ አባል ሆናችሁ ብትሰርቁ ወይ ደግሞ ሰው ብትገድሉ ትቀጣላችሁ👊! ህግ ምናምን ስላለ ብቻ አይደለም ነገር ግን እንዲህ አይነቱ ነገርም በSocietyው መካከል የተወገዘ ስለሆነ።

Mores distinguish the difference between right and wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude.

📖Cultural Unity and Variations

አንዳንድ Cultural Features በሁሉም Culture ውስጥ ይገኛሉ [Universal], አንድአንዱ ደግሞ በአብዛኛው ውስጥ ይገኛል ነገር ግን በሁሉም አይደለም [General], ሌሎች የባህል መገለጫዎች ደግሞ በተወሰኑ ባህላት ውስጥ ብቻ ነው ሚገኙት [Particular].

ለምሳሌ፣ Exogamy ከአንድ በላይ ሚስት ማግባት በሁሉም ማህበረሰብ ባህል የተከለከለ ነው"ሞጁሉ ነው ያለው😁 እንጂማ ስንት እናውቃለን.. ይሄ አሁን Universality ነው።

ሌላ ደግሞ የሴት ልጅ ግርዛት ለምሳሌ በአብዛኛው የአለማችን Culture ውስጥ የተከለከለ ነው..ይሄ Generality ነው

እና ደግሞ ሌላው የParticular ምሳሌ የሀገራችንን ደቡብ ህዝቦች አፋቸውን አይታችሁ ታውቃላችሁ የስረኛው ከንፈራቸው ላይ የሆነ ክብ ነገር አድርገውበት ምናምን🙈🙈😁😁

አልደከማችሁማ፣ እንቀጥል👍

📖Evaluating Cultural Differences

1. Ethnocentrism: refers to the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of one's own group as the only right way of living and to judge others by those standards.

Ethnocentrism ማለት የኔ ባህል፣ ሃይማኖት ፣ አመለካከት ...ይበልጣል ብሎ ማሰብና የሌላው ትክክለ እንዳልሆነ ጀጅ ማድረግ ነው።

📌Ethnocentrism is not characteristic only of complex modern societies.

By the way, Ethnocentrism ጥቅም አለው፦ in preserving traditions of one's own culture. [የራሳችሁን ባህል ለማስጠበቅ ይጠቅማል]

ግን ከጥቅሙ ይልቅ ጉደቱ የከፋ ስለሆነ እናንተ Ethnocentric አትሁኑ!😊

ይቀጥላል...Good Bye🤗

ጥያቄ እና አስተያይት👇


All Rights Reserved

𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass
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📚Freshman 2nd Semister Course

📖Anthropology

📔 Chapter 2 [Continued]

2. Cultural Relativism

📌States that cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act, or idea has no meaning but its meaning only within its cultural setting.

ይህ ማለት ምን መሰላችሁ የአንድን ሰው ባህል፣ አመለካከት፣ ድርጊት ከእነርሱ እነርሱ ካሉበት Context ተነስተን ሳይሆን ከራሳችን ተነስተን የእነርሱን ነገር ስንገመግመው ማለት ነው።

📌"Cultural relativism suspends judgment and views about the behavior of people from the perspective of their own culture."

የማያውቁት ሀገር አይናፍቅም እንደሚባለው😎 የሌላውን ሰው ባህል የእነርሱ ጫማ ውስጥ ገብተን ስናየው ነው እንጂ በሩቁ መፈረጅ ትክክል አይደለም።🙅‍♂ የእነርሱ ባህል እነሱን ደስ ሊያሰኝ ይችላል ነገር ግን እኛ የእነርሱን ባህል መናቅ የለብንም። Respect For cultural differences😊

ነገር ግን እዚህ ላይ ሰዎች የተለያየ ሀሳብ አላቸው። Cultural Relativism ጥሩ ነው ብለው የሚያምኑም አሉ።
📙"Mirror for Humanity" ሚለው መፅሐፍ ላይ በስፋት አለ፣ ካገኘው ለቅላችኋለው።

3. Human Rights

መቼስ ይህን እንደገና ባብራራላችሁ ለቀባሪ ማርዳት ይሆንብኛል😊

"The idea of human rights challenges cultural relativism by invoking a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries, cultures, and religions."

