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@hahuethiopia1.Maths.midexam.pdf
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Maths Mid Examโ€ผ๏ธ

๐Ÿ“ธแ‹จแŠ แˆแŠ“ (2013)แ‹จแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‰ข แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Jimma University
๐Ÿ“Bahirdar University
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#แˆˆแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ

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Matrix - All parts - Question Answers .pdf
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๐Ÿ“– for social fresh man students mathematics
๐Ÿ“– matrix
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆแ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต โ—๏ธโ—๏ธ

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logic mid exam different university.pdf
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AASTU maths mid exam


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maths-mid-แ‰€แˆˆแˆœ.pdf
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๐Ÿ“– Mathematics mid exams

๐ŸขUniversities:
โž–mizan tepi (social)
โž–40minch
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๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿ˜1
๐Ÿ’ฌ๐Ÿ’ฌ๐Ÿ’ฌ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ•œ๐Ÿ•‘๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ—จ๏ธ๐Ÿ—จ๏ธ๐Ÿ—จ๏ธ
๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ
๐——๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜ ๐—ฝ๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ฒ ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—น๐—ฝ ๐˜‚๐˜€ ๐˜๐—ผ ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ๐—น๐—ผ๐—ฝ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ถ๐˜€ ๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—น!!
๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ’Œ๐Ÿ’Œ๐Ÿ’Œ๐Ÿ’Œ๐Ÿ’Œ๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ™

๐Ÿ”‰๐Ÿ”Š๐Ÿ“ข๐Ÿ“ฃ๐Ÿ“ฏ๐Ÿ””๐Ÿ”Š๐Ÿ””
๐—ฌ๐—ผ๐˜‚ ๐—ฐ๐—ฎ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—น๐—ฝ ๐˜‚๐˜€ ๐—ผ๐—ป๐—น๐˜† ๐—ฏ๐˜† ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐˜€ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐˜€๐—ต๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป/๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐˜„๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐˜€๐—ฎ๐—ด๐—ฒ ๐—ณ๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—บ ๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฟ ๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—น ๐˜๐—ผ ๐˜†๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฟ ๐—ฐ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜€๐˜€ ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ฒ, ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐˜†๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฟ ๐—ฐ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜€๐˜€ ๐—ด๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฝ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐˜† ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜ ๐—ด๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐˜‚๐—ฝโ€ผ๏ธ


๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ป
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โœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณ๐Ÿคณโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธโœ๏ธ

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๐ŸŽˆNon-material culture consists of the words the people use or the language they speak, the beliefs they hold, values and virtues they cherish, habits they follow.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰€แ‹ แАแ‹แฆ แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ตแฃ แˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• Non-material Culture แАแ‹ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Some of the aspects of non-material culture:-

๐Ÿ“Values: are the standards by which member of a society define what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
Value (แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต) แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹๐Ÿ‘Œ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แАแ‹๐Ÿ‘Ž แ‰ฅแˆŽ Judge แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Beliefs: are basically Assumptions that refer to the acceptance that something exists or is True, especially without proof.
Beliefs (แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ/แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆแŠ– แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณ:- แˆžแŒแˆ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆแฆ

"Education is Good" แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹จAmerica Society แ‹แˆตแŒฅ basic #Value แАแ‹แข

"Grading is the best way to evaluate Students" แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แข [แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ แˆ˜แŠจแˆซ แˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆ‹แŠ•๐Ÿ˜น]

๐Ÿ™ŒแŠจแŠ” แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ! แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ

๐Ÿ“Norms: are ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular society.
"Norm" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‹ตแฃ แ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแ‰ แŠ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ แŠ แˆ แˆฐแˆžแŠ• แ‰ แˆฌ๐Ÿƒ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆจแ‹ฑ๐Ÿ”ชแฃ แ‰…แˆญแŒซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‹แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ• แˆšแ‹ซแŠจแ‰ฅแˆฉแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ Social Norm แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐Ÿ“Types of Norms (Informal)

1. Folkwaysแก are informal rules and norms that, while not offensive to violate, are expected to be followed.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ Taxi แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒซ แŠซแˆแˆˆแ‰€แ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘Ž แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆแฃ แˆ›แŠ•แˆแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆญแ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ Societyแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแˆญ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

2. Mores [แˆžแˆฌแˆต]แก are also informal rules that are not written, but, when violated, result in severe punishments and social sanction upon the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแก แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆฐแˆญแ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‹ตแˆ‰ แ‰ตแ‰€แŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘Š! แˆ…แŒ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แАแŒˆแˆญแˆ แ‰ Societyแ‹ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹˜ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแข

Mores distinguish the difference between right and wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude.

