Anthropology የጀመራችሁ ካላችሁ አሳውቁን ይዘጋጃል


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Psychology Mid Exam
[A+ Tutorial Class]

Read the following statements Carefully and Write True or False.

1. Sensory Adaptation lets you detect potentially important change in your environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it.

2. A reinforcement is a stimulus that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur.

3. The decay Theory holds that the Trace simply fades away with nothing left behid, due to passage of time.

4. Over learn is one of the ways to improve memory.

5. Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage.

Choose the best Answer

6. Which of the following is not organizing principle of Perception?
A. Proximity
B. Continuation
C. Law of Closure
D. Convergence

7. Which of the following is correct about Retinal disparity?
A. It is the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on thee single retina.
B. It's one of the monocular cues
C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity
D. It is two dimensional perception

8. From the following, One is Not Correct About Learning?
A. Learning is responsive to incentives
B. Learning is Pervasive
C. Learning is Multifaceted
D. Learning is a Passive Process

9. A Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called:
A. Conditioned Stimulus
B. Unconditioned Stimulus
C. Neutral Stimulus
D. Unconditioned Response

10._is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
A. Stimulus generalization
B. Extinction
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Stimulus Discrimination

11. If someone nags you all the time to stud, but stops nagging when you comply, your studying is likely to increase-because you will then avoid nagging. This implies
A. Negative punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Postive reinforcement

12. Which schedule of reinforcement is often used by Employers to increase productivity?
A. Variable ratio schedule
B. Fixed interval schedule
C. Fixed ratio schedule
D. Variable interval schedule

13. Short term memory is
A. Active
B. Rapid accessibility
C. Limited capacity
D. All Except B

14. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
A. Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class.
B. A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets.
C. A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward.
D. A baby takes his fi rst steps.
E. A horse jumps over a fence to avoid an electric shock

15. Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.
B. Long-term memory holds only episodic memories while short-term memory does not.
C. Long-term memory varies a great deal from one person to another, while short-term memory does not.
D. In terms of processing, long-term memory comes directly after sensory memory while short-term memory does not.
E. Long-term memory depends on neural connections in the limbic system while short-term memory does not.

Give the Correct Answer for the following

16. Write the factors that are important that are important for the effectiveness of Punishment

17. What are four conditions that are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else according to Bandura

18. What is a Serial Position effect

19. According to George Miller the stimated capacity of Short Term Memory is to be the magic number____

20. Suppose a oneyear old child is playing with a toy near an electrical outlet. He sticks part of the toy into the outlet. He gets shocked, becomes frightened, and begins to cry. For several days after that experience, he shows fear when his mother gives him the toy and he refuses to play with it. What is

a) UCS(Unconditioned stimulus)_

b) UCR(Unconditioned
Response) _

c) CS(Conditioned Stimulus)___

d) CR(Conditioned Response)__

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✅Software ENGINEERING‼️

👩‍💻 ሶፍትዌር ኢንጅነሪንግ  በአሁኑ ሰአት በብዙ ተማሪዎች ተፈላጊ እየሆነ የመጣ የ ኢንጅነሪንግ ፊልድ ነው ።የተለያዩ ሶፍትዌሮች ወይም አፕልኬሽኖችን  ለመስራት እና ለመፍጠር በዩኒቨርሲቲ የሚሰጠው ትምህርት ዘርፍ ' ሶፍትዌር ኢንጅነሪንግ ' ተብሎ ይጠራል።

   🟢 በ ቅድመ ምረቃ ዲግሪ መርሐ ግብር የስንት አመት ትምህርት ነው❓

✅ በአብዛኞቹ የኢትዮጵያ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች ላይ 5 አመት የሚወስድ  ሲሆን እንደ እነ መቀሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ላይ ደግሞ የ 4 አመት ትምህርት ነው ።  

