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๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
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๐Ÿ”ฐTenses in the Passive Voice.
___

๐ŸŒน
Past Tenses in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple Past Passive.
S
ub + was/were + V3.

e
.g1)๐Ÿ”ป Leul killed the rat.(Active)

๐Ÿ”บThe rat was killed.(passive)

e.g2) He invited us.(active).

We were invited.(passive)

B)past continuous passive.
Su
b +was/were+being +V3.

e
.g1) Sisay was writing a letter.(Active).

A letter was being written by Sisay.(passive).

e.g2) He was inviting us.(Active).

We were being invited.(passive)

C)Past perfect passive.
Su
b + had + been + V3.

e
.g1) Leul had killed the rat.( active).

The rat had been killed by Leul.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Present Tense in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple present passive.
Su
b + is/am/are + V3.

e
.g1) Leul kills the rat.(Active).
The rat is killed.(passive).

e.g2) He invites me.(Active
I am invited.(passive)

e.g3) He invites us.(active)
We are invited.(passive)

e.g4) Apes adore banana.(active)
Banana is adored by Apes.(passive)


B)present continuous passive.

S
ub + is/am/are + being + V3.

e
.g1) He is inviting me.(active).
I am being invited.(passive).

e.g2) He is inviting us.(active).
We are being invited.(passive).

e.g3) Sisay is writing a letter.(active).
A letter is being written.( passive).

C)present perfect passive.
Su
b + has/have + been + V3.

e
.g1) Kids has played football.( active)
Football has been played.(passive).

e.g2) He has invited them.( active).
They have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒนFuture Tense in the passive voice.

A) simple future passive.
Sub + will + be + V3.

e.g1)He will invite us.(active)
We will be invited.(passive)

B)Future perfect passive.
Sub + will + have + been + V3.

e.g1) He will have invited us.( active).

We will have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Modal auxiliary verb in the passive voice.

Modal auxiliary verbs แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต May, Must, Ought to, Can, Could, Might...etc แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

Sub + modal auxiliary verb + be + V3.

e.g1) She must buy some cookies.(active).
Some cookies must be bought by her.(passive).

e.g2) Corona Virus can kill humans.(active).
Humans can be killed by corona virus.(passive).

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… active voice แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•( tense forms) แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž rules แŠ แˆ‰ แก แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแข

Rule 1
The passive voice can be used with all tenses.However, past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous are not frequently used in the passive voice.

Rule 2
Intransitive verbs are not used in passive voice. Verbs like die, sneeze, disappear, vanish, go, sleep, sit etc are intransitive verbs.

๐Ÿ”ท Examples

โŒ The old woman was died last week.(wrong).
โœ”๏ธ The old woman died last week.(correct).

โŒ He has been disappeared. (wrong).
โœ”๏ธ He has disappeared.( correct).

Rule 3
When the subject of the active sentence is negative word like nobody, nothing and no one, the passive form will be negative.
๐Ÿ”ดExamples

Nobody knows the book.(active).
The book is not known.(passive).

No one has reached the secrets.(active).
The secrets have not been reached.

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆป:-

แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ต Communicative English แŠฎแˆญแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ active แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ active แ‰€แ‹ญแˆฉ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•(forms) แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

โœ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Active voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

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๐Ÿ“š Communicative English Skill II.

๐Ÿ“š Unit 2 - Speculation about the Future of Science.

๐Ÿ“š Grammar- Future Tenses

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ†แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜˜โ“แ‰  แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ“แ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ present continuous or present progressive tense แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแŠ“แˆแข แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแˆˆ simple future tense แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆฉแŠ•แข แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แАแ‹ แŒแŠ•๐Ÿ˜ขโ“แŠซแˆแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ•แŒˆแˆฉแŠ๐Ÿ™แข แŠฅแˆบ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ’แ‹ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆแข


๐Ÿ“š Simple Future Tense


๐Ÿ—ณAffirmative form

Subject + will + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ญNegative form

subject + will not + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ฎQuestion form

Will + you + verb-1?

๐Ÿ™Œ แŠฅแˆบ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑ(usage) แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ”แ‹ฐแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ simple future tense แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆžแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆˆแŠ•แข Come on everybody come on๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช:: แŠฅแˆบ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆญ๐Ÿ˜ข

๐ŸŽUsage

๐Ÿ“š 1) to talk about the future.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹จ simple future tense แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•แข แАแŒˆแˆญแŒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แŠจแ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒแŠ• simple future แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แก 'Going to' แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ present continuous แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข

โšฝ๏ธ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แАแŒˆ แŠณแˆต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แŠฅแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ณแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… program แŠซแˆแ‹ซแ‹แŠญแก

๐ŸŸ I will play football tomorrow.