๐Ÿ“–Cultural Unity and Variations

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต Cultural Features แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ Culture แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰ [Universal], แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ [General], แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต [Particular].

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ Exogamy แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹"แˆžแŒแˆ‰ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚แˆ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“แ‹แ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ•.. แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Universality แАแ‹แข

แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ… แŒแˆญแ‹›แ‰ต แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• Culture แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹..แ‹ญแˆ„ Generality แАแ‹

แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จParticular แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆจแŠ›แ‹ แŠจแŠ•แˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠญแ‰ฅ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ•๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

แŠ แˆแ‹ฐแŠจแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแˆ›แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ๐Ÿ‘

๐Ÿ“–Evaluating Cultural Differences

1. Ethnocentrism: refers to the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of one's own group as the only right way of living and to judge others by those standards.

Ethnocentrism แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ” แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แฃ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต ...แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฃแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ†แА แŒ€แŒ… แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnocentrism is not characteristic only of complex modern societies.

By the way, Ethnocentrism แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฆ in preserving traditions of one's own culture. [แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แˆ]

แŒแŠ• แŠจแŒฅแ‰…แˆ™ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แŒ‰แ‹ฐแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŠจแ‹ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ Ethnocentric แŠ แ‰ตแˆแŠ‘!๐Ÿ˜Š

แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆ...Good Bye๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡


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๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ“šFreshman 2nd Semister Course

๐Ÿ“–Anthropology

๐Ÿ“” Chapter 2 [Continued]


2. Cultural Relativism

๐Ÿ“ŒStates that cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act, or idea has no meaning but its meaning only within its cultural setting.

แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ตแฃ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แŠจแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต Context แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠจแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆตแŠ•แŒˆแˆ˜แŒแˆ˜แ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Œ"Cultural relativism suspends judgment and views about the behavior of people from the perspective of their own culture."

แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ“แแ‰…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜Ž แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŒซแˆ› แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆตแŠ“แ‹จแ‹ แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ แˆฉแ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆจแŒ… แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แˆŠแ‹ซแˆฐแŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ› แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰… แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แˆแข Respect For cultural differences๐Ÿ˜Š

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แข Cultural Relativism แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆแŠ‘แˆ แŠ แˆ‰แข
๐Ÿ“™"Mirror for Humanity" แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแฃ แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆˆแ‰…แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆˆแ‹แข

3. Human Rights

แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆˆแ‰€แ‰ฃแˆช แˆ›แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ฅแŠ›แˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

"The idea of human rights challenges cultural relativism by invoking a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries, cultures, and religions."

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ "แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แŠจแ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ต แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข" แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒแ‹ฐแˆแฃ แ‰ฃแˆชแ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒจแ‰†แŠ• ๐Ÿ˜“แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆแŠญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ Cultural difference แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА Respect แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•?? แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆ! Humans have the right to not be murdered, injured, or enslaved or imprisoned without charge!

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ‹แ‹แ‹แŠ• Culture, Condemn แŠฅแŠ“แˆจแŒ‹แˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ปแˆ แАแ‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹แˆ แŠ แŠ•แˆแˆแข


๐Ÿ“–Culture Change

๐Ÿ“ŒWhy and how do cultures change?

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹จแАแ‹ Culture แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆฐ Modify แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแˆแฃ แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰แ‰ตแŠ• Society Culture แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ตแˆแฃ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ/แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹จแˆซแˆแข

Culture change can occur as a result of the following Mechanisms:

๐Ÿ“Diffusion: The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group is called diffusion.