    🎚 ምን አይነት ተማሪ ነው Software Engineeering መግባት ያለበት❓

⏰ Software Engineering ለመግባት programming ላይ አሪፍ ፍላጎት እና ዝንባሌ ያላቸው ተማሪዎች ቢገቡበት ይመረጣል።ሶፍትዌር ኢንጅነሪንግ  ላይ የሚሰጡ የ programming language ትምህርቶች ላይ ጎበዝ ለመሆን Maths ላይ አሪፍ ብትሆኑ ይመረጣል።

✅ Software Engineeering የሚገቡ ተማሪዎች ግዴታ ማወቅ ያለባቸው ነገሮች ምን ምን ናቸው❓

🔵 ሶፍትዌር ኢንጅነሪንግ የሚማር ተማሪ ከታች የተዘረዘሩትን የ Programming Language የትምህርት ዘርፍ ግዴታ መውሰድ እና ማወቅ ይጠበቅበታል👇።

             ▶️Some of main programming languags are
    
                            👩‍💻•  C++
                            👨‍💻•  JAVA
                            👩‍💻•  PYHTON
                            👨‍💻•  C#
                            👩‍💻•  HTML
                            👨‍💻•  CSS
                            👩‍💻•  JAVASCRPT

🔵 በ Software Engineeering የሙያ ዘርፍ ላይ ብቁ እና ስኬታማ የሆነ ባለሙያ ምን ምን ሙያዊ ተግባራትን ያከናውናል❓

▶️ ሶፍትዌር ኢንጅነሪንግ  የተለያዩ አፕሊኬሽን ስራዎችን መስራት ና መፍጠርን ያካትታል ማለትም Application Ena Software Develope ማድረግ ነው።

➡️A SOFTWARE ENGINEER is someone who:

🔵• Designs, builds, and tests software applications.
🔵•  Understands user requirements and solves problems using coding/technology.
🔵•  Uses programming languages to turn instructions into something a computer can understand.

✅ በ Software Engineeering የተመረቀ ሰው ምን ምን ስራዎችን መስራት ይችላል❓

1.  Applications Developer
2.  Cyber Security Analyst
3.  Game Developer
4.  Information Systems Manager
5.  IT Consultant
6.  Multimedia Programmer
7.  Web Developer
8.  Web Designer
9.  Software Engineer

🌞 Software Engineeering  የስራ እድሉ እስከምን ድረስ ነው❓

🌑 በ Software Engineeering ተመርቄ ስራ ላላገኝ እችላለሁ🤔❓ አትስጉ ሰፊ የሆነ የስራ ዕድል ይገኝበታል እንደውም ከለሎች የ Engineering ፊልዶች የሚለይበት አንድ ነገር የግድ የ መንግስት ስራ ላይ መቀጠር አይጠበቅባችሁም። በ Software Engineering የተመረቀ ተማሪ በራሱ የተለያዩ ስራዎች መስራት ይችላል።

📚 የ Software Engineeering ትምህርት ከባድ ነው ወይስ ቀላል🤔❓

🌎 በ Software Engineering ስር ከሚሰጡ ኮርሶች መካከል አብዛሀኞቹ programming languages ናቸው እና እነሱን በደንብ መረዳት እና Practise ማድረግ ከቻላችሁ ደስ የሚል እና easy የሆነ ትምህርት ነው።

              ➡️ ገቢውስ ምን ያክል ነው😀❓

🟣 አንድ የ Software Engineering ምሩቅ ስራ ላይ አሪፍ የሚባል ደሞዝ ያገኛል። በ ወር በትንሹ መነሻ ደሞዝ ከ10,000 ብር እና ከዛ በላይ ታገኛላቹ በዛ ላይ ከ መደበኛ ስራ ውጪ በግል የራሳችሁን ስራ ለመስራት ስለሚመች በጣም አሪፍ ገቢ ይኖራችኋል።

📌 Join and share 👇👇👇

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What is life?

Life is a journey between B and D

B= Birth
D= Death,
     but C in between. and what is C?

C is a choice.