እንዴት መሰላችሁ "የሰው መብት ከባህል፣ ከትውፊት ምናምን በላይ ነው።" ለምሳሌ ሰዎችን መግደል፣ ባሪያ ማድረግ፣ ሴቶችን መጨቆን 😓ባህላቸው የሆነ ማህበረሰብ ልክ ቅድም Cultural difference ስለሆነ Respect ማድረግ አለብን እንላለን?? አይሆንም! Humans have the right to not be murdered, injured, or enslaved or imprisoned without charge!

ስለዚህ እንዲህ አይነቱን የሰውን መብት የሚጋፋውን Culture, Condemn እናረጋለን እንጂ መቻቻል ነው ምናምን ብለን ዝም አንልም።


📖Culture Change

📌Why and how do cultures change?

ከዚህ በፊት እንዳየነው Culture በየጊዜው እየታደሰ Modify እየሆነ ይመጣል፣ መለስ ብላችሁም ያለፉትን Society Culture ብታዩ ተመሳሳይ ሆኖ አታገኙትም፣ በቃ በየጊዜው አዲስ ሀሳብ/አመለካከት ሲመጣ ይቀየራል።

Culture change can occur as a result of the following Mechanisms:

📍Diffusion: The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group is called diffusion.

'Cultural elements' ሚባሉት ቋንቋ፣ ልማድ (Value ብለን የተማርነው)፣ እሴት (Norms)...እነዚህ ነገሮች ከአንዱ Society ወደ ሌላው ሲሸጋገሩ ነው #Diffusion ሚባለው። እንደውም Biology ላይ አታስታውሱም😀

📌Diffusion is direct when two cultures trade with, intermarry among, or wage war on one another.
አንዱ ባህል ከሌላው በቀጥታ ሲኮርጅ😁 ማለት ነው።

📌 Diffusion is forced when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group.
ይህ ደግሞ ለምሳሌ በCivilization ስር የነበረው Society የእነዚያን Colonize ያደረጉትን ሰዎች ባህል በግዴታ ሊቀበል ይችላል።

📌Diffusion is indirect when items or traits move from group A to group C via group B without any firsthand contact between A and C.
ይህን Physics ላይ ጎበዝ የሆኑ ይረዱታል "zeroth law of thermodynamics"😃😃 ከስሙ እንደምትረዱት indirectly በአማላጅ በኩል😇 ባህሉን መቀበል ነው።

2. Acculturation

🏮Is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.
ይህ ደግሞ ሁለቱ የSociety አካላት #ቀጣይነት ያለው ግንኙት/firsthand contact ሲኖራቸው ነው።

👉"This usually happens in situations of trade or colonialism."
ይህን ከForced diffusion የሚለየው Continuous መሆኑ ነው።

3. Invention

🏮The process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems is a third mechanism of cultural change.

የተለያዩ ነገሮች invent ሲደረጉ ባህል መቀያየሩ ሚታወቅ ነገር ነው። ለምሳሌ በጥንት ዘመን እናንተ ሳትወለዱ እኛ በድንጋይ ነበር እሳት የምናቀጣጥለው😁 ይኀው በእናንተ ዘመን ክብሪት፣ ከዚያ electric ምናምን መጣ።

4. Globalization

🏮"Encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent."
እንግዲህ ዘመኑ እንደምታውቁት እየዘመነ ነው፣ ሀገራትም ከሀገራት ጋር የራሳቸው የሚያስተዋዉቁትና የሚለዋወጡት ነገሮች ስላሉ ከዚህ የተነሳ ባህላቸው ሊቀየር ይችላል። ይኀው ይሄ የምዕራባውያኑ Modernism ሀገራችንን ተጠናውቶት...😢

📙Marriage, Family and Kinship

1⃣Marriage👰🤵

The term marriage is not an easy terms to define.
እኛ እንደምናስበው ቀላል አንምሰላችሁ😊 by the way ጋብቻ በሁሉም Society ውስጥ አይደለም ያለው። ለምሳሌ [ከሞጁሉ] አንድ Nayar, Southern India ማህበረሰብ አለ፣ እና እዚህ ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ ተጋብቶ፣ ልጅ ወልዶ፣ ቤተሰብ መስርቶ መኖር ሚባል ነገር የለም🙅‍♂። በአንድ Ceremony ላይ ሴቷ👩‍🦳 አንዱን ሸበላ👱‍♂ ትይዝና ስነ ስርዓቱን ተካፍለው ሚፈልጉትን አድርገው ከጨረሱ በኃላ ይለያያሉ፣ በቃ ከዚያ በኃላ እሱም አያውቃትም እሷም አታውቀውም። እንዲህ አያስጠላም??😐 እና ሚገርማችሁ እንዲህ አይነትም Society አለ ለማለት ነው።


📓Rules of Marriage

🏮Societies also have rules that state whom one can and cannot marry.
𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass
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🏮The most common form of prohibition is mating with certain type of kin that are defined by the society as being inappropriate sexual partners. These prohibitions on mating with certain categories of relatives known as incest taboos.