'Cultural elements' แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แฃ แˆแˆ›แ‹ต (Value แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแАแ‹)แฃ แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต (Norms)...แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ Society แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆฒแˆธแŒ‹แŒˆแˆฉ แАแ‹ #Diffusion แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹แˆ Biology แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‰ณแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑแˆ๐Ÿ˜€

๐Ÿ“ŒDiffusion is direct when two cultures trade with, intermarry among, or wage war on one another.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แˆฒแŠฎแˆญแŒ…๐Ÿ˜ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Œ Diffusion is forced when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ Civilization แˆตแˆญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Society แ‹จแŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• Colonize แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แˆŠแ‰€แ‰ แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒDiffusion is indirect when items or traits move from group A to group C via group B without any firsthand contact between A and C.
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• Physics แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ณแˆ "zeroth law of thermodynamics"๐Ÿ˜ƒ๐Ÿ˜ƒ แŠจแˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต indirectly แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆ‹แŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ๐Ÿ˜‡ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แАแ‹แข

2. Acculturation

๐ŸฎIs the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑ แ‹จSociety แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต #แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แ‰ต/firsthand contact แˆฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ‘‰"This usually happens in situations of trade or colonialism."
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠจForced diffusion แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹ Continuous แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹แข

3. Invention

๐ŸฎThe process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems is a third mechanism of cultural change.

แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ invent แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆฉ แˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆณแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‰€แŒฃแŒฅแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜ แ‹ญแŠ€แ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠญแ‰ฅแˆชแ‰ตแฃ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ electric แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃแข

4. Globalization


๐Ÿฎ"Encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent."
แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แА แАแ‹แฃ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ตแˆ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹‰แ‰แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹‹แ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆŠแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข แ‹ญแŠ€แ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹จแˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ‘ Modernism แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‹แ‰ถแ‰ต...๐Ÿ˜ข

๐Ÿ“™Marriage, Family and Kinship

1โƒฃMarriage๐Ÿ‘ฐ๐Ÿคต

The term marriage is not an easy terms to define.
แŠฅแŠ› แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แŠ แŠ•แˆแˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š by the way แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ Society แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰] แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Nayar, Southern India แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆˆแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ถแฃ แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ถแฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆญแ‰ถ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚แข แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Ceremony แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆดแ‰ท๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿฆณ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แˆธแ‰ แˆ‹๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹แŠ“ แˆตแА แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠซแแˆˆแ‹ แˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แŠจแŒจแˆจแˆฑ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ซแˆ‰แฃ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠฅแˆฑแˆ แŠ แ‹ซแ‹แ‰ƒแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแˆทแˆ แŠ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰€แ‹แˆแข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแŒ แˆ‹แˆ??๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ตแˆ Society แŠ แˆˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข


๐Ÿ““Rules of Marriage

๐ŸฎSocieties also have rules that state whom one can and cannot marry.
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๐Ÿ‘2โค1
๐ŸฎThe most common form of prohibition is mating with certain type of kin that are defined by the society as being inappropriate sexual partners. These prohibitions on mating with certain categories of relatives known as incest taboos.

๐Ÿ”–"Incest taboos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆซแˆจแ‰ก แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ [Nuclear Family] แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ mother-sons, father-daughters, and brother-sisters. แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹แข แ‰ แˆแŒฃแˆชแˆ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแˆ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ตแข๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ“ŒMarriage is, therefore, a permanent legal union between a man and a woman. It is an important institution without which the society could never be sustained.
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จSocietyแ‹ แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆšแŠ“ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แข แ‹ฐแŒแˆžแˆ แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ““Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?๐Ÿค”
แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แŠ“แˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ›แŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แŒแ‰ฃ?๐Ÿ˜Š แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ… แ‹ซแˆ›แˆจแ‰ฝแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆแฃ แŠ แŠ•แ‰บแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹›แ‹แข