๐Ÿ“š 2) to make predictions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ รท แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠจแˆฐแ‰ตรท แˆ‹แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ รท แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แก แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ขแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ แ‹ญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆŒแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‹ simple future แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• predict แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แแŠ•แŒญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แŠจแˆ†แА แŒแŠ• Going to แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แˆตแˆˆ going to แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŒŽ แ‰  2050 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ‰ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ง In the year 2050, people will live under the sea.

๐ŸŒน Example 2

แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ฅแ‰ตแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐ŸŒ Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แˆญ I think... will and I don't think....will แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ๐Ÿ˜Ž

โœ… In the year 2050, I think people will live under the sea.
โœ… I think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐ŸŽฏ I don't think....will แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ negative แˆˆแˆ†แА แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ

โœ… I don't think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.(แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠแˆแข)

๐Ÿ™ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ๐Ÿ‘‡

I don't think Mekdes will not the beauty contest. แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆแข Double Negative แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“š3) to make promise.

๐ŸŽฏ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆˆแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆšแˆตแŒขแˆญแก แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒแก simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™Š I will not tell the secret to anyone.
แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ซแก will not แŠ แŒฅแˆฎ แˆฒแƒแ won't แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…

๐Ÿ™ŠI won't tell the secret to anyone. แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐Ÿ˜Ž แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆดแˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแˆญ 3.8 แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆ แแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆ…/แˆˆแแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆฝ แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ฃ/แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ข แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแแ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™ I will score 3.8 in this semester. แŠ แ‰ฆ แ‹แ‹ถแ‰ผ แ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š๐Ÿ˜˜แข

๐Ÿ“š 5) used for decisions in that moment or used for instant decesions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆฐแАแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ›(แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š) แ‹แˆณแŠ”แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠซแŒ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒแŠ• sprite แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แกแก sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) sprite แŠจแˆŒแˆˆ coca แˆแŒ แŒฃ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ…แก แ‰ แ‰ƒ แŠฅแˆฝ coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต coca แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ… แก coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ coca แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แˆแŠ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰  แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆแก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ƒแˆˆ แˆแˆแˆแˆต แ‹ญแŠธแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆแข๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

You: "Would you give me sprite, please!"

Waiter: " Sorry, we don't have any sprite."

You:" That is ok, I will have coca"

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐ŸŽฏ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹•แ‰ƒ แŒแ‹› แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹˜แ‹˜แˆ…แข แŠจแ‹› แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแˆฉแŠ• แŠ แŒ แ‹แŠธแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚แข แŒญแˆซแˆฝ แˆจแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆตแ‰ตแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹‹แˆแŠญแข แŠจแ‹› แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ”แ‹ต แˆตแ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฅ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‹›แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ตแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆ”แ‹ตแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ•แŠญ๐Ÿฅต:: แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹แˆณแŠ”แˆ…แŠ• แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšถโ€๐Ÿšถโ€ I will not go home.

๐Ÿ™Œ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแŠ•แข แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰€แŠ•๐Ÿ˜แข แАแŒˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

ยฉ A+ Tutorial Class.

ยฉ Your Sucess is guaranted with A+ Tutorial Class.

๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
JOIN :@GTutorialclass
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#แ‹žแŒ_แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆช_แŠญแแˆ_แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต
แ‰€แˆฝแˆแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แŠ แˆˆแŠ !

#3_แ‹จแˆ›แˆจแˆณแ‰ธแ‹_แ‹จแแˆฌแˆฝแАแ‰ต_แŒˆแŒ แˆ˜แŠžแ‰ผ

๐Ÿ“šแแˆฌแˆฝ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แแˆฌแˆฝ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ ....แŠ แˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆ แˆ˜แŒ“แŒ“แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹ˆแ‰… แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆจแˆณ แŒแ‹œ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ซแˆแ‹แˆ ....แŠฅแŠ” แˆแˆˆแ‰ด แˆแˆญแˆผ แ‰ฃแ‹แ‰…แˆ แˆณแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰แŠ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแˆญแˆ™แŠ แ‰‚แˆญแŒฅแˆซแŒญ แŒˆแŒ แˆ˜แŠžแ‰ผแŠ• แˆ‹แŒ‹แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ ....!