Want to suffer? You have a choice to suffer or not suffer. Take your choice then live happily!

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📚CHAPTER 5

📖INFORMAL FALLACIES

🔖What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
ብዙዎች "Fallacy" የሚለውን ቃል "ህፀፅ" በሚለው ይተረጉሙታል፣ ነገር ግን ቃሉን በደንብ ግልፅ የሚያደርገው ትርጉም "በአመክንዮ/በምክንያታዊነት አስተሳሰብ የሚከሰት ስህተት፣ ስህተት የማይመስሉ ነገር ግን ሰዎችን የሚያስቱ.."

🔖Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

📌Formal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
📌ይህ ማለት በሃሳባቸው የተዋረድ ስርዓት ሊታወቁ የሚችሉ አሳሳች የአመክንዮ ስህተቶች ማለት ነው።
የአረፍተ ነገሮቹና የቃላቶቹ አቀማመጥ ብቻ አይተን መለየት የምንችላቸው ናቸው።

እስኪ ቀጣዩን ምሳሌ ተመልከቱ👇
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

አያቹ አ ይሄ አሁን Structural defect አለበት። ሁሉም ፍሬሽማን ጎበዝ ነው ማለት ሁሉም ጎበዝ ፍሬሽማን ነው ማለት አይደለም።

ስለዚህ Formal Fallacyን እንዲሁ አይታችሁ መለየት ትችላላችሁ! ደግሞ ያልነገርኳችሁ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." እነ Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyን Commit ሊያረጉ ይችላሉ።

እስኪ ሌላ ምሳሌ ልጨምርላችሁ👇
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

እንዲህ አይነቱን አሁን በቀላሉ informal fallacy መሆናቸውን የArgumentኡን Structure ብቻ በመመልከት መለየት ትችላላችሁ።

📚INFORMAL FALLACIES

📖Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"ን በአማርኛ ስንተረጉመው "በቃላቶቹና በአረፍተ ነገሮቹ መዋቅር ሳይሆን #ይዘታቸውን በመመርመር ሊታወቁ የሚችሉ አሳሳች የአመክንዮ ግድፈቶች ማለት ነው።

Informal fallacyዎች በብዛት ትክክለኛ Argument ይመስላሉ፣ ሰዎችን የማሳመን ኃይል አላቸው ነገር ግን ስህተት ናቸው።

እስኪ አንድ የinformal fallacy ምሳሌ እንመልከት [ከሞጁሉ የተወሰደ]👇

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

ሲታይ ትክክለኛ argument ይመስላል አ? ነገር ግን አይደለም! " Plant" የሚለው Word የመጀመሪያውና የሁለተኛው Sentence ውስጥ የተጠቀመበት Context አንድ አደለም! የመጀመርያው ላይ Plant ማለት "ተመሰረተ፣ ተተከለ( ለቤት፣ ለፋብሪካ..)"
የሁለተኛው ላይ Plant ማለት ችግኝ ማለት ነው።
ስለዚህ Formኡ እንዲህ ሊሆን ይችላል👇
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

አያቹ አ በደንብ ካላስተዋላችሁት informal fallacyን ለመለየት ትንሽ ከባድ ነው።

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
መጀመሪያ ግልፅ እንዲሆንላችሁ ከታች የተለቀቀውን Photo ተመልከቱ

1⃣Fallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
ማለትም the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs ወይም Argumentative leaps ተብሎ ይጠራሉ።

መረጃ ሀሳቡ ከመደምደሚያው ጋር አግባብነት ካሌለው Fallacy of Relevance ይባላል።

በምስሉ እንዳያችሁት እዚህ ስር ስምንት(8) fallacies of relevance እናያለን።

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

📍Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

ይሄ "ማስረጃ በማቅረብ ከማሳመን ይልቅ በዛቻ ተቀባይነት ለማግኘት የሚደረግ የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው።"