1. Exogamy: is the rule by which a man๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ is not allowed to marry someone๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ from his own social group.
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŠ–แˆฉ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆˆแŠญแˆ แˆ…แŒ แАแ‹แข แŠ แˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ณแˆ แˆฐแˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ตแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆแ‰…แˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŒ… แŠ แ‰ณแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ˜

In fact, there are some definite reasons for which practice of exogamy got approval.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆฎ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• (แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แŒˆแŒ แˆซแˆ› แŠ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ข) แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ Probably แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆ แˆšแŠ•แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ• Society แˆดแ‰ต แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แАแ‹ แˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆจแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒAttraction between a male and female gets lost due to close relationship in a small group.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ Adapt แŠซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ตแฅ แŠจแŒŠแ‹œ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแค แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠซแ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ถ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

2. Endogamy: A rule of endogamy requires individuals to marry within their own group and forbids them to marry outside it.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จExogamy แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ แАแ‹แข แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจSocietyแŠ แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹แŒช แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแ‰€แ‹ตแˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒReligious groups such as the Amish, Mormons, Catholics, and Jews have rules of endogamy.
๐Ÿ“ŒCastes in India and Nepal are also endogamous.

I think แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ณแ‹‹แ‰‚ แАแ‹แข แŠจแŠฅแАแˆฑ แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹แŒช แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแˆแ‰…แ‹ฑแˆแข

3. Preferential Cousin Marriage: This type of marriage is practiced in one form or another in most of the major regions of the world. There are two types:

๐Ÿ“Cross Cousin: are children of siblings of the opposite sex.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ด แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ" แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ‰๐Ÿ‘€ แ‹ฐแŒแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰กแ‰ต!

๐Ÿ“Parallel Cousins: is when marriage takes place between the children of the siblings of the same sex.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž "แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ด แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ" แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ถแŠ แ‰นแ‹‹แˆ‹ Paralle แˆฒแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ†แ‰ณ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆšแŒ‹แ‰กแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแฅ แАแŒˆแˆญ parallel แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฑ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿง” แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ๐Ÿง” แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽˆThe most common form of preferential cousin marriage is between cross cousins.
แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… Cross Cousin แАแ‹ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข

4. The Levirate and Sororate

๐Ÿ“The Liverate: is the custom where by a widow is expected to marry the brother (or some close male relative) of her dead husband.
แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ "แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿฆฑ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แˆตแ‰ณแŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข"

๐Ÿ“ The Sororate: is the custom where by a died women's husband is expected to marry a Sister (or some close female relative) of his died wife.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž "แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿง” แ‰ แˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‹ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹แŠ•แ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€" แˆฒแ‹ซแŒˆแ‰ฃ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ““Number of Spouses

แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแŒฎแŠ“ แ‹ญแŠ‘แˆจแŠ•? แˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แฅ แŠ แˆแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ› แŠฅแ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ”–Monogamy: the marriage of one man to one woman at a time.
Maths แˆ‹แ‹ญ One to One แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆซแ‰นแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ”–Polygamy: marriage of a man or woman with two or more mates. Polygamy can be of two types.

๐Ÿ“ŒPolygyny: [แ–แˆŠแŒ‚แŠ’] the marriage of a man to two or more women at a time.
๐Ÿ“ŒPolyandy: [แ–แˆŠแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ฒ] the marraige of a woman to two or more men at a time.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ซแ‹จแАแ‹ "The Sororate" แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ทแŠ• แŠซแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ตแฃ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€๐Ÿ‘ฑ แˆตแˆ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ Sororal Polygny แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ Polygamy Advantageแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ

๐Ÿ“ŒIt produces more children, who are considered valuable for future economic and poltical assets.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆฒแ‰ แ‹™ แŠจแŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠ แ‹ตแŒŽ แˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแŠ• แŠ แŒฅแŒ‹แ‰ข แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ“ŒDisAdvantageแŠกแŠ• แŠซแ‹จแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆšแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆ˜แ‰€แŠ“แŠ“แ‰ต (แŠ แŠ•แ‹ท แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆตแ‰ตแ‰€แŠ“) แˆŠแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ““Economic Consideration of Marriage