#แŒˆแŒ แˆ˜แŠ_แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต

๐Ÿ“š แˆฐแˆแˆจ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แŒแ‰ข แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰€แŠ• แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹ซแŠ” แ‹˜ แŠซแŠ•แ“แˆต แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆตแˆจแ‰ท แАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆชแ แ‹•แ‹ญแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‹ญ แАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฑแˆซ แ‹ถแˆญแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆ„แ‹ฐแŠ• แŠ“แˆ†แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แˆแŒ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜แŠ ...แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆฌ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แˆตแˆˆ แ‹˜ แŠซแŠ•แ“แˆต แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแŠ“ ....แˆฑแˆซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠ” แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แ‰†แˆ˜ " แ‹žแŒ แŠฅแŠฎ แŠฅแˆฑ แАแ‹ " แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ ?.....แŠงแˆจ แŠ แˆ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠžแ‰น แŠ แˆ‹แˆ˜แŠ‘แˆ แŒแŠ• แ‹ซแ‹แ‰แŠ›แˆ (แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ฐแˆž แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹ แ‹žแŒ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ ) ....แŠจแ‹› แ‹ˆแˆŽแ‹ฌแ‹ แŠ“แˆ†แˆ แŒˆแˆญแˆžแ‰ต " แ‹žแŒ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰บ แАแˆฝ แŠ แˆˆแŠ " " แŠ แ‹Ž " แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต แŠจแ‹›แˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹จ " แŠงแˆจ แŠ แ‰€แˆแŒ‚ " แŠ แˆˆ (แ‰ แˆดแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒ แˆซแŠ แŠฅแŠ•แŒƒ ...) " แˆแАแ‹ แŒˆแˆจแˆ˜แˆ… แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต ? " แŠงแˆจ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แŒแˆญแˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆแŒ‹แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒ‹แ‹ฐแˆ แŠ แˆˆ ..... แŠจแ‹› แˆ†แˆ†แˆ† แŠ แˆˆ ....แ‹ˆแˆŽแ‹ฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆจแˆƒ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ด แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แ‹จแŠ แˆแŒ‹แ‹ แŒซแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅแŠฉ ....แŠจแ‹› แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‰€แŒ แˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰†แŒกแŠ• แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ แ‹ตแŠ• ....แŠจแ‹›แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แŒฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ“แˆ†แˆœ " แŠฅแˆ… แ‹ญแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แˆ แŠ แˆˆแŠ โ“แˆแŠ‘ " แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต " แŠฅแŠ” แŠฎ แ‹žแŒ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ“ แˆฐแ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ แˆšแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ " แŠ แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŒแŒช "แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต " แŠ แˆแŠฉ " แˆตแˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแแˆซแˆ แ‰ฆแˆญแŒซแˆ แ‚แˆ›แˆ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠฎแŠ”แŠญแˆฝ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ ...แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แ‹ญแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แŠ แŠ•แ‰บ แŠฎแˆตแˆ›แŠ“ แАแˆฝ แ‹ด แˆแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ฅแŒ‚แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ แˆณแŒซ แŠฅแŠ” แŠฎ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ฒแˆฝ ....แŠ แŠ•แ‰บ แАแˆฝ ....แŠงแˆจ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แˆ แŠ แˆˆ แ‹จแˆแˆฉแŠ• ....แŠฅแŠ” แˆณแ‰„ แˆ˜แŒฃ แˆซแˆดแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฆแˆญแŒญ แŠ แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฉแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แˆณแŠฉ ....แŠ“แˆ†แˆœ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŒแˆญแˆแ‰ต แŒแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแˆจแˆณแŠแˆ (แŠ แŠ•แ‰บ แАแˆฝ แ‹žแŒ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต ).......!