እስኪ እቺን ምሳሌ እዪአት: አባት ለልጁ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

🔖This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: ነገር ግን Argumentኡ በውስጡ ዛቻና ማስፈራራት ስለያዘ ብቻ Appeal to Force ነው ማለት አንችልም።

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

ይህ ደግሞ ማስረጃ ከማቅረብ ይልቅ #በማሳዘን የሚፈለገውን ለማግኘት ሲሞከር የሚፈፀም የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው። ከappeal to force የሚለየው:-

📍ያኛው በማስፈራራት ነው[Force] ይህኛው ደግሞ በማሳዘን [pity] ነው።
📍ያኛው በሰሚው ወይ በአንባቢው ላይ ስለሚደርሰው ጉዳት ይናገራል ይህኛው ደግሞ በባለቤቱ ላይ ስለሚደርሰው ጉዳት [unfortunate consequence] ይናገራል።

እስኪ አንድ ምሳሌ እንውሰድ👇
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass

ይቀጥላል...............

አጃይብ ነው 🤔🤔🤔😂😂በምስራቃዊ ኡጋንዳ ነዋሪነታቸውን ያደረጉት የ70 አመት አዛውንት ቤተሰባቸውን መመገብ ፈተና ሆኖባቸዋል ለምን አትሉም 👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
ግለሰቡ ቤተሰባቸው ከመስፋቱ የተነሳ ከመጀመሪያ እና የመጨረሻ ልጆቻቸው በስተቀር የልጆቻቸውን ስም እንደማያስታውሱ ይናገራሉ ሙሳ ሀሳህያ ካሴራ ይባላሉ።
ነዋሪነታቸው በምስራቃዊ ኡጋንዳ ሙኪዛ መንደር ሲሆን የ70 አመቱ አዛውንት ሰፊ ቁጥር ባለው ቤተሰባቸው የመገናኛ ብዙሀን መነጋገርያ ሆነው ቆይተዋል፡፡

የሃሳህያ ታሪክ በቅርቡ በማህበራዊ ሚዲያዎች በብዛት መሰራጨቱን ተከትሎ “በአለም ላይ ብዙ ልጆችን የፈጠሩ ሰው” በሚል ስያሜ በዓለም ዙሪያ መነጋገርያ ሆነዋል፡፡

12 ሚስቶች ፣ 102 ልጆች እና 578 የልጅ ልጆች ያሏቸው አባወራ ከቤተሰባቸው መስፋት የተነሳ ምግብ እና ሌሎች መሰረታዊ ፍላጎቶችን ለማሟላት ፈተና እንደሆነባቸው እየተነገረ ነው፡፡

በ1972 የመጀመሪያ ሚስታቸውን በ17 ዓመታቸው ያገቡት አባወራው ባለፉት አሥርተ ዓመታት በከብት ነጋዴነት እያደገ የመጣው ሀብታቸው የመንደሩ ነዋሪዎች ከሀሳህያ ጋር በጋብቻ ለመዛመድ ሴት ልጆቻቸውን እንዲያቀርቡ አድርጓል፡፡

ቀስ በቀስ12 ከደረሱ ሚስቶቻቸው 102 ልጆችን የወለዱት አዛውንቱ በአሁኑ ወቅት የልጆቻቸው እድሜ ዝቅተኛው 10 ሲሆን ከፍተኛው ደግሞ 50 ነው፡፡

አዛውንቱ አባወራ “የመጀመሪያ እና የመጨረሻ ልጄን ስም ብቻ ማስታወስ እችላለሁ፣ የሌሎቹ ግን ስማቸውን ማስታወስ አልችልም” ሲሉ ይናገራሉ፡፡

በአሁኑ ወቅት ካላፈው ሀላፊነት ካልተሞላበት ውሳኔየ ብዙ ተምሬያለሁ የሚሉት አዛውንቱ አባወራ በአሁኑ ወቅት ሌላ ልጅ ላለመውለድ ከፍተኛ ጥንቃቄ እያደረጉ ስለመሆኑ ተናግረዋል፡፡

https://t.me/GTutorialclass/4857

Fallacy ይቀጥል የምትሉ raise Your hand!


https://t.me/GTutorialclass

Professor, hear me once please. I should deserve at least a B in this course. If I do not, I will be in Prohibition and total lose of moral courage to attend other courses."