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŒŠแ‹œ แˆŠแŠ–แˆฉ แˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ญ๐Ÿ™ˆ

๐ŸฎThese may take place either before or after the marriage can be divided into three categories:

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘2
1. Bride Price
2. Bride Service
3. Dowry

1. Bride Price: แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆตแˆ™ "Bride Wealth" แАแ‹แฅ is the compensation given upon marriage by the family of the groom๐Ÿคต to the family of the bride๐Ÿ‘ฐ.
แ‹จแˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠซแˆณ [Compensation] แˆฒแˆฐแŒฅ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ‘ แŠ แแˆชแŠซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ˜Š

2. Bride Service: is when the groom works for his wife's family.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต๐Ÿ“– แ‹˜แแŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ซแ‹•แ‰†แ‰ฅ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แˆแŒ… แˆซแˆ„แˆแŠ•๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€ แˆˆแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰ฃ๐Ÿง” แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆ14 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แАแ‰ แˆญแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Bride Service แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ แˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ญแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰งแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแŒแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

3. Dowry: involves a transfer of goods or money in the opposite direction, from the bride's family to the groom's family.
แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ™แˆฝแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ฟแˆ๐Ÿ˜‚ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแฃ แˆˆแАแŒˆแˆฉ แˆˆแˆ™แˆฝแˆฎแ‰นแŠฎ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠซแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚

๐Ÿ““Post-Marital Residence

๐Ÿ”–Is where the newly married couple lives after the marriage ritual is governed by cultural rules, which are referred to as post-marital residence rule.
แŠฅแŠ”แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ด แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠ‘แˆญ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆท แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‹จแŠ” แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ๐Ÿค”
แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแ‹Ÿแ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆฉแˆ!!

๐Ÿ“ŒPatrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father.

๐Ÿ“ŒMatrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

๐Ÿ“ŒAvunculocal Residence: The married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother.

๐Ÿ“ŒAmbilocal/Bilocal Residence: The married couple has a choice of living with relatives of the wife or relatives of the husband.

๐Ÿ“ŒNeolocal Residence: The Married couple forms an independent place of residence away from the relatives of either spouse.

Alright แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆˆแŠ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แ‰‚ แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜Š Athropology แˆ›แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆแฃ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆญแ‰ตแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ A/A+ แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰นแˆ๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡


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แ‹จ12แŠ› แŠญแแˆ แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ผ แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแˆ ?

แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰…แŠ•แŠ“ แŠฉแˆจแŒƒแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แ‰ แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠชแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒฅ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆแข

แ‹จแˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆฐแŒฃแŒฅ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‰ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆแข

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹จ2014 แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠจแˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ 20 / 2015 แ‹“/แˆ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแ แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แАแŒ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แค แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‹จแˆจแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแ€ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆแข

แŠจแ‰ตแˆ‹แŠ•แ‰ต แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แˆƒแˆแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แАแˆƒแˆด แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆซแŒจแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแŠ•แŒฉ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แŠ“ แˆ€แˆฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต แ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ณแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆฉ แ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ†แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒแ‰ก แŠฅแŒˆแ‹›แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ณแŒ แŠ“แŠญแˆฉ แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แข

แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จ12แŠ› แŠญแแˆ แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แŠจแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹แŒญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒก แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แ‰ตแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰แข แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแˆ แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแˆ™ แŠจแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แˆจแŒ‹แŒแŒกแข

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1แŠ›) แˆ›แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฅ + แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ ๐Ÿ‘€

แŒแ‰ข แ‹จแ‰ฑแŠ•แˆ แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ณแАแ‰ฅ แก แˆ‹แ‹ญแ‰ฅแˆจแˆช แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‹ตแˆญ แก แˆบแˆ… แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ณแАแ‰ข แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆŒแˆˆแˆฝ แˆแ‹แ‰ตแˆฝ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฑ แАแ‹ แก แ‰ แˆˆแ‹แˆ…แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠญ แŠ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆŒแˆˆแˆ…๐Ÿ˜ฅแข แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•๐Ÿค”?