#แŒˆแŒ แˆ˜แŠ_แˆแˆˆแ‰ต

๐Ÿ“š แ‰ แ‹ตแŒ‹แˆš แˆแˆญแˆผ แАแ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต 2 แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แŠ แˆญแแŒ„ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆ„แ‹ตแŠฉแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแˆแ‹ต แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ถแˆญแˆ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแˆ„ แŒ แ‹‹แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆœแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ผ แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ แˆ‹แŒฅ แˆ‹แŒฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠฉ แ‰ฆแˆญแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแŒ แˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ ....แˆ›แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ...แˆตแˆแŠฌแŠ• แŠ แ‹แŒฅแ‰ผ แˆ˜แŒŽแˆญแŒŽแˆญ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแŠฉ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆˆ .....แ‹จแŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ค แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ฃแ‰€แŠฉ แАแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹แ‰€แ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ...แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ด แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰นแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹จแˆ แ‹ญแ‰บ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆจแ‰ฃแˆถ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆˆแ‰ฝ แˆฐแ‹แ‹ฌ แŠจแ‹จแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠฉ แŠฅแ‰ณแ‹˜แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ ....แ‰ตแŠ•แˆน แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแŠจแŠ•แŠฉ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แˆ˜แŒฃ .....แ‰ แ‰ƒ แˆแˆ›แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แŠจแ‹จแ‹ฐแŒ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃ ....แŠจแ‹› Teacher Newton Lows แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ .....แŒˆแˆญแˆžแŠ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แ‹ญแ‰บ แŠ’แ‹แ‰ฐแŠ• แˆšแˆแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹แ‹ฌ แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠฉ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅแŠฉ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แˆ›แˆƒแˆ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แŠ•แ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹‹แˆ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ซแŒซแ‹แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ แŠแ‹šแŠญแˆต แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ ...(แ‹ญแˆฐแŠญแˆณแˆ แ‹ด แŠฅแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹แŠ“ แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ™แŠ• แŒแŠ• แˆ›แАแ‹ แ‹จแ‰€แ‹จแˆจแ‹ .......แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ผ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ Physics แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ ...แŠจแ‹›แˆ แŠ แ‰ดแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แˆต แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแ‹ญ ID แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆ แˆแˆจแˆแŠฉ ....แ‰ฒแ‰ธแˆฏ แŒแŠ• แŒฅแˆฉ แ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆญ แАแ‰ แˆญ physics แˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ ....แˆžแ‰ฒแ‰ฌแˆฝแŠ‘แˆ แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹ ....แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แŠซแˆ Force แˆฐแˆซ แˆˆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА Distance แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต .....แ‰€แŒฅแˆˆ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ ......แŠ แ‹ซแˆแ‰…แˆ แ‹ด แˆฐแˆˆแ‰ธแŠ... แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠจแˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŠ•แ‹แŠ•แ‹ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰€ ...แ‹ˆแŒฃ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แŠญแแˆ‰ แ‰ แˆจแ‰ฅแˆฝ แ‰ณแ‹ˆแŠจ แŠจแŒŽแŠ” แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠ แˆˆ แ‹ด แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‹›แˆฌ Physics แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแˆฌแŠ• แ‹ญแ‹ค แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹ถแˆญแˆœ แˆฐแŠจแˆ แˆฐแŠจแˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠฉ แŠ แ‹˜แŒˆแˆแŠฉ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ผ แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ ......แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ถ แŒ€แˆ›แˆ แˆ˜แŒฃ (แแˆฌแˆน แ‹ถแˆญแˆแˆœแ‰ด แАแ‹ ) แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แ‹ฐแˆž แŠฅแŠ› แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แˆแŠ• แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแˆ… แŠ แˆˆแŠ โ“แ‹จแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹ซแŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต Section 2 แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ด แŒ แ‹‹แ‰ต แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆƒแ‹ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŒแŒฌ แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แАแ‹ ....แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹จแŠ› แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆญ แˆตแˆ‹แˆแˆ˜แŒฃ แˆ‹แŠซแŠญแˆต แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแ‰น แ‹ฐแˆ แŠ แˆชแ แАแ‹ แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต ....แŠงแˆจ แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠญแˆ‹แˆถแ‰ฝ 3แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆฉ แАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆˆแŠ ....แŠ แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ› แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆ แ‰ฃแŠญแˆ… แŠ แˆแŠฉ แˆณแˆ‹แ‹แ‰€แ‹ .....แŠจแ‹› แ‹ˆแˆฌแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹จแˆตแŠฉ แŒแŠ• แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‰ดแŠ• แŠงแˆจ แŠ แ‰ดแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แˆต แˆ˜แˆแˆจแˆœแŠ• แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‰…แˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ญแ‹แ‰ฅแŠ แˆ™แ‹ฑ แŠฎ ........แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แŒ‰แ‹ต !

#แŒˆแŒ แˆ˜แŠ_3

๐Ÿ“š แ‰ปแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ” แŠ“แˆ†แˆ แˆฑแˆซ (แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒ€แˆ›แŠฃแ‹ ) แ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฆ แŠจแŠ แ‹แ‰ถแ‰ขแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜ แ‰ตแˆแˆฎ แŠฅแˆตแŠชแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ .......แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ฃแˆฑแŠ• แˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‹ญแ‹˜แŠ• แŠ แ‹แŠจแАแ‹‹แˆ แ‹•แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ ......แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆฏ แŠจแŠ แ‹แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰†แŒกแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ แ‹ตแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฝแŠซแŠซแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹แŠ• แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŒแˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆตแŠ• ....แ‰ปแˆ‰แŠ• แŒแˆจแˆฐแŒแˆญ แŠ แˆˆ แˆตแˆแŠญแˆ…แŠ• แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰… แŠ แˆแŠฉแ‰ต แŠฅแˆบ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ แ‹ซแ‹˜ .....แŠจแ‹›แˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆฌแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆฏ แ‰†แˆ› แˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ ....แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŽแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆฉแŠ• แ•แˆซแ‹ญแŒแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆฌแŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆ˜แˆฐแˆแАแ‹ .....แŠจแ‹›แˆ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆฏ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹žแˆญ แˆตแŠ•แˆ แ‰ปแˆ‰ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ....แ‰ปแˆ‰แˆต แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ ( แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแˆแŠญ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ› แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ แˆ‹ ) ....แŠฅแŠ”แŒƒ ....แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ถ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ด แŠ แˆ‰ ....แ‰ปแˆ‰ แŒ แ‹ ....แˆˆแŠซ แŠ แŒ…แˆฌ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆแŒฃแŠ• แАแ‹ แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ แˆฐแˆแ‰ถแˆ แ‹จแˆˆ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแˆตแŠฉ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ถแˆแŠ›แˆ ....แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แˆณแŠ•แˆแˆแŒ แŠฅแˆฑแŠ• แแˆˆแŒ‹ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ตแŠ• ....แ‰ปแˆ‰ แŠจแˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰†แˆ› แŠ แŒˆแŠ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แˆแАแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ โ“แŠฅแŠฅแŠฅ แŠ แˆˆ ....แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ•แˆ แˆณแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ทแˆ แŒแŠ• แˆ›แŠ• แ‹ฐแแˆฎ แ‹ญแˆณแ‰… ...แˆณแŠ•แˆแˆแŒ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ฐแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ณแŠญแˆฒ แ‰ฐแˆณแˆแˆญแŠ• ........แ‰ แ‰ณแŠจแˆฒ แŒ‰แ‹›แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆฑแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰… แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ˆแˆซ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แˆณแ‰…แŠ• (แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แˆณแ‰…แАแ‹ แˆตแ‰€แŠ“แˆ ) แ‹จแ‰ณแˆแАแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ˆแŒฃแАแ‹ .....!

