True/False

Fallacy refers to any problem in argument caused by a defect in reasoning other than false evidence.

Identify the fallacy committed

Him: "C'mon, hook up with me tonight." Her: "Why should I?" Him: "Why shouldn't you?"

Drop your Answer

Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanism, in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that it is unable to resolve.

Defense Mechanism ማለት የሆነን ስህተት ወይም ግጭት ምክንያታዊ ሆናችሁ Respond ማድረግ ሲያቅጣችሁ፣ ለስህተቱ እራስን ምክንያት ላለማድረግ #Unconsciouslly ማለትም ሳታስቡት የምትጠቀሙት ዘዴ ነው።

Some of the major defense mechanisms described by psychoanalysts are the following:

1. Repression

📍 is the withdrawal from consciousness of an unwanted idea, affect, or desire by pushing it down, or repressing it, into the unconscious part of the mind.

ይሄ ማለት አንድን በአይምሮአችሁ ምታስቡትን ነገር ግን ማሰብ የማትፈልጉትን ነገር መርሳት ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ፣ ከባለቤቱ ጋር ተጣልቶ ሚስቱ የደበደበችው ባል😂 ያንን ነገር ደግሞ ማስታወስ አይፈልግም፥ ምክንያቱ ታውቁታላችሁ። ስለዚህ በግድ Repress ወይም ላመርሳት ይጣጣራል ማለት ነው።


2. Denial

📍is refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation.

It is refusal to perceive that painful facts exist.

ይህ ማለት አንድ ትክክል ያልሆነን ነገር ትክክል ነው፣ ችግር የለውም ብለህ ስትሰግጥ ማለት ነው😁 ወይም በተቃራኒው።

ጠጅ በብርሌ ነገር በምሳሌ🏃‍♂🏃‍♂
መጠጥ🍻 የሚጠጣን ሰው፣ መጠጥ ሀጢያት ነው አትጠጣ ስትሉት፣ አልሰማህም ሀጥያት አይደለም ብሎ Deny ሲያደርግ ማለት ነው።

3. Regression

📍Involves reverting to immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past.
ይህንን "ማገርሸት" ብላችሁ ያዙት😁 ከዚህ በፊት የነበራችሁን ባህሪ ሳታውቁት ሲያገረሽባችሁ ማለት ነው።
ለምሳሌ፦ ተቀምጣችሁ እያጠናችሁ የሆነን ነገር አሳስቧችሁ ከሆነ ትመሰጡና የያዛቹትን እስክሪብቶ🖊 በአፋችሁ...😋

4. Rationalization

📍 is the substitution of a safe and reasonable explanation for the true (but threatening) cause of behaviour.
ይህ ማስተባበያ ምክንያት ማቅረብ ነው።

ለምሳሌ፦ በራሳችሁ ምክንያት ዝቅተኛ ውጤት ካመጣችሁ በኃላ፣ እንዴት ውጤት ወረደብህ ስትባሉ፤ "ባክህ ፈተናውን አክብዶውብንኮ ነው" ብለህ Reply ስታደርግ ማለት ነው።

5. Displacement

📍the defense mechanism that involves expressing feelings toward a person who is less threatening than the person who is the true target of those feelings.

ይህ ንዴታችሁን በተናነደደባቹበት ሰው ላይ በመወጣት ፋንታ በሌላው በቅርብ ባለ ሰው ላይ ስትወጡ ማለትን ነው።
ንዴቱን በሌላ ሰው Displace ማድረግ ነው💁‍♂

ለምሳሌ፦ ከመምህር ጋር ተጣልተህ ፤ እራሱን መምህሩን ፊትለፊት ከመጋፈጥ ፈንታ መጥተህ የዶርም ልጅ ላይ ንዴትህን ስትወጣ ማለት ነው።

ይህን mechanism እናንት ተጠቅማችሁ አታውቁም😃

6. Projection

📍is a form of defense in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world.

