G-Tutorialclass
811 subscribers
2.23K photos
29 videos
1.43K files
356 links
Impossible is possible with learning & reading.
Download Telegram
Madda wolabo Geography 2014 mid exam

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
MADDA WALABO General Physics 2014 Mid exam

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
Anthropology Power point full (1).@freshexams pdf (1).pdf
7.7 MB
๐Ÿ“š Anthropology

๐Ÿ“š All chapters ppt.



โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology Course

๐Ÿ“–What is Anthropology?


๐Ÿ“It is a Subject that enables human beings to deal with themes such as culture, kinship(แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“แฃแŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ), marriage, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, humanity(แˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ต), human origins, cosmologies, race, ethnicity, ethnic relations, ethnic boundaries....

แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹ซแŠญแˆ Anthropology แŠซแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ แŠซแˆแŠ•แฃ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹จModuleแŠกแŠ• Content แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ•แ‹จแ‹แฆ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ Anthropology Freshman Course 7 Chapter แŠ แˆˆแ‹!

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Generally Focus แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แฆ

๐Ÿ“Scope of Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Branches of Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Unique features of Anthropology and
๐Ÿ“ Research methods in Anthropology


๐Ÿ“–Unit One

๐Ÿ—’Introducing Anthropology and its Subject Matter


แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… Chapter แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆˆ Anthropology แˆแŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แฃ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ™แŠ•แฃ แˆตแ‹แ‰ฑแŠ• (แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆ/Scope)แฃ แ‹จAnthropologyแŠ• SubfeildแŠฆแ‰ฝแฃ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จAnthropology แˆ˜แˆญแˆ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

๐Ÿ”–Concepts in Anthropology

๐Ÿ“The term anthropology is a compound of two Greek Words
'anthropos' and
'logos'.


"Anthropos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต 'Human being/Man kind) แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•

"Logos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต "Study/Sceince/" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

So, In General 'Anthropology means
The study or science of humankind or humanity.'


แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ Anthropology แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ต (humanity) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

DefinitionแŠกแŠ• แ‰ แŒฃแˆ Precise แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแŠ• (แŠ แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰ แŠ•) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠซแ‹จแАแ‹แฆ

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is the study of people---their origins, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever and whenever they have been found.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰นแŠ  แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แˆ˜แˆแŒ แˆญ๐Ÿฃแฃ แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ฑ๐Ÿฅแฃ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต (แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแฃ แ‰ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹..) แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹ณแˆตแˆณแˆแข

๐Ÿ“Œแ‹จAnthropology Scope แˆฐแŠ แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
It is the study of humans as a group, from its first appearance on earth to its present stage of development.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•๐Ÿ‘† แˆแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆˆแ‹ [แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ถ แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ]


๐Ÿ”–The Historical Development of Anthropology

Anthropology did not arise as a science until the 1850s. Anthropology แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ Science of Humanity แˆ˜แ‰†แŒ แˆญ แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• "The West" แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แฃ Specifically แ‹ฐแŒแˆž France๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท, Great Britain๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡บ, USA๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ and Germany๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช!

Historically Speaking, We can say that Anthropology is European discipline.

๐Ÿ“–Generally speaking, anthropology as an academic discipline was born during the 19th century, out of the intellectual atmosphere of Enlightenment, which is the eighteenth century social philosophical movement.

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Anthropology 19th Century แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฑ "Enlightment" แŠฅแŠ“ "Darwin Theory of Evolution" แАแ‰ แˆฉแข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnography  is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.
Ethnography แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ๐Ÿง”/แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ง แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒˆ Anthropologist๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ผ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ถ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ› แˆ˜แŠซแŠซแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแŠ–แˆจแฃ แŠจแŠฅแŠ› แŒ‹แˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒฃ..แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ Enthnographic research แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnology is the comparative study of two or more cultures.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแАแƒแ€แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แˆตแ‰ณแŒ แŠ‘ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• Ethnology แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“šSub-fields of anthropology

There are four major sub-fields:

๐Ÿ“Physical/Biological Anthropology
๐Ÿ“Archeology
๐Ÿ“Linguistic Anthropology ๐Ÿ“Socio-Cultural Anthropology

1โƒฃPhysical/Biological Anthropology

This branch Seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ณแˆ‹โ˜๏ธ They are also interested in how biology and culture work together to shape our lives.

It has two broad Areas of investigation:

๐Ÿ“ŒHuman evolution is the study of the gradual processes of simple forms into more differentiated structures in hominid.

แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ sub branch แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Major แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต 2 แŠ แˆ‰แข
1. Paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.
๐Ÿ”–แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž Record แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒกแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜ แˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… Evolution แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

2. Primatology is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman [gorillas, Chimpanzees] primates.

๐Ÿ“ŒHuman Genetics It focuses to examine the genetic materials of an organism such as DNA and RNA.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แ‹จแŠแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแฃ แ‰แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹แฃ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ genetic แАแŒˆแˆฉ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ†แА แАแ‹แข

2โƒฃArchaeological Anthropology

๐Ÿ”–Studies the ways of lives of past peoples by excavating and analysing the material culture/physical

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
remains (artefacts, features and eco-facts) they left behind.

Archeology แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• artefacts, features แŠฅแŠ“ eco-facts แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ—แŠ—แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰†แˆแˆญแŠ•โ›โ›๐Ÿ˜ƒ แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ”–Artefacts are material remains made and used by the past peoples and that can be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory for further analysis.
แŠ แ‹ซแ‰นแŠ  แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต Materials แˆ†แАแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ Laboratory แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐแŠ• แˆˆแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‹จแ‹ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ "Artefacts" แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ตแข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ Tools, ornaments, arrowheads, coins, and fragments of pottery

๐Ÿ”–Features are like artifacts, are made or modified by past people, but they cannot be readily carried away from the site.

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŠจArtefacts แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ "แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ณแ‰ฟแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ Lab แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แŠ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‰แˆ๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚แข"

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ ancient buildings, fireplaces, steles, and postholes(แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ตแŒ“แ‹ถแ‰ฝ)

๐Ÿ”–Eco-facts are nonartefactual, organic and environmental remains such as soil, animal bones, and plant remains that were not made or altered by humans!

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… Materials แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ‰แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• Physical remaining แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแˆแŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘†.

๐Ÿ“–The most important Subfields of Archeology๐Ÿ‘‡:

แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‹แ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‹› แŠ ๐Ÿ™ˆ แŒˆแŠ“ แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰น๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ...

๐Ÿ“Prehistoric archaeology investigates human prehistory and prehistoric cultures.
๐Ÿ‘‰PeriodแŠก แŠจแ‹›แˆฌ 6000แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ Artifacts (the first stone tools) แฆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŠจ2.5billion แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แАแ‹ Prehistory แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Historical Archeology focuses on the cultures of people who used writing and about whom historical documents have been written.
แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแŠ• แŠจ6แˆบ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แhuแแฃ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แАแ‹แข

3โƒฃLinguistic Anthropology

Studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four๐Ÿ‘‡ distinct branches or areas of research.

แŠจแˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต แŠจแ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จAnthropology Branch แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Structural /Descriptive Linguistics
Studies the structure of linguistic patterns. It examines sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words.

แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ Descriptive linguistic แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแŒแ‰ฃแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ grammaticallyแˆ แˆแ‰น แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแค แˆšแŒจแˆ˜แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ Compile แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Ethno-linguistics (cultural linguistics) examines the relationship between language and culture.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จlinguistic branch แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•๐Ÿง แฃ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•๐Ÿ—ฃแฃ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ affect แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข


๐Ÿ“Historical linguistics Focuses on the comparison and classifications of different languages to differentiate the historical links between them.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‹Š แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แŒก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Socio-linguistics: Investigates linguistic variation within a given language.
แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆจแ‹ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠ แ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ตแŒแ‰ แ‰ต Societyแฃ แ‹จแ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ accent (แ‰…แˆ‹แ„๐Ÿ˜)...แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Social life แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ Related แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณแˆˆแŠ•แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰…แˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ™ˆ

Linguistic anthropology generally focuses on the evolution of languages.

4โƒฃSocio-Cultural Anthropology

๐Ÿ“is the largest sub-fields of anthropology.

๐Ÿ“It deals with human society and culture.

Society แŠฅแŠ“ Culture แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿค”

๐Ÿ“ŒSociety(แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ) is the group of people who have similar ways of life.

๐Ÿ“ŒCulture(แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ) is a way of life of a group of people.

Socio-cultural anthropologists engage in two aspects of study.
แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ซแ‹จแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ Ethnography แŠฅแŠ“ Ethnology. แˆจแˆณแ‰นแ‰ต?? Okay แˆ‹แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแ‰ฝแˆแฆ

Ethnographyแฆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА Community, Culture แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Society แˆ‹แ‹ญ detailed แ‹จแˆ†แА Sceintific study แˆตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Ethnology แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ Culture, Society Compare แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแŠ• แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ฅแ‰ƒ!๐Ÿ˜Š
แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ Basic Features of Anthropology แŠฅแŠ“ Misconceptions about Anthropology แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• Unit 2 แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆแˆซแˆˆ

All Rights reserved


๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
1.3 Unique/Basic Features of Anthropology

๐Ÿ“ŒWhat Makes Anthropology Unique?