3. Appeal to People
[Argumentum ad Populum]

Is committed whenever anyone urging the acceptance of a claim by arousing strong feelings that may leaf audiences to accept the claim without a logical justigication of it.

ይህ ደግሞ የህዝብን ስሜት በማነሳሳት የፈለጉትን ለማሳካት ሲሞከር የሚፈፀም የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው።

Two approaches are involved in appeal to people fallacy:
📍direct and
📍indirect.

🔖The direct approach occurs when an arguer, addressing a large group of people, excites the emotions and enthusiasm of the crowd to win acceptance for his or her conclusion.

ለምሳሌ እነ Hitler የህዝቡን ስሜት በማነሳሳትና በመቀስቀስ ነበር በሁዝቡ የዘረኝነትን መርዝ ከረጨ በኃላ የዚያ ሰው ሁሉ እልቂት የተፈፀመው።

🔖In the indirect approach, the arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately.

ይህ ደግሞ ለግለሰቦች የሚቀርብ ማባበያ ነው። There are Three forms of indirect approach

📍Appeal to Bandwagon
Emphasizes that the majority's choice is a correct one and urges audiences to join them
ይህ ማለት "አብዛኛው ሰው ተቀብሎታልና አንተም ተቀበለው" ማለት ነው።

Eg. " Many Freshman Students study in library so, Studying in library is the best for freshman students"

📍Appeal to Vanity
በችሎታቸው ዝኘኛ የሆኑ ሰዎች ስለሚጠቀሙበት አንተም ብትጠቀምበት የዝነኞቹ ክብር ይኖረሃል።

Eg. "Who is going to wear this new fashion dress, a dress worn by the famous Aster Awoke in her New Year's Sheraten Hotel's Show?"

📍Appeal to Snobbery

የተከበሩ ሰዎችን መጥቀስ ወይም ለሌሎች #የበላይ (Superior) የመሆን ፍላጎት

Eg. "The newly produced Malt Guiness is not for everyone to drink. But you are different from other people, aren't you? Therefore, the newly malt guiness is for you.

🔖In Birhanu direct and indirect approach to appeal to the people fallacy the arguer targeted on exploiting strong emotions of the people.

4. Argument against The Person
[Argumentum Ad Hominem]


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ይቀጥላል .........

Is Usually committed by discrediting (damaging the good reputation of a person) for the purpose of criticizing the arguments forwarded by the person.

የግለሰብን ማንነት በማጥቃት የቀረበውን ሀሳብ ውድቅ ለማድረግ ሲሞከር የሚፈፀም የአስተሳሰብ ስህተት ነው።

There are three types of the fallacy of Ad hominem

📍Ad Hominem Abusive Fallacy

Is committed when we engage in abusive remarks about the person and use them as a ground for rejecting the person's claim.
አንድን የቀረበ ሃሳብ መቃወም ሲፈለግ ማስረጃ አቅርቦ ከመቃወም ይልቅ የዚያን ሰው ስብዕና በማጉደፍ የሚቀርብ የስህተት ትችት ነው።

ይቺን ምሳሌ እዩአት👇

Eg. "Hailu's idea that there is life after death should be discounted; since he was regularly treated in Emmanuel Hospital-a hospital that treats individuals having personality disorders."

📍Ad Hominem Circumstantial Fallacy

This fallacy inferes that "A claim the person makes is false because somebody in that position could be expected to make such claims."