ይህ በአጭሩ "እራሳችሁን ያላችሁን መጥፎ ባህሪ፣ በሌላ ሰው ላይ ስታዩ ያንን ሰው መኮነን ማለት ነው።"

ለምሳሌ፣ እናንት ውሸታም ሆናችሁ ሌላ ሰው ሲዋሻችሁ፣ እንዴት ትዋሸኛለህ ብሎ ጓ ማለት ነው🤦🏼‍♂

7. Reaction formation

📍 is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse.

ይህ ከማስመሰል ጋር ወይም ከግብዝነት ጋር ይቀራረባል።

ለምሳሌ፣ አንድ ባል ከባለቤቱ ጋር ተጣልቶ ነገር ግን በማህበረሰቡ ውስጥ ልክ እንዳልተጣላ ነገር ሲያስመስል ማለት ነው። ወይ ደግሞ ውጤት በጣም ወርዶባችሁ ነገር ግን ጥሩ ውጤት እንዳመጣ ሰው Act ስታደርጉ ማለት ነው።

8. Sublimation

📍defense mechanism that involves expressing sexual or aggressive behavior through indirect, socially acceptable outlets.

ይህ ደግሞ ስህተት የሆነን ነገር ወይም ትክክል የማይመስለውን ነገር ተቀባይነት ባለው መልኩ መግለፅ ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ፦ ጠጥቶ መስከር በማህበረሰቡ ውስጥ እንደ መልካም ነገር የማይታይ ከሆነ፣ ምንም እንኳ ያ ሰው ሰካራም ቢሆንም የተቸገሩትን በመርዳት፣ ያዘኑትን በማፅናናት የሚታወቅ ከሆነ፣ ይህ Sublimation ይባላል Solid to gas🏃‍♂😁

በቃ Sublimation እንደ reaction formation በማስመሰል ፈንታ፣ መጥፎ ባህሪ ሲኖራችሁ ወይም ትክክል ያልሆነ ነገር ስትሰሩ ያንን ነገር በጥሩ ነገር መተካት ማለት ነው።

Defense mechanismኦችን apply እያረጋችሁ ፈታ በሉ😁

The End

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📚CHAPTER 3

📖Learning And Theories of Learning

በዚህ ቻፕተር የምናያቸው👇👇
🔖Definition, Characteristics and Principles of Learning

🔖Factors Influencing Learning

🔖Theories of Learning and their Applications

እነዚህን ትማራላችሁ ይሄ Chapter ብዙም አይከብድም! ብዙም እራሳችሁን ሳታጨናንቁ አንብቡ🕺🕺💃😎

🌱There are many definitions of learning. But, Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications which take place as a result of experience.

ያው Learning ማለት መማር ማለት እንደሆነ ታውቃላችሁ!😊 ነገር ግን መማር ማለትስ ምን ማለት ነው! የተለያየ ትርጉም ሊኖረው ቢችልም ግን ብዙዎቹ እንዲህ ያብራሩታል👉 "ከልምድ ወይም ከልምምድ የሚመጣ ቋሚ የሆነ የባህሪ ለውጥ ማለት ነው።"

🌱ልብ በሉ👆 This definition of learning stresses on three important elements of learning:

📌Learning is a behavioural change. የባህሪ ለውጥ ነው (ጥሩም የሆነ መጥፎ ባህሪ ሊሆን ይችላል)

📌This behavioural change should take place as a result of practice and experience. ሰው በአካል ሲያድግ፣ ወይ ደግሞ ሲያመው Or ሲደክመው የባህሪ ለውጥ ሊታይበት ይችላል ነገር ግን Learning ከልምምድ የሚመጣ ነው።

📌This change in behavior is relatively permanent. የባህሪ ለውጡ ደግሞ በአንዴው ታይቶ የሚጠፋ ሳይሆን For a long time የሚቆይ ነው።

Characteristics of learning

ያው እነዚህ የLearning ባህሪያት ናቸው፣ Yoakman and Simpson የተባሉ ሰዎች ናችው 9ኙን የLearning Characteristics describe ያደረጉት👇👇 እና ፈተና ላይ ስለማይቀሩ ልትይዟቸው ይገባል😊