AnthropologyแŠ• แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ SubjectแŠฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹ แŠซแˆแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹‹แАแŠžแ‰น แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฆ
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Scope
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Approach
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Focus
๐Ÿ“ŒIts Method of Study.

1. Its Scope: Anthropology has broad Scope. It is the broad study of human kind, around the world and throughout time.

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹จแАแ‹ Anthropology แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แАแŒฅแАแ‹ (แ‹ญแˆ„ word..๐Ÿ˜‚) แ‰ฅแ‹™ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ disciplineแŠฆแ‰ฝ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข

2. Its Approach: In its approach anthropology is holistic, relativistic, and focused one.

๐Ÿ“Holistic: Holism means that an anthropologist looks at the entire context of a society when analysing any specific feature.
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ: แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Anthropologist๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ผ แˆตแˆˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰กแŠ“ แˆตแˆจแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒˆ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ตแฃ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ๐Ÿ‘‘ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข แ‹ญแˆ… แАแ‹ Holism แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“Relativistic: Anthropology แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ...แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซ แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ Context แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ†แŠ– แАแ‹แฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แАแ‹๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹๐Ÿ’โ€โ™‚ แ‰ แˆŽ Judge แŠ แ‹ซแˆจแŒแˆแข
๐Ÿ“Focused: Anthropological studies give attention to how people perceive themselves and understand their world. แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต Perspective AnthropologistแŠฆแ‰ฝ "Emic Perspective" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแŒ แˆฉแ‰ณแˆแข

3. Its Method of Study: Anthropology is highly dependent on qualitative research (quantitative แŠซแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ตแˆธแ‹ˆแ‹ฑ๐Ÿ˜Ž) to understand the meaning behind any human activity.

๐Ÿ“–Misconceptions about anthropology

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆ Anthropology แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแฃ

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is limited to the study of "primitive"๐Ÿ‘ด societies.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! Anthropology แˆตแˆˆ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต/แˆตแˆˆ แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ™แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ/แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ตแˆ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹!

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropologists only study the rural people and rural areas.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ urban Peoples แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆ urban areasแˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ [Urban Anthropology].

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is the study/analysis of fossil evidences of the proto-humans like that of Lucy/Dinkeneshe.
แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• anthropology แˆตแˆˆ human Evolution แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แŠซแˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆญแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ anthropology แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹! แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ˜แŒก miss แˆแ‰ณแˆจแŒ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ!๐Ÿ‘Œ

แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ Chapter 2 แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•!๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠซแˆˆ


All Rights Reserved!



๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆ Anthropology แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแฃ

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is limited to the study of "primitive"๐Ÿ‘ด societies.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! Anthropology แˆตแˆˆ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต/แˆตแˆˆ แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ™แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ/แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แ‰ตแˆ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹!

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropologists only study the rural people and rural areas.
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆˆ urban Peoples แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆ urban areasแˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ [Urban Anthropology].

๐Ÿ“ŒAnthropology is the study/analysis of fossil evidences of the proto-humans like that of Lucy/Dinkeneshe.
แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• anthropology แˆตแˆˆ human Evolution แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แŠซแˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆญแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ anthropology แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแˆณแ‰ฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹! แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ˜แŒก miss แˆแ‰ณแˆจแŒ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ!๐Ÿ‘Œ


UNIT TWO

Human Culture and Ties that Connect

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… Chapter แˆตแˆญ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹จแ‹ "The anthropological concept of culture and helps students to increase their understanding the role and impact of culture in human life"


๐Ÿ“What Culture is and What Culture isn't

แˆแŠ“แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต Culture แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแ‰ฃแˆ‰ "แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ" แˆแ‰ตแˆ‰แŠ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆต แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹? แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒซ๐Ÿ˜แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซแˆ!

Alright, Now let's see some best definition about Culture.

๐Ÿ“Culture is a system of learned behavior shared by and transmitted among the members of the group.

แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแฃ แŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒ‹แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แАแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Culture is a collective heritage learned by individuals and passed from one generation to another.
แ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแฃ แŠจแ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แˆฒแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‰…แˆญแ… แАแ‹แข


๐Ÿ“Characteristic Features
of Culture

1. Culture Is Learned: Culture is not transmitted genetically rather; it is acquired through the process of learning.

แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แˆแ‰ณแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‰แ‰ต แАแ‹แข

This process of acquiring culture after we born is called enculturation.
๐Ÿ”–Enculturation is specifically defined as the process by which an individual learns the rules and values of one's Culture.
"แŠขแŠ•แŠจแˆแ‰ธแˆฌแˆฝแŠ•"๐Ÿ‘Œ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆแˆ˜แ‹ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆแ‰แ‰ แ‰ต Process แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆ˜แ‹ตแฃ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆฑแŠ• แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ..

2. Culture Is Shared

แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จCulture Characteristics แ‹ญแˆ„ แАแ‹แฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ Culture Society แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต แˆแˆˆแ‰ต/แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ง แ‹จแˆšแŒ‹แˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆฐแ‹ แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ถ แ‹จแˆซแˆด แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆต๐ŸฅปแŠ“ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹๐Ÿ—ฃ แŠ แˆˆแŠ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแˆซแˆด #Culture แŠ แˆˆแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚

3. Culture is Symbolic

๐Ÿ“Œแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แˆแˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆŠแŒˆแˆˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ„แ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ดแฃ แ‰ขแŒซแฃ แ‰€แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แˆฐ แˆฐแ‹๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡น แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‰ตแŒˆแˆแ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ!

๐Ÿ“ŒSymbol is something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else.

4. Culture is All Encompassing

๐Ÿ“ŒCulture is the sum total of human creation: intellectual, technical, artistic, physical, and moral!

แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘€แฃ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ๐Ÿง แฃ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญ๐Ÿ—ฃแฃ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿš’ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆแข

5. Culture is Integrated

Cultures are not haphazard collections of customs and beliefs.
แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ…แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแˆ แ‹ซแŒฃ แ‹จแ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆดแ‰ต แ‹แ‰…แˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข [แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ›แ‹ฌ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ณแ‰น แŠ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜]

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‹™ System แŠ แˆˆแŠ  (Respiratory system, Digestive System, Reproductive...Bio แˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š) แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แАแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แŒคแАแŠ› แˆšแˆ†แАแ‹แฃ Cultureแˆ แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜ƒ:- แŠฅแˆดแ‰ฑแฃ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹แฃ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆฑ แˆแ‹ซแˆแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ Integrated แˆ†แАแ‹ แАแ‹ แŒคแАแŠ› Culture แˆšแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹แข

6. Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive

แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แŠจTechnology๐Ÿ’ป แŒ‹แˆญ Adapt แˆ›แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ (แˆ˜แˆแˆ˜แ‹ฑ) แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒ แ‰…แˆžแ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแŠญ แ‰ฅแ‹™ Side effect แŠ แˆˆแ‹แข[Maladpativeness]

Cultureแˆ แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแˆ แАแ‹ Adapt แŠซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆฒแŠ–แˆจแ‹๐Ÿ‘Œ แˆแŠ“แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ฝแŒแˆญแˆ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ[Maladpative].

7. Culture is Dynamic

๐Ÿ“ŒCulture is changing constantly as new ideas and new techniques are added as time passes modifying or changing the old ways.

แŠ แ‹จแ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ Culture แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒจแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒฃ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แˆŠแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข Static แАแ‹ แŠซแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ตแˆฐแˆ™๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚

๐Ÿ“๐”ผ๐•๐•–๐•ž๐•–๐•Ÿ๐•ฅ๐•ค/๐”ธ๐•ค๐•ก๐•–๐•”๐•ฅ๐•ค ๐• ๐•— ๐•”๐•ฆ๐•๐•ฅ๐•ฆ๐•ฃ๐•–

Two of the most basic aspects of culture are material and nonmaterial culture.

1โƒฃMaterial Culture

๐ŸŽˆMaterial culture consist of man-made objects such as tools, implements, furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams, roads..
แŠจแˆตแˆ™ แˆซแˆฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแƒแ‰…แˆญแ…แฃ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ฉแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แАแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ/Culture แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆตแŠ“ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹‹๐Ÿ˜”

๐ŸŽˆThe physical substance which has been changed and used by man.
แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแˆซแˆฑ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แŠฅแ‹จแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆจ แˆŠแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐ŸŽˆIt is referred to as Civilization.