🔖"Incest taboos" ማለት በጣም የሚቀራረቡ የስጋ ዝምድና ያላቸው ሰዎች [Nuclear Family] ሲጋቡ ማለት ነው። ለምሳሌ mother-sons, father-daughters, and brother-sisters. እንዲህ አይነት ደግሞ የተከለከለ ነው። በፈጣሪም በህብረተሰቡም ዘንድ።😊

📌Marriage is, therefore, a permanent legal union between a man and a woman. It is an important institution without which the society could never be sustained.
ስለዚህ ጋብቻ የSocietyው ህልውና እንዲቀጥል በማድረግ ውስጥ ትልቅ ሚና አለው። ደግሞም አምላክ የፈጠረው ስርዓት ስለሆነ ቅዱስ ነው።😊

📓Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?🤔
በእርግጥ ይህን በዚህ እድሜ መማራችን ይጠቅማናል። ስለዚህ ማንን እናግባ?😊 ከመሬት ተነስተህ ያማረችህን ሁሉ አገባለው ብትል አይሆንም፣ አንቺም እንደዛው።

1. Exogamy: is the rule by which a man👱‍♂ is not allowed to marry someone👱‍♂ from his own social group.
ይህኛው በአንድ ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ የምትኖሩ ከሆነ መጋባትን የሚከለክል ህግ ነው። አስባችሁታል ሰፈር ውስጥ አብራችሁ ያደጋችሁትን፣ የምታፈቅራትን ልጅ አታገባም ሲባል🙈😁

In fact, there are some definite reasons for which practice of exogamy got approval.
📌የመጀመሪያ በተለይ በድሮ ዘመን (አሁንም በገጠራማ አከባቢ) በአንድ ማህበረሰብ የሚኖሩ ሰዎች Probably የስጋ ዝምድና ስለ ሚንራቸው፣ የአንትን Society ሴት ማግባት፣ እህትን እንደማግባት ነው ሚቆጠረው።

📌Attraction between a male and female gets lost due to close relationship in a small group.
አንድን ነገር Adapt ካደረጋችሁት፥ ከጊዜ ቆይታ በኃላ እርካታ ላታገኙበት ትችላላችሁ፤ ልክ እንደዚያው በአንድ ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ ካደጋችሁት ሰው ጋር ተጋብቶ ለመኖር እርካታ ላይሰጣችሁ ይችላል።

2. Endogamy: A rule of endogamy requires individuals to marry within their own group and forbids them to marry outside it.
ይህ ደግሞ የExogamy ተቃራኒ ነው። እዚህ ላይ ከSocietyአችሁ ውጪ ማግባት አይፈቀድም።

📌Religious groups such as the Amish, Mormons, Catholics, and Jews have rules of endogamy.
📌Castes in India and Nepal are also endogamous.

I think ይሄኛው በብዙ ሃይማኖትና ባህላት ዘንድ ታዋቂ ነው። ከእነሱ ሀይማኖት እና ባህል ውጪ ጋብቻን አይፈቅዱም።

3. Preferential Cousin Marriage: This type of marriage is practiced in one form or another in most of the major regions of the world. There are two types:

📍Cross Cousin: are children of siblings of the opposite sex.
ይህ ማለት "የእናቴ ወንድም ልጆች እና የአባቴ እህት ልጆች" ሲጋቡ ማለት ነው። ልብ በሉ👀 ደግማችሁ አንብቡት!

