G-Tutorialclass
812 subscribers
2.23K photos
29 videos
1.43K files
357 links
Impossible is possible with learning & reading.
Download Telegram
1_Chapter_1_Understanding_Disability_&_Vulnerability_FINAL.ppt
411.5 KB
๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Chapter_8_FINAL_Collaborative_Partnership_among_stakeholders.ppt
149 KB
#Addis Ababa University


#แˆˆแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ

๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

#share
#share
๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
@Aconcise.pdf
2.6 MB
๐Ÿ“š Ambo University.

๐Ÿ“š Emerging Technology Mid Exam 2014.


โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”


#แˆˆแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ

๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

#share
#share
๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ โ€ผ๏ธโ€ผ๏ธ

โ—๏ธแ‹จ 12แŠ› แŠญแแˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‰ณแˆ…แˆณแˆต 25 แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹ญแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

โ—๏ธโ—๏ธ แŠจ 25 แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 30 แ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซ แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฎ แˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฃ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆแข

โœ แ‰ แŒฅแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ก แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿซฅแ‹จ 2แŠ›แ‹ แ‹™แˆญ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠจ แ‰ณแˆ…แˆณแˆต 11-14 แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ตแŒ‹แˆš แŠฅแŠ“แˆณแˆตแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•แข

แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆผแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ




#แˆˆแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ

๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

#share
#share
๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
Moral and Civic Chapter 5 Note โ€“ Campus Handout (1)
317.4 KB
Moral and Civic Chapter 5 Note โ€“ Campus Handout

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Moral and Civic Chapter 2 Note โ€“ Campus Handout
368.8 KB
Moral and Civic Chapter 2 Note โ€“

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
Civic Final Exam โ€“ AASTU โ€“ Campus Handout
194.8 KB
Civic Final Exam โ€“ AASTU โ€“

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Anthropology Mid Exam โ€“ Woldiya University โ€“ Campus Handout
185.8 KB
Anthropology Mid Exam โ€“ Woldiya University โ€“

๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘Ž1
Anthropology Final Exam โ€“ AASTU โ€“ Campus Handout
194.9 KB
Anthropology Final Exam โ€“ AASTU โ€“



๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Global Trends Chapter 1 Note โ€“ Campus Handout
395.3 KB
Global Trends Chapter 1 Note


๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Global Trends Chapter 2 Note โ€“ Campus Handout
272.1 KB
Global Trends Chapter 2 Note


๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐™ฑ๐šŽ๐šฃ๐š’๐š‘ ๐š‚๐šŽ๐š–๐š’๐šœ๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šˆ๐šŽ๐š–๐š๐š ๐šŽ๐šœ๐š๐šž๐šŠ๐šŒ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š—/๐™ด๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽ๐šœ๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐šŒ๐š‘๐šž๐šŠ๐šŒ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š  ๐šข๐šŠ๐š•๐šž ๐šŒ๐š˜๐šž๐š›๐šœ๐š˜๐šŒ๐š‘๐š— ๐™ฒ๐š˜๐š–๐š–๐šŽ๐š—๐š ๐™ป๐šŠ๐šข ๐šƒ๐šœ๐šŠ๐š๐šž๐š•๐š๐š—


๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
Entrepreneurship_Final_Exam_โ€“_Addis_Ababa_University_โ€“_Campus_Handout
262.8 KB
Entrepreneurship Final Exam โ€“ Addis Ababa University


๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology Course

๐Ÿ“–What is Anthropology?


๐Ÿ“It is a Subject that enables human beings to deal with themes such as culture, kinship(แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“แฃแŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ), marriage, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, humanity(แˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ต), human origins, cosmologies, race, ethnicity, ethnic relations, ethnic boundaries....

แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹ซแŠญแˆ Anthropology แŠซแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ แŠซแˆแŠ•แฃ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹จModuleแŠกแŠ• Content แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ•แ‹จแ‹แฆ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ Anthropology Freshman Course 7 Chapter แŠ แˆˆแ‹!

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Generally Focus แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แฆ

๐Ÿ“Scope of Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Branches of Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Unique features of Anthropology and
๐Ÿ“ Research methods in Anthropology


๐Ÿ“–Unit One

๐Ÿ—’Introducing Anthropology and its Subject Matter


แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… Chapter แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆˆ Anthropology แˆแŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แฃ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ™แŠ•แฃ แˆตแ‹แ‰ฑแŠ• (แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆ/Scope)แฃ แ‹จAnthropologyแŠ• SubfeildแŠฆแ‰ฝแฃ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จAnthropology แˆ˜แˆญแˆ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

๐Ÿ”–Concepts in Anthropology

๐Ÿ“The term anthropology is a compound of two Greek Words
'anthropos' and
'logos'.