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แАแˆฑ แ‹ฒแ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แАแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• ( senior ) แ‹ญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆ‰แข

๐Ÿค” แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แАแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แŠฎแˆญแˆต แ‰ แˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แก แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆ‰ แก แŠจแ‹›แˆ แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‹แˆ‰๐Ÿ˜‰แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฐแ แ‰ฐแ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แก แ‹จ แŠญแˆ‹แˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แ‹จแ‰… แก แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰ แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แก แˆ˜แŒ แ‹จแ‰…๐Ÿ˜แข

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แก แ‹ญแŠธแŠ• part แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ฅ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก แก แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ• แ‹ซแ‹™ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• part แˆŠแŒ แ‰แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠซแˆแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ… แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‰€แˆ‹แŠ แŠจแˆ†แА แก แ‰ฐแ‰ แˆ‹แˆฝ๐Ÿ˜‚แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แˆ˜แŒ แ‹จแ‰…๐Ÿ˜‰แข

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Affirmative action ๐Ÿ˜ณ๐Ÿ˜‚แข แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แก แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ mid exam แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ chapter 1&2 แŠจแˆ†แА แก แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉ 2 แ‰ฑแŠ• chapter แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆฎ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒจแˆจแˆฐ แก แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ 3 แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ 4 แ‰€แŠ• แˆฒแ‰€แˆจแ‹ แˆˆ แˆดแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉ tutorial แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆแข แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• part แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ แก แŠจ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ฅแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆแข แŠธแˆจ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹แˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹แŠ•แˆ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ๐Ÿ™ˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จ แŠญแˆ‹แˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆดแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ตแ‹แ‰ทแ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ˜แข แ‰  tutorial class แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆฉ แ‹ซแƒแ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ–แ‰ต แก แ‹ซแˆฐแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‰  straw แˆแŒฅแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰กโ˜บ๏ธแข

๐Ÿ˜Š แ‰ แ‹šแˆ แŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆš Chemistry แАแŠญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ Medicine, pharmacy, biomedical engineering, medical laboratory, Chemical engineering, biology, Chemistry.... แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ก แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ Applied organic Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, Applied Electrochemistry....แˆตแˆˆแˆแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จ natural science แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ freshman course แˆ‹แ‹ญ General Chemistry แˆตแˆˆแˆแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แข แŠ แˆชแ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จ concept แŠ–แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แก แŠ แˆชแ แŠ แˆชแ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข แ‰ แ‰ƒ Chemistry แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ตแข

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๐Ÿ™‹โ€โ™‚ แˆ€แˆณแ‰คแŠ• แˆตแŒ แ‰€แˆแˆˆแ‹ แก แŒแ‰ข แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ปแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆแˆแข แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠ แАแแŠ“แŠ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแข แˆตแˆˆ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แŠ แ‹ˆแŒฃแŒฅ แก แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แˆแŠ• part แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆญ แก แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹ แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆ€แ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแ‹ˆแŒฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆพแˆแŠจแ‹ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‰ แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆซ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ‰แข

แŠญแแˆ 2 แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆ.........


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๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šSellale university.

๐Ÿ“š 2014 logic mid.

๐Ÿ˜ แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ตแข

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๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
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๐Ÿ”ฐTenses in the Passive Voice.
___

๐ŸŒน
Past Tenses in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple Past Passive.
S
ub + was/were + V3.

e
.g1)๐Ÿ”ป Leul killed the rat.(Active)

๐Ÿ”บThe rat was killed.(passive)

e.g2) He invited us.(active).

We were invited.(passive)

B)past continuous passive.
Su
b +was/were+being +V3.

e
.g1) Sisay was writing a letter.(Active).

A letter was being written by Sisay.(passive).

e.g2) He was inviting us.(Active).

We were being invited.(passive)

C)Past perfect passive.
Su
b + had + been + V3.

e
.g1) Leul had killed the rat.( active).

The rat had been killed by Leul.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Present Tense in the Passive Voice.