📍Parallel Cousins: is when marriage takes place between the children of the siblings of the same sex.
ይሄ ማለት ደግሞ "የእናቴ እህት ልጆች እና የአባቴ ወንድም ልጆች" ሲጋቡ ማለት ነው።
ገብቶአቹዋላ Paralle ሲል ተመሳሳይ ፆታ ያላቸው ናቸው ሚጋቡት ማለቱ አይደለም፥ ነገር parallel የተባለው በእናት👱 እህት👱‍♀ እና በአባት🧔 ወንድም🧔 ልጆች መካከል መሆኑ ነው።

🎈The most common form of preferential cousin marriage is between cross cousins.
ከዚያኛው ይልቅ Cross Cousin ነው አብዛኛው ሰው የሚጠቀመው።

4. The Levirate and Sororate

📍The Liverate: is the custom where by a widow is expected to marry the brother (or some close male relative) of her dead husband.
ይሄኛው "ባሏ የሞተባት ሴት👩‍🦱 የባሏን ወንድም ወይም የቅርብ ዘመድ👱‍♂ ስታገባ ማለት ነው።"

📍 The Sororate: is the custom where by a died women's husband is expected to marry a Sister (or some close female relative) of his died wife.
ይሄ ደግሞ "ሚስቱ የሞተችበት ባል🧔 በሞተችው ሚስቱ ፋንታ የሚስቱን እህት ወይም የቅርብ ዘመድ👱‍♀" ሲያገባ ነው።

📓Number of Spouses

ስንት እጮና ይኑረን? ሚለውን እዚህ ስር እናያለን፥ አሁን ነገሩ ወደ እኛ እየመጣ ያለ ይመስላል😁

🔖Monogamy: the marriage of one man to one woman at a time.
Maths ላይ One to One ብላችሁ እንደተማራቹት አይነት ነው😁

🔖Polygamy: marriage of a man or woman with two or more mates. Polygamy can be of two types.

📌Polygyny: [ፖሊጂኒ] the marriage of a man to two or more women at a time.
📌Polyandy: [ፖሊያንዲ] the marraige of a woman to two or more men at a time.

ለምሳሌ ቅድም ያየነው "The Sororate" ላይ አንዱ ሚስቱ የሞተችበት ባል እህቷን ካገባት፣ ሁለት ሴቶች👱‍♀👱 ስላገባ Sororal Polygny ይባላል።

የሚገርማችሁ Polygamy Advantageም አለው ይባላል🙈

📌It produces more children, who are considered valuable for future economic and poltical assets.
ልጆች ሲበዙ ከእነዚያ መሃል አንዱ አድጎ ሃብታም ከሆነ ለቤተሰቡ ኢኮኖሚ ጥሩ ነው። ይህ ግን አጥጋቢ አይደለም😊

📌DisAdvantageኡን ካየን ደግሞ በሚስቶች መካከል መቀናናት (አንዷ በሌላው ስትቀና) ሊፈጠር ይችላል😁

📓Economic Consideration of Marriage

እስኪ አሁን ደግሞ በጋብቻ ጊዜ ሊኖሩ ሚችሉ ወጪዎችን እንይ🙈

🏮These may take place either before or after the marriage can be divided into three categories:

𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass

1. Bride Price
2. Bride Service
3. Dowry

1. Bride Price: ሌላ ስሙ "Bride Wealth" ነው፥ is the compensation given upon marriage by the family of the groom🤵 to the family of the bride👰.
የሙሽራው ቤተሰብ ለሙሽራይቱ ቤተሰብ ካሳ [Compensation] ሲሰጥ ነው። ይህ እንደምታውቅት በብዙሃኑ አፍሪካውያን ዘንድ የተለመደ ነው።😊

2. Bride Service: is when the groom works for his wife's family.
ይህ ደግሞ በመፅሐፍ ቅዱስ📖 ዘፍጥረት ላይ አንብባችሁ ከሆነ ያዕቆብ👱‍♂ የላባን ልጅ ራሄልን👱‍♀ ለማግባት ሲል የላባ🧔 ቤት ውስጥ ለ14 አመት ላባን አገልግሎት ነበር። ስለዚህ Bride Service ማለት ሙሽራው ሙሽራይቱን ለማግባት ቤተሰቧን ሲያግዝ ማለት ነው።

3. Dowry: involves a transfer of goods or money in the opposite direction, from the bride's family to the groom's family.
ይሄኛው ወንዶች ሙሽሮችን ይመቻቿል😂 ምክንያቱም በተቃራኒ ስለሆነ፣ ለነገሩ ለሙሽሮቹኮ ምንም ጥቅም አይኖረውም ምክንያቱም በቤተሰቦቻቸው መካካል የሚደረግ ስለሆነ🤷‍♂

📓Post-Marital Residence

🔖Is where the newly married couple lives after the marriage ritual is governed by cultural rules, which are referred to as post-marital residence rule.
እኔና ሚስቴ ከተጋባን በኃላ የት እንኑር የእነሷ ቤተሰቦች ጋር ወይስ የኔ ቤተሰብ ጋር ወይስ ሌላ ቦታ🤔
እነዚህን ያዟቸው👇👇 ፈተና ላይ አይቀሩም!!