"Anthropos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต 'Human being/Man kind) แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•

"Logos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต "Study/Sceince/" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

So, In General 'Anthropology means
The study or science of humankind or humanity.'


แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ Anthropology แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ต (humanity) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

DefinitionแŠกแŠ• แ‰ แŒฃแˆ Precise แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแŠ• (แŠ แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰ แŠ•) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠซแ‹จแАแ‹แฆ

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is the study of people---their origins, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever and whenever they have been found.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰นแŠ  แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แˆ˜แˆแŒ แˆญ๐Ÿฃแฃ แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ฑ๐Ÿฅแฃ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต (แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแฃ แ‰ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹..) แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹ณแˆตแˆณแˆแข

๐Ÿ“Œแ‹จAnthropology Scope แˆฐแŠ แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
It is the study of humans as a group, from its first appearance on earth to its present stage of development.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•๐Ÿ‘† แˆแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆˆแ‹ [แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ถ แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ]


๐Ÿ”–The Historical Development of Anthropology

Anthropology did not arise as a science until the 1850s. Anthropology แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ Science of Humanity แˆ˜แ‰†แŒ แˆญ แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• "The West" แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แฃ Specifically แ‹ฐแŒแˆž France๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท, Great Britain๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡บ, USA๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ and Germany๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช!

Historically Speaking, We can say that Anthropology is European discipline.

๐Ÿ“–Generally speaking, anthropology as an academic discipline was born during the 19th century, out of the intellectual atmosphere of Enlightenment, which is the eighteenth century social philosophical movement.

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Anthropology 19th Century แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฑ "Enlightment" แŠฅแŠ“ "Darwin Theory of Evolution" แАแ‰ แˆฉแข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnography  is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.
Ethnography แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ๐Ÿง”/แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ง แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒˆ Anthropologist๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ผ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ถ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ› แˆ˜แŠซแŠซแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแŠ–แˆจแฃ แŠจแŠฅแŠ› แŒ‹แˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒฃ..แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ Enthnographic research แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnology is the comparative study of two or more cultures.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแАแƒแ€แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แˆตแ‰ณแŒ แŠ‘ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• Ethnology แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“šSub-fields of anthropology

There are four major sub-fields:

๐Ÿ“Physical/Biological Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Archeology
๐Ÿ“Linguistic Anthropology ๐Ÿ“Socio-Cultural Anthropology

1โƒฃPhysical/Biological Anthropology

This branch Seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ณแˆ‹โ˜๏ธ They are also interested in how biology and culture work together to shape our lives.

It has two broad Areas of investigation:

๐Ÿ“ŒHuman evolution is the study of the gradual processes of simple forms into more differentiated structures in hominid.

แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ sub branch แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Major แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต 2 แŠ แˆ‰แข
1. Paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.
๐Ÿ”–แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž Record แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒกแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜ แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… Evolution แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

2. Primatology is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman [gorillas, Chimpanzees] primates.

๐Ÿ“ŒHuman Genetics It focuses to examine the genetic materials of an organism such as DNA and RNA.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แ‹จแŠแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแฃ แ‰แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹แฃ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ genetic แАแŒˆแˆฉ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ†แА แАแ‹แข

2โƒฃArchaeological Anthropology

๐Ÿ”–Studies the ways of lives of past peoples by excavating and analysing the material culture/physical

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘7
remains (artefacts, features and eco-facts) they left behind.

Archeology แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• artefacts, features แŠฅแŠ“ eco-facts แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ—แŠ—แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰†แˆแˆญแŠ•โ›โ›๐Ÿ˜ƒ แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ”–Artefacts are material remains made and used by the past peoples and that can be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory for further analysis.
แŠ แ‹ซแ‰นแŠ  แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต Materials แˆ†แАแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ Laboratory แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐแŠ• แˆˆแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‹จแ‹ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ "Artefacts" แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ตแข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ Tools, ornaments, arrowheads, coins, and fragments of pottery

๐Ÿ”–Features are like artifacts, are made or modified by past people, but they cannot be readily carried away from the site.