ይህ ከግለሰቡ ጋር የሚገናኙ ሁኔታዎችን በመጥቀስ ሀሳቡን ውድቅ ለማድረግ መሞከር ነው።

Eg. "We heard the saying of Getachew that 'Freedom is that we yearn (የምንናፍቀው)for Centuries in Ethiopia. But it could not yet to be achieved.' But Getachew's idea should be rejected, because he is one of the leaders of opposition parties."
አሁን Getachew 'በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ነፃነት የለም' ያለው የተፎካካሪ/የተቃራኒ Party አባል ስለሆነ ነው ብለን ብንደመድም ስህተት ነው።

📍Ad Hominem tu quoque

This fallacy is committed when we say that a person's clam is false because it's contrary with something else the person has said or done before.

Tu quoque ማለት "You also", "you did it, too" ማለት ነው።

የራስን ስህተት ለመሸፈን የሌላውን ስህተት መጥቀስ ነው።

ለምሳሌ እናት: ልጄ አትስረቅ ሌብነት ጥሩ አይደለም።
ልጅ: እንዴ እኔን እንዴት አትስረቅ ቲይኛለሽ? ባለፈው ከአባቴ ስር ብር ስትሰርቂ በአይኔ በብረቱ አላየሁሽምን

5. Accident

is committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover.

ለምሳሌ: "ማንኛውም ሰው የማውራት መብት አለው፣ ስለዚህ ፕሮፌሰር ከበደ ባለፈው ስለ ኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ስላወረው ነገር መታሰር አልነበረበትም።"

6. Straw Man Fallacy

This Fallacy is committed when some one opposes an opponen'ts ot other's opinion and presents in its place a distorted, oversimplified, misrepresented and exaggerated version for the purpose of making it easier to attack the opponenent's position.

የተናጋሪውን ወይም የፃፊውን ሀሳብ በማጋነን ወይም በማጣጣል ለትችት እንዲመች በማድረግ መቃወም ነው።

The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim (the “straw man”), and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person A’s original assertion.

ይቺን ምሳሌ ስትመለከቱ በደንብ ግልፅ ይሆንላችኋል😊

example, imagine a husband and a wife are trying to decide whether they should adopt a dog or a cat.

Wife: I'd rather have a dog than a cat.

Husband: Why do you hate cats?

The wife never said that she hated cats, only that she preferred dogs. The husband either assumed or pretended that her argument was against cats instead of for dogs. Now the wife must argue that she doesn't hate cats — which completely changes the course of the discussion[ወደ red herring fallacy ይመራናል]. 

7. Missing the point
[Ignoratio elenchi]

This fallacy is caused when the argument has a problem of the logical imlplication of the premise and draws the conclusion that which is not a right conclusion.

ይሄ በመረጃ ሀሳቡ መሠረት ትክክለኛውንና ተገቢ የሆነ መደምደሚያ ሃሳብ ላይ መድረስ አለመቻል ወይም ግብን መሳት ማለት ነው።

Eg. "Addis Ababa University has lots of problems. Students services and facilities are inadequate. Many of the instructors are inexperienced. It follows that; the University should be entirely closed."

አያቹ አ የደረሰበትን Conclusion..ከመረጃዎቹ ተነስቶ "ብዙ ጉድለት ስላለበት ይዘጋ።" ማለቱ Fallacy ነው።

8. The Red Herring Fallacy
[Off the track fallacy]

This fallacy occurs when we instead of trying to prove or disprove others views some one attempts to change the subject.

It can also be called "Diversion".

በአጭሩ ማስቀየስ ማለት ነው። ተናጋሪው ባነሳው ሀሳብ መሠረት አንድ መደምደሚያ ሀሳብ ላይ እንዳይደረስ ሲፈለግ ከተነሳው ጉዳይ ጋር የማይገናኝ ሀሳብ በማንሳት የመጀመሪያውን ሃሳብ መቃወም ማለት ነው።

Eg. "Teferi: Do you know, that Almaz has got "A"🤩 in logic.
Asfaw: You knows that she always wears a miniskirts and she attracts teachers with her half-naked body. That is it🤷‍♂ and not her own effort. So, scoring "A" is not a kind of grade that sh