📌Patrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father.

📌Matrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

📌Avunculocal Residence: The married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother.

📌Ambilocal/Bilocal Residence: The married couple has a choice of living with relatives of the wife or relatives of the husband.

📌Neolocal Residence: The Married couple forms an independent place of residence away from the relatives of either spouse.

Alright በጣም አበዛው መሰለኝ ለዛሬው ይህ በቂ ነው😊 Athropology ማንበብን ይፈልጋል፣ በደንብ በርትታችሁ አንብቡ ከዚያ በኃላ A/A+ አመጣ ይሁን የሚል ስጋት አይገባቹም🤗

ጥያቄ ምናምን ካላችሁ👇


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𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass

📚Anthropology
[Continued....]

👨‍👩‍👦‍👦Family

📌The term ‘Family’ has been derived from the Roman word ‘Famulus’ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

📌is the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

📌Cultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

📝The nuclear family
📝The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
ይሄ Nuclear family ሚባለው "Core members of the family" ሚባሉት ሰዎች ብቻ👆 የያዘ ነው፥ ለዚያም ነው ስሙ እንዲህ የተባለው።

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
📍Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
ባልና ሚስት አንድ ስጋ ናቸው፣ የሚኖሩት የሚያድሩት አብረው ነው። Monogamous ናቸው።

📍በአብዛኛው Nuclear family ውስጥ ሚስት ቤት ተቀምጣ ባል ወጥቶ ይሰራል ወይም ባሉ ቤት ይጠብቅና ሚስቱ ወጥታ ትሰራለች። [ማለትም የResponsibility መከፋፈል አለ👌]

📍The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
ልጆች ደግሞ አግብተው ይሄዱና የራሳቸውን Family ይመሰርታሉ💃🕺። ስለዚህ መጀመሪያ የነበረው Nuclear family Temporary ነው። Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. ልጆች የፈለጉት የማግባት መብት አላቸው፣ ቤተሰብ ታልቃ አይገባም።

ይሄ Family ደስ አይልም?😍😍

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

📌In the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

📌When a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

📖Functions Marriage and Family

📍Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
ጋብቻና ቤተሰብ ውስጥ ከሚኖሩ ስራዎች (ስራ ልበለው መቼስ ሌላ ምን እሏለው😂) መካከል አንዱ ባልና ሚስት የግብረ ስጋ ግኑኝት በመፍጠር የቤተሰቡን ህልውና ማስቀጠል ነው።

📍Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
ባልና ሚስት አንድ ላይ ሲመጡ Economicallyም ትልቅ አቅም ይፈጠራል።😇

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


📚KINSHIP [ዝምድና]

🔖A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [ዝምድና] ማለት የሆነ ቀለል ያለ ነገር ወይም የአንድ ህብረተሰብ አብሮ መኖር ሳይሆን የስጋና የዘር ትስስር ያላቸው ሰዎች ማለት ነው።
ለምሳሌ "አንተና የእህትህ ባል አባት ወንድም ልጅ"😂 አሁን ይሄ አይነቱ Kinship ሊባል ይችላል።

🔖Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
🔖Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

❕እነዚህን ሁለቱን👆ያዙአቸው።

The relationship based on blood ties [በስጋ ትስስር ላይ የተመሰረተ ህብረት] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [ሰዎቹ] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

በተጨማሪ ደግሞ ሰዎች ለመራባት / ዘራቸው እንዲበዛ (Reproduction) ካላቸው ፍላጎት የተነሳ ይጋባሉ፥ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

📚Descent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
ይህ ደግሞ በእጮኛሞቹ ወይም በባልና ሚስቱ👨‍❤️‍👨 መካከል ያለው ዝምድና በህብረተሰቡ ዘንድ ያለው እውቅና ወይም በአጭሩ 'ዘርማንዘር'😃 ተብሎ ሊተረጎም ይችላል።

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
ይህ ማለት ዘርማንዘሩ በወንዱ👱‍♂ በኩል ብቻ ሲቀጥል ማለት ነው። ለምሳሌ አንድ አባት👨‍🦳 ወንድና ሴት ልጆች ካሉት፣ ሴቶቹ ግን ልጅ ወልደው የአባታቸውን ዘር ካላስቀጠሉና ወንድ ልጅ ብቻ ዘሩን ሲያስቀጥል ነው Patrilineal Descent ብለን የምንጠራው።

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
ይህ ደግሞ ዘሩ በሴቷ ልጅ በኩል ብቻ ሲቀጥል ነው።

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance

📚Anthropology
[Continued....]