1. Learning is continuous modification of behavior throughout life.
📍ቀጣይነት ያለው በህይወት ውስጥ ያለ የባህሪ ለውጥ/መሻሻል ነው

2. Learning is pervasive, it reaches into all aspects of human life.
📍የህይወታችንን አካል የሆኑ ነገሮች ውስጥ ሁሉ ዘልቆ ይገባል ለዚህ ነው pervasive የተባለው

3. Learning involves the whole person, socially, emotionally & intellectually.
📍የሰውን ውስጣዊ፣ ስሜታዊ እንዲሁም ማህበራዊ ነገሮች ላይ ትኩረት የሚያደርግ ነው

4. Learning is often a change in the organization of experiences.

5. Learning is responsive to incentives.
📍Learning ለሚያበረታታ ወይም ለሚገፋፋ ነገር መልስ የሚሰጥ ነው።

6. Learning is an active process.

7. Learning is purposeful

8. Learning depends on maturation, motivation and practice.

9. Learning is multifaceted
📍multifacated ማለት Having many different parts ማለት ነው።

Principles of learning

What does it take for learning to take place effectively? መማር ተፅእኖ እንዲፈጥር ማለትም ጠቃሚ እንዲሆን ምን ምን ያስፈልጋል?

📌 Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally #ready to learn.

📌 Students learn best and retain information longer when they have #meaningful_practice and #exercise.

📌Learning is strengthened when accompanied by a #pleasant or #satisfying_feeling
Learningን በጥሩ ስሜት ካልያዝነው ጠንክሮ ሊቀጥል አይችልም።

📌 Things learned first create a strong impression in the mind that is difficult to erase. Things most recently learned are best remembered.
መጀመሪያ ላይ የተማርናቸውን እንዲሁም በቅርቡ የተማርናቸውን ነገሮች ለመርሳት ከባድ ነው

📌The principle of intensity implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute.
ሰዎች ከተመሳሰለው ነገር በላይ ከእውነታ ብዙ ነገር ይረዳሉ።

📌Individuals must have some abilities and skills that may help them to learn.

📌Things freely learned are best learned - the greater the freedom enjoyed by individuals, the higher the intellectual and moral advancement.
በነፃነት የምንማራቸው ነገሮች በመጨናነቅ ከምንማረው በላይ አሪፍና የተሻለ ነው። ስለዚህ ስትማሩ ፈታ እያላችሁ💃 የምን መጨናነቅ ነው☺️

Factors Influencing Learning

1. Motivation👉በውስጣችን ያለው ተነሳሽነት ከፍተኛ ሲሆን, ተማሪው ለትምህርቱ በጣም የጓጓ ይሆናል።

2. Maturation👉The learner's motivation matters for the effective learning. ለምሳሌ ህፃን ልጅ እንዲማር መጀመርያ መብሰል/ማደግ አለበት።

3. Health condition of the learner👉 The learner should be in a good health status to learn. የተለያዩ ህመሞች ካሉብን የመማር ሁኔታችን ደካማ ሊሆን ይችላል።

4. Psychological wellbeing of the learner👉 ፍርሀት፣ ጭንቀት🤕፣ የብቸኝነት ስሜት🤦‍♀ ምናምን የሚሰማን ከሆነ Learning ላይ አሉታዊ ተፅኖ ይኖረዋል፤ ይልቁኑ Self respect, self confidence ምናምን ይኑራችሁ☺️

5. Good working conditions👉absence or presence of fresh air, light, comfortable surroundings...እና የመሳሰሉት ነገሮች Matter ያረጋሉ፣ እናንት ግን ዶርማችሁን ፅድት አርጋችሁ፣ ስታጠኑም ደግሞ አሪፍ አየር ያለበት ቦታ ምናምን ምረጡ።

6. Background experiences👉 ከዚህ በፊት ያላችሁ ልምምድ በLearning ላይ Matter ያረጋል

7. Length of the working period👉 Learning periods should neither be too short nor too long. እንደምታውቁት ለረጅም ጊዜ መማር ያደክማል ደግሞም ይሰለቻል፣ ለአጭር ጊዜም ከሆነ ደግሞ በበቂ መማር ያለብንን አንማርም✅

𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 👇👇
@GTutorialclass

@miki_ye12

🔰Tenses in the Passive Voice.
___

🌹 Past Tenses in the Passive Voice.