ስለ fallacy በትንሹም ቢሆን ዝና ሰምተዋል ይሄው አሁንም ይቀጥላል ❓

🙌 ሰላም የ tutorial Class ቤተሰቦች እንዴት ናችሁ ፡ ፈተና እንዴት ነው❓

😊 እንደሚታወቀው የ Logic Chapter 1 እና Chapter 2 ን ተምረናል።

📚 በተለይ Chapter 2 mid exam በብዛት ስለሚወጣበት ሰፊ ሽፋን በመስጠት ፡ ጥሩ ገለፃ ለማድረግ ሞክረናል። ትምህርቱንም እንደወደዳችሁት ብዙዎቻችሁ ነግራችሁናል። ለ Mid Exam ብዙ እንደጠቀማችሁም እርግጠኛ ነኝ😎 ።

😕 ነገር ግን ጊዜ ስላልተመቻቸልኝ የ Chapter 3 እና Chapter 4 ኖቶችን አዘጋጅቼ መልቀቅ አልቻልኩም። ይቅርታ እጠይቃለሁ🚶‍♂።

😊 አሁን ላይ ደግሞ final exam እየተቃረበ ነው።

😋 Fallacy(Chapter 5) ደግሞ በጣም ብዙ ጥያቄ ነው የሚወጣበት።

😎 ስለዚህ እኔም ያለችኝን ጊዜ አጣብቤ ለ final exam የሚጠቅሟችሁን እጅግ መሰረታዊ የሆኑ ፅንሰ ሀሳቦችን በመዳሰስ final exam ን በ ልበ ሙሉነት ተፈትናችሁ አሪፍ ውጤት ታመጡ ዘንድ ደፋ ቀና እንላለን።

😊 ስለዚህ ጓደኞቻችሁ ፡ የ ዶርማችሁ ልጆች እንዲመዘገቡ እና ትምህርቱ እንዲያገኙ አድርጉ። በ እርግጠኝነት ለ ፈተና የሚያዘጋጁአችሁ ግልፅ እና ጠቃሚ የሆኑ ሀሳቦችን እንዳስሳለን።

😊ገና ብዙ እንጓዛለን።

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ስለFallacy እየተመቻቹ ይሆንን????
ቤተሰብ Comment መስጠት ይልመድባችሁ

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📚Fallacies of Weak Induction

This types of fallacies usually appears in inductive arguments.
እነዚህ አሳሳች የሆኑ የግምታዊ አስተሳሰብ አመክንዮዎች ናቸው።

Chapter 2 ላይ ባያቿቸው inductive arguments ላይ defect ሲፈጠር Fallacies of weak induction are committed እንላለን።

The premises of the argument may be relevant but not sufficient to establish a conclusion.

9. Appeal to Unqualified Authority
[Argumentum Ad Verecandium]

Sometimes we are in need of the suggestion, comment, advice and information of others that would enable us to reach a conclusion of our own.

However, The person that we relied on to provide the information that we seek might be unreliable.

ይሄ መረጃ ለመስጠት ብቃት የሌለውን ሰው እማኝ ወይም ምስክር ማድረግ ነው።

ለምሳሌ፣ " Dr. Ismail, who is the famous biochemist in this country, told me last night that all economic policies of this country are wrong. It implies thay, this country's Economic policy is wrong."

አያቹ Dr. Ismail በህክምና ትልቅ ስልጣን አለው ማለት ስለ ሌላ ነገር የሰጠው ሃሰብ ትክክል ነው ማለት አይደለም።
ከዚው ጋር ተያይዞ ግን ስለ ኢኮኖሚው ማብራርያውን የሰጠው Economist ቢሆን ኖሮ Appeal to Authority ወይም Appeal to expert opinion ነው የሚባለው።

ስለዚህ ስለማያገባችሁ ወይም በደንብ ስለማታውቁት ነገር ማብራሪያ ከመስጠት ተቆጠቡ😊 So that you do not commit this fallacy😎

10. Appeal to Ignorance
[Argumentum ad ignorantiam]

This Fallacy is committed when one's conclusion is supported by one's own ignorance, lack of evidence or lack of tangible information or knowledge.