๐Ÿ”ฐ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แแˆฌแˆฝ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ !

แ‹ญแŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹ด โ“แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ•แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแ‰ฒ !

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๐Ÿ“š แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠจแ‹› แ‹Œแ‰ฅแˆณแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‹ Entrance แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰€แ‹จแˆฉ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ๐Ÿ™ˆแข แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แАแŒแˆจแ‹แŠ›แˆแข

๐Ÿ“š แŠฅแŠ“แˆ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎ Entrance แŠจแˆแ‰ตแˆแ‰ฐแŠ‘ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠจแŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ต แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ตแŠ–แˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข แŠจแˆตแˆญ แŠจแˆตแˆญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแАแ‰ก แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข แˆˆ Aptitude แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ต แ‹Œแ‰ฅแˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŒ แ‰แˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแข แ‹ซแ‹ Aptitude แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ practise แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹Œแ‰ฅแˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡

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๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 3

๐Ÿ“–Learning And Theories of Learning

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ”–Definition, Characteristics and Principles of Learning

๐Ÿ”–Factors Influencing Learning

๐Ÿ”–Theories of Learning and their Applications

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ตแˆ›แˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแˆ„ Chapter แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆ! แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ แŠฅแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆณแ‰ณแŒจแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก๐Ÿ•บ๐Ÿ•บ๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐ŸŒฑThere are many definitions of learning. But, Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications which take place as a result of experience.

แ‹ซแ‹ Learning แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ!๐Ÿ˜Š แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆต แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹! แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ แˆŠแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‰ขแ‰ฝแˆแˆ แŒแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰น แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆฉแ‰ณแˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ "แŠจแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‰‹แˆš แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข"

๐ŸŒฑแˆแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ‰๐Ÿ‘† This definition of learning stresses on three important elements of learning:

๐Ÿ“ŒLearning is a behavioural change. แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แАแ‹ (แŒฅแˆฉแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ)

๐Ÿ“ŒThis behavioural change should take place as a result of practice and experience. แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ตแŒแฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฒแ‹ซแˆ˜แ‹ Or แˆฒแ‹ฐแŠญแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Learning แŠจแˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒThis change in behavior is relatively permanent. แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒก แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ดแ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• For a long time แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

Characteristics of learning

แ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จLearning แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ Yoakman and Simpson แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ฝแ‹ 9แŠ™แŠ• แ‹จLearning Characteristics describe แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰€แˆฉ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹Ÿแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

1. Learning is continuous modification of behavior throughout life.
๐Ÿ“แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ/แˆ˜แˆปแˆปแˆ แАแ‹

2. Learning is pervasive, it reaches into all aspects of human life.
๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰† แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แАแ‹ pervasive แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹

3. Learning involves the whole person, socially, emotionally & intellectually.
๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‹Šแฃ แˆตแˆœแ‰ณแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แАแ‹

4. Learning is often a change in the organization of experiences.

5. Learning is responsive to incentives.
๐Ÿ“Learning แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแ‹แ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แАแ‹แข

6. Learning is an active process.

7. Learning is purposeful

8. Learning depends on maturation, motivation and practice.

9. Learning is multifaceted
๐Ÿ“multifacated แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต Having many different parts แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Principles of learning

What does it take for learning to take place effectively? แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‰ฐแ…แŠฅแŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ?

๐Ÿ“Œ Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally #ready to learn.