👨‍👩‍👦‍👦Family

📌The term ‘Family’ has been derived from the Roman word ‘Famulus’ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

📌is the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

📌Cultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

📝The nuclear family
📝The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
ይሄ Nuclear family ሚባለው "Core members of the family" ሚባሉት ሰዎች ብቻ👆 የያዘ ነው፥ ለዚያም ነው ስሙ እንዲህ የተባለው።

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
📍Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
ባልና ሚስት አንድ ስጋ ናቸው፣ የሚኖሩት የሚያድሩት አብረው ነው። Monogamous ናቸው።

📍በአብዛኛው Nuclear family ውስጥ ሚስት ቤት ተቀምጣ ባል ወጥቶ ይሰራል ወይም ባሉ ቤት ይጠብቅና ሚስቱ ወጥታ ትሰራለች። [ማለትም የResponsibility መከፋፈል አለ👌]

📍The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
ልጆች ደግሞ አግብተው ይሄዱና የራሳቸውን Family ይመሰርታሉ💃🕺። ስለዚህ መጀመሪያ የነበረው Nuclear family Temporary ነው። Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. ልጆች የፈለጉት የማግባት መብት አላቸው፣ ቤተሰብ ታልቃ አይገባም።

ይሄ Family ደስ አይልም?😍😍

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

📌In the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

📌When a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

📖Functions Marriage and Family

📍Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
ጋብቻና ቤተሰብ ውስጥ ከሚኖሩ ስራዎች (ስራ ልበለው መቼስ ሌላ ምን እሏለው😂) መካከል አንዱ ባልና ሚስት የግብረ ስጋ ግኑኝት በመፍጠር የቤተሰቡን ህልውና ማስቀጠል ነው።

📍Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
ባልና ሚስት አንድ ላይ ሲመጡ Economicallyም ትልቅ አቅም ይፈጠራል።😇

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


📚KINSHIP [ዝምድና]

🔖A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [ዝምድና] ማለት የሆነ ቀለል ያለ ነገር ወይም የአንድ ህብረተሰብ አብሮ መኖር ሳይሆን የስጋና የዘር ትስስር ያላቸው ሰዎች ማለት ነው።
ለምሳሌ "አንተና የእህትህ ባል አባት ወንድም ልጅ"😂 አሁን ይሄ አይነቱ Kinship ሊባል ይችላል።

🔖Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
🔖Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

❕እነዚህን ሁለቱን👆ያዙአቸው።

The relationship based on blood ties [በስጋ ትስስር ላይ የተመሰረተ ህብረት] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [ሰዎቹ] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

በተጨማሪ ደግሞ ሰዎች ለመራባት / ዘራቸው እንዲበዛ (Reproduction) ካላቸው ፍላጎት የተነሳ ይጋባሉ፥ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

📚Descent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
ይህ ደግሞ በእጮኛሞቹ ወይም በባልና ሚስቱ👨‍❤️‍👨 መካከል ያለው ዝምድና በህብረተሰቡ ዘንድ ያለው እውቅና ወይም በአጭሩ 'ዘርማንዘር'😃 ተብሎ ሊተረጎም ይችላል።

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
ይህ ማለት ዘርማንዘሩ በወንዱ👱‍♂ በኩል ብቻ ሲቀጥል ማለት ነው። ለምሳሌ አንድ አባት👨‍🦳 ወንድና ሴት ልጆች ካሉት፣ ሴቶቹ ግን ልጅ ወልደው የአባታቸውን ዘር ካላስቀጠሉና ወንድ ልጅ ብቻ ዘሩን ሲያስቀጥል ነው Patrilineal Descent ብለን የምንጠራው።

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
ይህ ደግሞ ዘሩ በሴቷ ልጅ በኩል ብቻ ሲቀጥል ነው።

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass
@GTutori

👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆
𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗻𝗲𝘄. 𝗕𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗯 𝗮𝗻𝗯𝗯𝘂𝘁


𝗜𝘁'𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗹.
𝗜𝗳 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝐮 𝗱𝗼𝗻'𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲
𝐈𝐭'𝐬 𝐄𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡!



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This video is the answer to your frequently asked question. So I say you should watch the video carefully and use it.


Peace be upon you all !!



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