ስለ መረጃው ትክክለኛ እውቀት ሳይኖረን እንደምናውቀው ሆነን መደምደሚያ መስጠት። ይሄ Fallacy በሁሉት መንገድ ሊፈጠር ይችላል:-

📌Arguing that something is True Because no one has proved to be false.
(ሀሰት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ እውነት ነው ማለት)

📌Arguing that something is false Because no one Hassan proved it to be True. (እውነት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ ውሽት ነው ማለት)

Eg1. "Life After death is real, since no one has proved that there is no such thing as life after death."

Eg2. "Life after death is a myth, because no one yet proved that it is real."

11. Hasty Generalization Fallacy

This fallacy is just the opposite of Accident fallacy.
It is drawing a conclusion or reaching a certain point of generalization from too small evidences.

ከተወሰኑ ወይም ከጥቂት መረጃዎች ብቻ ተነስተን መደምደሚያ ስንሰራ የሚፈጠር የአስተሳሰብ ስህተት ነው።

Eg. "Addis Zemen Gazeta carried an interview to know the reading skill among young people. It has found out that, among ten young people it interviewed, none of them read a book for the last two years. The conclusion is obvious: all young people in the country do not have the culture of reading books."

12) False Cause Fallacy

Is Committed when someone infering causal explanations from premises that do not provide sufficient evidence to it.

የስህተት መንስኤን መረጃ ስናደርግ የሚፈጠር Fallacy ነው። ሶስት አይነት የFalse cause fallacy አይነት አለ

📍Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy

ስሙን ማንበብ ከበዳቹአ😂

This fallacy is committed when we arrive at a certain conclusion by claiming that one thing is the cause of another thing Because it preceds by the time.

ለምሳሌ፣ "ፈተና ላይ ሆናችሁ ወደ ክላስ እየሄዳችሁ የሞተ ጥቁር ዶሮ 🧟መንገድ ላይ ካያቹ ከዚያ ያንን ፈተና ከ3/10 ብታመጡ ያ ዶሮ ነው እንዲ ያረገኝ ስትሉ😁" ይህ post hoc...ነው።

ሌላ ምሳሌ " Ever since we quit going to church, our business has been going to worse. If we start attending church our business would become good"

📍Non causa pro causa fallacy

🔖Not the cause for the cause ማለት ነው።
መንስኤ መሆን የማይገባው መንስኤ ሆኖ ሲወሰድ።

Eg1. "እሷ ድሃ ናት ምክንያቱም ጠንቋይ ረግሟታል"😔

Eg2. "What makes Africans poor is because they are black people."

📍OverSimplified cause fallacy

አንድ ነገር ለመከሰቱ ብዙ ምክንያቶች እያሉት አንዱን ብቻ ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

Eg. "Don't worry; she will be all right from her abdominal sicknes. I gave her good advices"
ስለመከራት ብቻም አይሻላትም፣ ነገር ግን ከህመሟ እንድታገግም ምክር እንዱ ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል።

13. Slippery Slope Fallacy

🔖is a species of negative reasoning from consequences, used where two parties are deliberating together and one warns the other not to take a contemplated action.

ለተከሰቱት ሁኔታዎች ሁሉ ወይም መጨረሻ ላይ ለደረሰው ከባድ ችግር የመጀመሪያውን ምክንያት ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

ለሜሳሌ:-
Student: I do have a question, teacher.
Teacher: I will not allow you to ask me because, If I allow you to ask me, others will start asking me and as a result I will not have enough time for my lecture.
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በተጨማሪም ትርጉም ለማወቅ ከፈለጉ በአማርኛ እዚህ ኮሜንት ላይ እንደፃፉ ወዲያውኑ ትርጉሙ የምላክሎት ይሆናል

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••𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐮𝐬,  🎖📖🎖
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