A) Simple Past Passive.
Sub + was/were + V3.

e.g1)🔻 Leul killed the rat.(Active)

🔺The rat was killed.(passive)

e.g2) He invited us.(active).

We were invited.(passive)

B)past continuous passive.
Sub +was/were+being +V3.

e.g1) Sisay was writing a letter.(Active).

A letter was being written by Sisay.(passive).

e.g2) He was inviting us.(Active).

We were being invited.(passive)

C)Past perfect passive.
Sub + had + been + V3.

e.g1) Leul had killed the rat.( active).

The rat had been killed by Leul.( passive).

🌹 Present Tense in the Passive Voice.

A) Simple present passive.
Sub + is/am/are + V3.

e.g1) Leul kills the rat.(Active).
The rat is killed.(passive).

e.g2) He invites me.(Active
I am invited.(passive)

e.g3) He invites us.(active)
We are invited.(passive)

e.g4) Apes adore banana.(active)
Banana is adored by Apes.(passive)


B)present continuous passive.

Sub + is/am/are + being + V3.

e.g1) He is inviting me.(active).
I am being invited.(passive).

e.g2) He is inviting us.(active).
We are being invited.(passive).

e.g3) Sisay is writing a letter.(active).
A letter is being written.( passive).

C)present perfect passive.
Sub + has/have + been + V3.

e.g1) Kids has played football.( active)
Football has been played.(passive).

e.g2) He has invited them.( active).
They have been invited by him.( passive).

🌹Future Tense in the passive voice.

A) simple future passive.
Sub + will + be + V3.

e.g1)He will invite us.(active)
We will be invited.(passive)

B)Future perfect passive.
Sub + will + have + been + V3.

e.g1) He will have invited us.( active).

We will have been invited by him.( passive).

🌹 Modal auxiliary verb in the passive voice.

Modal auxiliary verbs የሚባሉት May, Must, Ought to, Can, Could, Might...etc ናቸው።

Sub + modal auxiliary verb + be + V3.

e.g1) She must buy some cookies.(active).
Some cookies must be bought by her.(passive).

e.g2) Corona Virus can kill humans.(active).
Humans can be killed by corona virus.(passive).

ስለዚህ active voice ወደ passive voice ለመቀየር የ ቴንስ ፎርሞቹን( tense forms) በጥንቃቄ መያዝ አለብን።

አሁን ደግሞ rules አሉ ፡ እነሱን እንመልከት።

Rule 1
The passive voice can be used with all tenses.However, past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous are not frequently used in the passive voice.

Rule 2
Intransitive verbs are not used in passive voice. Verbs like die, sneeze, disappear, vanish, go, sleep, sit etc are intransitive verbs.

🔷 Examples

❌ The old woman was died last week.(wrong).
✔️ The old woman died last week.(correct).

❌ He has been disappeared. (wrong).
✔️ He has disappeared.( correct).

Rule 3
When the subject of the active sentence is negative word like nobody, nothing and no one, the passive form will be negative.
🔴Examples

Nobody knows the book.(active).
The book is not known.(passive).

No one has reached the secrets.(active).
The secrets have not been reached.

📌 ማስታወሻ:-

የመጀመሪያ አመት የዩኒቨርሲቲ ተማሪዎች ከምትወስዱት Communicative English ኮርስ ላይ active ወደ passive ወይም passive ወደ active ቀይሩ ተብሎ ብዙ ጥያቄ ስለሚወጣበት ፎርሞቹን(forms) በደንብ ልትይዙ ይገባል።

✍👨‍🏫👩‍🏫 በቀጣይ ደግሞ Active voice እንዴት ወደ passive voice እንደሚቀየር የሚያሳዩ ህጎችን እንዲሁም ከዚህ ጋር የተያያዙ ህጎችን እናያለን።

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