๐Ÿ“Œ Students learn best and retain information longer when they have #meaningful_practice and #exercise.

๐Ÿ“ŒLearning is strengthened when accompanied by a #pleasant or #satisfying_feeling
LearningแŠ• แ‰ แŒฅแˆฉ แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แŠซแˆแ‹ซแ‹แАแ‹ แŒ แŠ•แŠญแˆฎ แˆŠแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“Œ Things learned first create a strong impression in the mind that is difficult to erase. Things most recently learned are best remembered.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆญแˆณแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹

๐Ÿ“ŒThe principle of intensity implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute.
แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ณแˆ‰แข

๐Ÿ“ŒIndividuals must have some abilities and skills that may help them to learn.

๐Ÿ“ŒThings freely learned are best learned - the greater the freedom enjoyed by individuals, the higher the intellectual and moral advancement.
แ‰ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แŠจแˆแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆชแแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แАแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แˆแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ’ƒ แ‹จแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แАแ‹โ˜บ๏ธ

Factors Influencing Learning

1. Motivation๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแˆฝแАแ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•, แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแŒ“แŒ“ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

2. Maturation๐Ÿ‘‰The learner's motivation matters for the effective learning. แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆ…แƒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ›แˆญ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆฐแˆ/แˆ›แ‹ฐแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

3. Health condition of the learner๐Ÿ‘‰ The learner should be in a good health status to learn. แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆžแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ฐแŠซแˆ› แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

4. Psychological wellbeing of the learner๐Ÿ‘‰ แแˆญแˆ€แ‰ตแฃ แŒญแŠ•แ‰€แ‰ต๐Ÿค•แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต๐Ÿคฆโ€โ™€ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แŠ• แŠจแˆ†แА Learning แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแ…แŠ– แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹‹แˆแค แ‹ญแˆแ‰แŠ‘ Self respect, self confidence แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแŠ‘แˆซแ‰ฝแˆโ˜บ๏ธ

5. Good working conditions๐Ÿ‘‰absence or presence of fresh air, light, comfortable surroundings...แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ Matter แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แฃ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แŒแŠ• แ‹ถแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ…แ‹ตแ‰ต แŠ แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแฃ แˆตแ‰ณแŒ แŠ‘แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แˆชแ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆแˆจแŒกแข

6. Background experiences๐Ÿ‘‰ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ Learning แˆ‹แ‹ญ Matter แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แˆ

7. Length of the working period๐Ÿ‘‰ Learning periods should neither be too short nor too long. แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆˆแˆจแŒ…แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŠญแˆ›แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆžแˆ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆˆแ‰ปแˆแฃ แˆˆแŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ แ‰‚ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆ›แˆญแˆโœ…

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๐Ÿ“– Bahirdar mid and final exams




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๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
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Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

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๐ผ ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘™๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘–๐‘ก ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘™ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘›๐‘–๐‘”โ„Ž๐‘ก ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘š๐‘’

๐ท๐‘œ ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘ข ๐‘™๐‘–๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘–๐‘ก??

๐‘†๐‘œ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘’๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘†โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘–๐‘  ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘›๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘“๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘”๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ 
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๐‘Š๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘’๐‘‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ โ„Ž๐‘’๐‘™๐‘
๐‘ƒ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘’ ๐‘ โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘›๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก ๐‘ข๐‘ !!




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โค3
Professor, hear me once please. I should deserve at least a B in this course. If I do not, I will be in Prohibition and total lose of moral courage to attend other courses."

3. Appeal to People
[Argumentum ad Populum]

Is committed whenever anyone urging the acceptance of a claim by arousing strong feelings that may leaf audiences to accept the claim without a logical justigication of it.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅแŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แАแˆณแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแŠซแ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข

Two approaches are involved in appeal to people fallacy:
๐Ÿ“direct and
๐Ÿ“indirect.

๐Ÿ”–The direct approach occurs when an arguer, addressing a large group of people, excites the emotions and enthusiasm of the crowd to win acceptance for his or her conclusion.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแА Hitler แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰กแŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แАแˆณแˆณแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆตแ‰€แˆต แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แˆแ‹แ‰ก แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ แŠจแˆจแŒจ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แŠฅแˆแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‹แข

๐Ÿ”–In the indirect approach, the arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แˆ›แ‰ฃแ‰ แ‹ซ แАแ‹แข There are Three forms of indirect approach

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Bandwagon
Emphasizes that the majority's choice is a correct one and urges audiences to join them
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆŽแ‰ณแˆแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆˆแ‹" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. " Many Freshman Students study in library so, Studying in library is the best for freshman students"

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Vanity
แ‰ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แŠ˜แŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แАแŠžแ‰น แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแˆƒแˆแข

Eg. "Who is going to wear this new fashion dress, a dress worn by the famous Aster Awoke in her New Year's Sheraten Hotel's Show?"