A
) Simple present passive.
Su
b + is/am/are + V3.

e
.g1) Leul kills the rat.(Active).
The rat is killed.(passive).

e.g2) He invites me.(Active
I am invited.(passive)

e.g3) He invites us.(active)
We are invited.(passive)

e.g4) Apes adore banana.(active)
Banana is adored by Apes.(passive)


B)present continuous passive.

S
ub + is/am/are + being + V3.

e
.g1) He is inviting me.(active).
I am being invited.(passive).

e.g2) He is inviting us.(active).
We are being invited.(passive).

e.g3) Sisay is writing a letter.(active).
A letter is being written.( passive).

C)present perfect passive.
Su
b + has/have + been + V3.

e
.g1) Kids has played football.( active)
Football has been played.(passive).

e.g2) He has invited them.( active).
They have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒนFuture Tense in the passive voice.

A) simple future passive.
Sub + will + be + V3.

e.g1)He will invite us.(active)
We will be invited.(passive)

B)Future perfect passive.
Sub + will + have + been + V3.

e.g1) He will have invited us.( active).

We will have been invited by him.( passive).

๐ŸŒน Modal auxiliary verb in the passive voice.

Modal auxiliary verbs แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต May, Must, Ought to, Can, Could, Might...etc แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

Sub + modal auxiliary verb + be + V3.

e.g1) She must buy some cookies.(active).
Some cookies must be bought by her.(passive).

e.g2) Corona Virus can kill humans.(active).
Humans can be killed by corona virus.(passive).

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… active voice แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จ แ‰ดแŠ•แˆต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•( tense forms) แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž rules แŠ แˆ‰ แก แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแข

Rule 1
The passive voice can be used with all tenses.However, past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous are not frequently used in the passive voice.

Rule 2
Intransitive verbs are not used in passive voice. Verbs like die, sneeze, disappear, vanish, go, sleep, sit etc are intransitive verbs.

๐Ÿ”ท Examples

โŒ The old woman was died last week.(wrong).
โœ”๏ธ The old woman died last week.(correct).

โŒ He has been disappeared. (wrong).
โœ”๏ธ He has disappeared.( correct).

Rule 3
When the subject of the active sentence is negative word like nobody, nothing and no one, the passive form will be negative.
๐Ÿ”ดExamples

Nobody knows the book.(active).
The book is not known.(passive).

No one has reached the secrets.(active).
The secrets have not been reached.

๐Ÿ“Œ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆป:-

แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ต Communicative English แŠฎแˆญแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ active แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ passive แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ active แ‰€แ‹ญแˆฉ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆžแ‰นแŠ•(forms) แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆแ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

โœ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Active voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ passive voice แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

ยฉ A+ Tutorial Class




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๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“š Communicative English Skill II.

๐Ÿ“š Unit 2 - Speculation about the Future of Science.

๐Ÿ“š Grammar- Future Tenses

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ†แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜˜โ“แ‰  แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ“แ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ present continuous or present progressive tense แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแŠ“แˆแข แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแˆˆ simple future tense แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆฉแŠ•แข แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แАแ‹ แŒแŠ•๐Ÿ˜ขโ“แŠซแˆแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ•แŒˆแˆฉแŠ๐Ÿ™แข แŠฅแˆบ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ’แ‹ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆแข


๐Ÿ“š Simple Future Tense


๐Ÿ—ณAffirmative form

Subject + will + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ญNegative form

subject + will not + verb-1

๐Ÿ“ฎQuestion form

Will + you + verb-1?

๐Ÿ™Œ แŠฅแˆบ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑ(usage) แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ”แ‹ฐแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ simple future tense แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆžแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆซแˆˆแŠ•แข Come on everybody come on๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ’ช:: แŠฅแˆบ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆญ๐Ÿ˜ข

๐ŸŽUsage

๐Ÿ“š 1) to talk about the future.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹จ simple future tense แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•แข แАแŒˆแˆญแŒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ program แŠจแ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒแŠ• simple future แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แก 'Going to' แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ present continuous แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข

โšฝ๏ธ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แАแŒˆ แŠณแˆต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แŠฅแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ณแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… program แŠซแˆแ‹ซแ‹แŠญแก

๐ŸŸ I will play football tomorrow.