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŠจArtefacts แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ "แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ณแ‰ฟแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ Lab แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แŠ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‰แˆ๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚แข"

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ ancient buildings, fireplaces, steles, and postholes(แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ตแŒ“แ‹ถแ‰ฝ)

๐Ÿ”–Eco-facts are nonartefactual, organic and environmental remains such as soil, animal bones, and plant remains that were not made or altered by humans!

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… Materials แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ‰แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Physical remaining แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแˆแŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘†.

๐Ÿ“–The most important Subfields of Archeology๐Ÿ‘‡:

แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‹แ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‹› แŠ ๐Ÿ™ˆ แŒˆแŠ“ แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰น๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ...

๐Ÿ“Prehistoric archaeology investigates human prehistory and prehistoric cultures.
๐Ÿ‘‰PeriodแŠก แŠจแ‹›แˆฌ 6000แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ Artifacts (the first stone tools) แฆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŠจ2.5billion แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แАแ‹ Prehistory แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Historical Archeology focuses on the cultures of people who used writing and about whom historical documents have been written.
แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแŠ• แŠจ6แˆบ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แhuแแฃ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แАแ‹แข

3โƒฃLinguistic Anthropology

Studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four๐Ÿ‘‡ distinct branches or areas of research.

แŠจแˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต แŠจแ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จAnthropology Branch แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Structural /Descriptive Linguistics
Studies the structure of linguistic patterns. It examines sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words.

แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ Descriptive linguistic แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแŒแ‰ฃแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ grammaticallyแˆ แˆแ‰น แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแค แˆšแŒจแˆ˜แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ Compile แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Ethno-linguistics (cultural linguistics) examines the relationship between language and culture.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จlinguistic branch แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•๐Ÿง แฃ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•๐Ÿ—ฃแฃ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ affect แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข


๐Ÿ“Historical linguistics Focuses on the comparison and classifications of different languages to differentiate the historical links between them.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‹Š แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แŒก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Socio-linguistics: Investigates linguistic variation within a given language.
แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆจแ‹ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠ แ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ตแŒแ‰ แ‰ต Societyแฃ แ‹จแ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ accent (แ‰…แˆ‹แ„๐Ÿ˜)...แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Social life แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ Related แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณแˆˆแŠ•แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰…แˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ™ˆ

Linguistic anthropology generally focuses on the evolution of languages.

4โƒฃSocio-Cultural Anthropology

๐Ÿ“is the largest sub-fields of anthropology.

๐Ÿ“It deals with human society and culture.

Society แŠฅแŠ“ Culture แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿค”

๐Ÿ“ŒSociety(แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ) is the group of people who have similar ways of life.

๐Ÿ“ŒCulture(แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ) is a way of life of a group of people.

Socio-cultural anthropologists engage in two aspects of study.
แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ซแ‹จแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ Ethnography แŠฅแŠ“ Ethnology. แˆจแˆณแ‰นแ‰ต?? Okay แˆ‹แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแ‰ฝแˆแฆ

Ethnographyแฆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА Community, Culture แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Society แˆ‹แ‹ญ detailed แ‹จแˆ†แА Sceintific study แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Ethnology แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ Culture, Society Compare แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแŠ• แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ฅแ‰ƒ!๐Ÿ˜Š
แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ Basic Features of Anthropology แŠฅแŠ“ Misconceptions about Anthropology แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• Unit 2 แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆแˆซแˆˆ

All Rights reserved


๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
โค1๐Ÿ‘1
1.3 Unique/Basic Features of Anthropology

๐Ÿ“ŒWhat Makes Anthropology Unique?

AnthropologyแŠ• แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ SubjectแŠฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹ แŠซแˆแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹‹แАแŠžแ‰น แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฆ
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Scope
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Approach
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Focus
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Method of Study.

1. Its Scope: Anthropology has broad Scope. It is the broad study of human kind, around the world and throughout time.

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹จแАแ‹ Anthropology แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แАแŒฅแАแ‹ (แ‹ญแˆ„ word..๐Ÿ˜‚) แ‰ฅแ‹™ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ disciplineแŠฆแ‰ฝ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข

2. Its Approach: In its approach anthropology is holistic, relativistic, and focused one.

๐Ÿ“Holistic: Holism means that an anthropologist looks at the entire context of a society when analysing any specific feature.
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ: แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Anthropologist๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ผ แˆตแˆˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰กแŠ“ แˆตแˆจแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒˆ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ตแฃ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ๐Ÿ‘‘ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข แ‹ญแˆ… แАแ‹ Holism แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“Relativistic: Anthropology แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ...แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซ แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ Context แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ†แŠ– แАแ‹แฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แАแ‹๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹๐Ÿ’โ€โ™‚ แ‰ แˆŽ Judge แŠ แ‹ซแˆจแŒแˆแข
๐Ÿ“Focused: Anthropological studies give attention to how people perceive themselves and understand their world. แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต Perspective AnthropologistแŠฆแ‰ฝ "Emic Perspective" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแŒ แˆฉแ‰ณแˆแข

3. Its Method of Study: Anthropology is highly dependent on qualitative research (quantitative แŠซแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ตแˆธแ‹ˆแ‹ฑ๐Ÿ˜Ž) to understand the meaning behind any human activity.

๐Ÿ“–Misconceptions about anthropology

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆ Anthropology แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแฃ

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is limited to the study of "primitive"๐Ÿ‘ด societies.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! Anthropology แˆตแˆˆ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต/แˆตแˆˆ แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ™แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ/แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ตแˆ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹!

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropologists only study the rural people and rural areas.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ urban Peoples แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆ urban areasแˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ [Urban Anthropology].

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is the study/analysis of fossil evidences of the proto-humans like that of Lucy/Dinkeneshe.
แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• anthropology แˆตแˆˆ human Evolution แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แŠซแˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆญแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ anthropology แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹! แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ˜แŒก miss แˆแ‰ณแˆจแŒ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ!๐Ÿ‘Œ

แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ Chapter 2 แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•!๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠซแˆˆ


All Rights Reserved!



๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘5
๐Ÿ“šFreshman second semister course

๐Ÿ“–Introduction to Emerging Technology

๐Ÿ”–Chapter 1 Emerging technology

Introduction To Industrial revolution ( IR )

๐Ÿ“Œ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซ แŠญแแˆ แˆตแˆˆ Emerging Technology แˆแŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แข แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แŠญแแˆ Industrial Revolution ( แ‹จ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ฎแ‰ต ) แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ• แข

โœ Industrial revolution แ‰  1970 แ‹Žแ‰นแŠ“ แŠจ 1980 แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆœแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆตแ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แˆแŒ แˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŒแ‹œ แАแ‹ แข

โœ Industrial revolution แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆŠแ‹ (England) ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑ แ‹จ แˆแŒแ‰ฅ แˆแˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ตแŠ• ๐ŸŒฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ ( Food production ) แ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฆ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ Agricultural Revolution (แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ฎแ‰ต )แАแ‰ แˆญ แข

โœ Industrial revolution แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰†แŒฅแ‰ฆ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰…แˆแŒฅแแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แ‰ฅแŠญแАแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‰แŠ• แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แŒแŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ (Innovation) แˆ˜แˆแŒ แˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹แˆแˆ แข

โœ แŠจ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ฎแ‰ต ( IR ) แŒ…แˆ›แˆฌ แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ถ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆตแแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ ๐Ÿก แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแ‰€แ‰… แŠจแ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแˆ‰ แˆตแแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ( Factories) แˆˆแˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹แˆจแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแŒˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แแˆแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด ๐ŸšŒ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› ๐Ÿš€ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽแ‰ณแˆ แ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹แˆแˆ แข

โœ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž IR แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹˜แˆญแŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆซ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต

๐Ÿ“แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช ( Industry )

Electric light

Cotton gin ( แŒฅแŒฅแŠ• แŠจแŒฅแŒฅ แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แแˆฌ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ•)

The sewing machine ( แ‹จแˆตแŒแ‰ต แˆ›แˆฝแŠ• )

๐Ÿ“แˆ˜แŒ“แŒ“แ‹ฃ ( Transportation )

Airplane โœˆ

Railroad ๐Ÿš‡

Diesel and steam engine

๐Ÿ“แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ต ( communication )

Telephone โ˜Ž

Telegraph ( แˆˆแˆจแŒ…แˆ แŠฅแˆญแ‰€แ‰ต Electrical signal แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แˆ˜แˆแ‹•แŠญแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ )

Phonograph ( แ‹ตแˆแŒฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ณแ‰ต Record แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แˆแˆถ แˆˆแˆ›แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจ Thomas edison แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆแŒ แˆซ ).


๐Ÿ“šโ€ขโ€ข๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
         JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘3โค1