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Snobbery

แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ แˆฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ #แ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ (Superior) แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต

Eg. "The newly produced Malt Guiness is not for everyone to drink. But you are different from other people, aren't you? Therefore, the newly malt guiness is for you.

๐Ÿ”–In Birhanu direct and indirect approach to appeal to the people fallacy the arguer targeted on exploiting strong emotions of the people.

4. Argument against The Person
[Argumentum Ad Hominem]

๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
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โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿฅฐ1
Is Usually committed by discrediting (damaging the good reputation of a person) for the purpose of criticizing the arguments forwarded by the person.

แ‹จแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹แŠ• แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

There are three types of the fallacy of Ad hominem

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem Abusive Fallacy

Is committed when we engage in abusive remarks about the person and use them as a ground for rejecting the person's claim.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แˆฒแˆแˆˆแŒ แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‰แ‹ฐแ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹ญแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ฉแŠ แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡

Eg. "Hailu's idea that there is life after death should be discounted; since he was regularly treated in Emmanuel Hospital-a hospital that treats individuals having personality disorders."

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem Circumstantial Fallacy

This fallacy inferes that "A claim the person makes is false because somebody in that position could be expected to make such claims."

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠจแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ก แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ“แŠ™ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แˆ€แˆณแ‰กแŠ• แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆญ แАแ‹แข

Eg. "We heard the saying of Getachew that 'Freedom is that we yearn (แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŠ“แแ‰€แ‹)for Centuries in Ethiopia. But it could not yet to be achieved.' But Getachew's idea should be rejected, because he is one of the leaders of opposition parties."
แŠ แˆแŠ• Getachew 'แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆˆแˆ' แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŽแŠซแŠซแˆช/แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ Party แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem tu quoque

This fallacy is committed when we say that a person's clam is false because it's contrary with something else the person has said or done before.

Tu quoque แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "You also", "you did it, too" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแˆซแˆตแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆธแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต: แˆแŒ„ แŠ แ‰ตแˆตแˆจแ‰… แˆŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฉ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข
แˆแŒ…: แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แŠฅแŠ”แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ตแˆตแˆจแ‰… แ‰ฒแ‹ญแŠ›แˆˆแˆฝ? แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แŠจแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แˆตแˆญ แ‰ฅแˆญ แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแˆญแ‰‚ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ” แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แŠ แˆ‹แ‹จแˆแˆฝแˆแŠ•

5. Accident

is committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ: "แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฃ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ•แˆฎแŒแˆฐแˆญ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆตแˆ‹แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแˆญ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ตแˆแข"

6. Straw Man Fallacy

This Fallacy is committed when some one opposes an opponen'ts ot other's opinion and presents in its place a distorted, oversimplified, misrepresented and exaggerated version for the purpose of making it easier to attack the opponenent's position.

แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆชแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแƒแŠแ‹แŠ• แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‹แАแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แŒฃแŒฃแˆ แˆˆแ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แАแ‹แข

The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim (the โ€œstraw manโ€), and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person Aโ€™s original assertion.

แ‹ญแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

example, imagine a husband and a wife are trying to decide whether they should adopt a dog or a cat.

Wife: I'd rather have a dog than a cat.

Husband: Why do you hate cats?

The wife never said that she hated cats, only that she preferred dogs. The husband either assumed or pretended that her argument was against cats instead of for dogs. Now the wife must argue that she doesn't hate cats โ€” which completely changes the course of the discussion[แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ red herring fallacy แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆซแŠ“แˆ]. 

7. Missing the point
[Ignoratio elenchi]

This fallacy is caused when the argument has a problem of the logical imlplication of the premise and draws the conclusion that which is not a right conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆ˜แˆณแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. "Addis Ababa University has lots of problems. Students services and facilities are inadequate. Many of the instructors are inexperienced. It follows that; the University should be entirely closed."

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• Conclusion..แŠจแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ถ "แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒ‰แ‹ตแˆˆแ‰ต แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹˜แŒ‹แข" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ฑ Fallacy แАแ‹แข

8. The Red Herring Fallacy
[Off the track fallacy]

This fallacy occurs when we instead of trying to prove or disprove others views some one attempts to change the subject.

It can also be called "Diversion".

แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แ‹จแˆต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆชแ‹ แ‰ฃแАแˆณแ‹ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแˆต แˆฒแˆแˆˆแŒ แŠจแ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ“แŠ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹::

Eg. "Teferi: Do you know, that Almaz has got "A"๐Ÿคฉ in logic.
Asfaw: You knows that she always wears a miniskirts and she attracts teachers with her half-naked body. That is it๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚ and not her own effort. So, scoring "A" is not a kind of grade that sh
๐Ÿ‘3
e deserves for."

แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ Fallacies of Weak Induction แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•

แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆแŠ‘๐Ÿค—

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โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ”ฅ1
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โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“šFallacies of Weak Induction

This types of fallacies usually appears in inductive arguments.
แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒแˆแ‰ณแ‹Š แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

Chapter 2 แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแ‹ซแ‰ฟแ‰ธแ‹ inductive arguments แˆ‹แ‹ญ defect แˆฒแˆแŒ แˆญ Fallacies of weak induction are committed แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

The premises of the argument may be relevant but not sufficient to establish a conclusion.

9. Appeal to Unqualified Authority
[Argumentum Ad Verecandium]

Sometimes we are in need of the suggestion, comment, advice and information of others that would enable us to reach a conclusion of our own.

However, The person that we relied on to provide the information that we seek might be unreliable.

แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŒแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแˆ›แŠ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆแˆตแŠญแˆญ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ " Dr. Ismail, who is the famous biochemist in this country, told me last night that all economic policies of this country are wrong. It implies thay, this country's Economic policy is wrong."

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น Dr. Ismail แ‰ แˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แˆƒแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข
แŠจแ‹šแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹ž แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆญแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแŒ แ‹ Economist แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แŠ–แˆฎ Appeal to Authority แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Appeal to expert opinion แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ซแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แŠจแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒ แ‰ก๐Ÿ˜Š So that you do not commit this fallacy๐Ÿ˜Ž

10. Appeal to Ignorance
[Argumentum ad ignorantiam]

This Fallacy is committed when one's conclusion is supported by one's own ignorance, lack of evidence or lack of tangible information or knowledge.

แˆตแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› แŠฅแ‹แ‰€แ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰€แ‹ แˆ†แАแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแข แ‹ญแˆ„ Fallacy แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆŠแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ:-

๐Ÿ“ŒArguing that something is True Because no one has proved to be false.
(แˆ€แˆฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆตแˆ‹แˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ  แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต)

๐Ÿ“ŒArguing that something is false Because no one Hassan proved it to be True. (แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆตแˆ‹แˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ  แ‹แˆฝแ‰ต แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต)

Eg1. "Life After death is real, since no one has proved that there is no such thing as life after death."

Eg2. "Life after death is a myth, because no one yet proved that it is real."

11. Hasty Generalization Fallacy

This fallacy is just the opposite of Accident fallacy.
It is drawing a conclusion or reaching a certain point of generalization from too small evidences.

แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. "Addis Zemen Gazeta carried an interview to know the reading skill among young people. It has found out that, among ten young people it interviewed, none of them read a book for the last two years. The conclusion is obvious: all young people in the country do not have the culture of reading books."

12) False Cause Fallacy

Is Committed when someone infering causal explanations from premises that do not provide sufficient evidence to it.

แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠคแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆญ Fallacy แАแ‹แข แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จFalse cause fallacy แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆ

๐Ÿ“Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy

แˆตแˆ™แŠ• แˆ›แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฅ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ณแ‰นแŠ ๐Ÿ˜‚

This fallacy is committed when we arrive at a certain conclusion by claiming that one thing is the cause of another thing Because it preceds by the time.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ "แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠฅแ‹จแˆ„แ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐ แŒฅแ‰แˆญ แ‹ถแˆฎ ๐ŸงŸแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠซแ‹ซแ‰น แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠจ3/10 แ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ˜แŒก แ‹ซ แ‹ถแˆฎ แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒ แ‹ซแˆจแŒˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ‰๐Ÿ˜" แ‹ญแˆ… post hoc...แАแ‹แข

แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ " Ever since we quit going to church, our business has been going to worse. If we start attending church our business would become good"

๐Ÿ“Non causa pro causa fallacy

๐Ÿ”–Not the cause for the cause แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แˆ†แŠ– แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ตแข

Eg1. "แŠฅแˆท แ‹ตแˆƒ แŠ“แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แŒ แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹ญ แˆจแŒแˆŸแ‰ณแˆ"๐Ÿ˜”

Eg2. "What makes Africans poor is because they are black people."

๐Ÿ“OverSimplified cause fallacy

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆฐแ‰ฑ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแข

Eg. "Don't worry; she will be all right from her abdominal sicknes. I gave her good advices"
แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ปแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆปแˆ‹แ‰ตแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠจแˆ…แˆ˜แˆŸ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ณแŒˆแŒแˆ แˆแŠญแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

13. Slippery Slope Fallacy

๐Ÿ”–is a species of negative reasoning from consequences, used where two parties are deliberating together and one warns the other not to take a contemplated action.

แˆˆแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฑแ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแข

แˆˆแˆœแˆณแˆŒ:-
Student: I do have a question, teacher.
Teacher: I will not allow you to ask me because, If I allow you to ask me, others will start asking me and as a result I will not have enough time for my lecture.
๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
JOIN :@GTutorialclass
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