๐Ÿ“š 2) to make predictions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆŠแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ รท แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆรท แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠจแˆฐแ‰ตรท แˆ‹แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ รท แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แก แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ขแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ แ‹ญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆŒแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‹ simple future แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• predict แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แแŠ•แŒญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แŠจแˆ†แА แŒแŠ• Going to แŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข แˆตแˆˆ going to แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠญแˆ‹แˆต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŒŽ แ‰  2050 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ‰ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‰ฐแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ง In the year 2050, people will live under the sea.

๐ŸŒน Example 2

แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ฅแ‰ตแАแ‰ฅแ‹ญแก

๐ŸŒ Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐Ÿ™Œ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แˆญ I think... will and I don't think....will แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ๐Ÿ˜Ž

โœ… In the year 2050, I think people will live under the sea.
โœ… I think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.

๐ŸŽฏ I don't think....will แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ negative แˆˆแˆ†แА แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ

โœ… I don't think Mekdes will win the beauty contest.(แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹จแ‰แŠ•แŒ…แŠ“ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆธแŠ•แ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠแˆแข)

๐Ÿ™ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ๐Ÿ‘‡

I don't think Mekdes will not the beauty contest. แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆแข Double Negative แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“š3) to make promise.

๐ŸŽฏ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆˆแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ… แŠ แˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆšแˆตแŒขแˆญแก แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แˆ… แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒแก simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™Š I will not tell the secret to anyone.
แŠฅแ‹šแŒ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ซแก will not แŠ แŒฅแˆฎ แˆฒแƒแ won't แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…

๐Ÿ™ŠI won't tell the secret to anyone. แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐Ÿ˜Ž แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆดแˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแˆญ 3.8 แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆ แแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆ…/แˆˆแแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆฝ แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ฃ/แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ข แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแแ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ™ I will score 3.8 in this semester. แŠ แ‰ฆ แ‹แ‹ถแ‰ผ แ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š๐Ÿ˜˜แข

๐Ÿ“š 5) used for decisions in that moment or used for instant decesions.

๐ŸŽฏ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆฐแАแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ›(แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š) แ‹แˆณแŠ”แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…แข

๐ŸŒน Example 1

๐ŸŽฏ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠซแŒ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒแŠ• sprite แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แกแก sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แŠ แˆแ‰‹แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) sprite แŠจแˆŒแˆˆ coca แˆแŒ แŒฃ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ…แก แ‰ แ‰ƒ แŠฅแˆฝ coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แŠ แˆแŠจแ‹แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ sprite แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฝ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต coca แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆตแАแˆ… แก coca แŠ แˆแŒฃแˆแŠ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ coca แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แˆแŠ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แˆˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ simple future แŠ• แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰  แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆแก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ƒแˆˆ แˆแˆแˆแˆต แ‹ญแŠธแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆแข๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

You: "Would you give me sprite, please!"

Waiter: " Sorry, we don't have any sprite."

You:" That is ok, I will have coca"

๐ŸŒน Example 2

๐ŸŽฏ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹•แ‰ƒ แŒแ‹› แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹˜แ‹˜แˆ…แข แŠจแ‹› แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‰ฅแˆฉแŠ• แŠ แŒ แ‹แŠธแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚แข แŒญแˆซแˆฝ แˆจแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆตแ‰ตแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹‹แˆแŠญแข แŠจแ‹› แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ”แ‹ต แˆตแ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฅ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‹›แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ตแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ…แข แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ต(in that moment) แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆ”แ‹ตแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแˆ… แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ•แŠญ๐Ÿฅต:: แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰…แ…แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹แˆณแŠ”แˆ…แŠ• แ‰  simple future แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšถโ€๐Ÿšถโ€ I will not go home.

๐Ÿ™Œ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแŠ•แข แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰€แŠ•๐Ÿ˜แข แАแŒˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

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ยฉ Your Sucess is guaranted with A+ Tutorial Class.

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