2โƒฃNon-Material Culture

All Rights Reserved

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘2
๐ŸŽˆNon-material culture consists of the words the people use or the language they speak, the beliefs they hold, values and virtues they cherish, habits they follow.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰€แ‹ แАแ‹แฆ แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ตแฃ แˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• Non-material Culture แАแ‹ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Some of the aspects of non-material culture:-

๐Ÿ“Values: are the standards by which member of a society define what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
Value (แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต) แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹๐Ÿ‘Œ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แАแ‹๐Ÿ‘Ž แ‰ฅแˆŽ Judge แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Beliefs: are basically Assumptions that refer to the acceptance that something exists or is True, especially without proof.
Beliefs (แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ/แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆแŠ– แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณ:- แˆžแŒแˆ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆแฆ

"Education is Good" แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹จAmerica Society แ‹แˆตแŒฅ basic #Value แАแ‹แข

"Grading is the best way to evaluate Students" แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แข [แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ แˆ˜แŠจแˆซ แˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆ‹แŠ•๐Ÿ˜น]

๐Ÿ™ŒแŠจแŠ” แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ! แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ

๐Ÿ“Norms: are ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular society.
"Norm" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‹ตแฃ แ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแ‰ แŠ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ แŠ แˆ แˆฐแˆžแŠ• แ‰ แˆฌ๐Ÿƒ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆจแ‹ฑ๐Ÿ”ชแฃ แ‰…แˆญแŒซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‹แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ• แˆšแ‹ซแŠจแ‰ฅแˆฉแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ Social Norm แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜Ž

๐Ÿ“Types of Norms (Informal)

1. Folkwaysแก are informal rules and norms that, while not offensive to violate, are expected to be followed.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ Taxi แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒซ แŠซแˆแˆˆแ‰€แ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘Ž แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆแฃ แˆ›แŠ•แˆแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆญแ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ Societyแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแˆญ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

2. Mores [แˆžแˆฌแˆต]แก are also informal rules that are not written, but, when violated, result in severe punishments and social sanction upon the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแก แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆฐแˆญแ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒˆแ‹ตแˆ‰ แ‰ตแ‰€แŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘Š! แˆ…แŒ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แАแŒˆแˆญแˆ แ‰ Societyแ‹ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹˜ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแข

Mores distinguish the difference between right and wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude.

๐Ÿ“–Cultural Unity and Variations

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต Cultural Features แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ Culture แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰ [Universal], แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ [General], แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต [Particular].

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฃ Exogamy แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹"แˆžแŒแˆ‰ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚แˆ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“แ‹แ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ•.. แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Universality แАแ‹แข

แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ… แŒแˆญแ‹›แ‰ต แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• Culture แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹..แ‹ญแˆ„ Generality แАแ‹

แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จParticular แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆจแŠ›แ‹ แŠจแŠ•แˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠญแ‰ฅ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ•๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

แŠ แˆแ‹ฐแŠจแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแˆ›แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแˆ๐Ÿ‘

๐Ÿ“–Evaluating Cultural Differences

1. Ethnocentrism: refers to the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of one's own group as the only right way of living and to judge others by those standards.

Ethnocentrism แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ” แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แฃ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต ...แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฃแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ†แА แŒ€แŒ… แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒEthnocentrism is not characteristic only of complex modern societies.

By the way, Ethnocentrism แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฆ in preserving traditions of one's own culture. [แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แˆ]

แŒแŠ• แŠจแŒฅแ‰…แˆ™ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แŒ‰แ‹ฐแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŠจแ‹ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ Ethnocentric แŠ แ‰ตแˆแŠ‘!๐Ÿ˜Š

แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆ...Good Bye๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡


All Rights Reserved

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šFreshman 2nd Semister Course

๐Ÿ“–Anthropology

๐Ÿ“” Chapter 2 [Continued]


2. Cultural Relativism

๐Ÿ“ŒStates that cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act, or idea has no meaning but its meaning only within its cultural setting.

แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ตแฃ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แŠจแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต Context แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠจแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆตแŠ•แŒˆแˆ˜แŒแˆ˜แ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Œ"Cultural relativism suspends judgment and views about the behavior of people from the perspective of their own culture."

แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ“แแ‰…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜Ž แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แŒซแˆ› แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆตแŠ“แ‹จแ‹ แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ แˆฉแ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆจแŒ… แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แˆŠแ‹ซแˆฐแŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ› แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰… แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แˆแข Respect For cultural differences๐Ÿ˜Š

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แข Cultural Relativism แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆแŠ‘แˆ แŠ แˆ‰แข
๐Ÿ“™"Mirror for Humanity" แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแฃ แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆˆแ‰…แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆˆแ‹แข

3. Human Rights

แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆˆแ‰€แ‰ฃแˆช แˆ›แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ฅแŠ›แˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

"The idea of human rights challenges cultural relativism by invoking a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries, cultures, and religions."

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ "แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแฃ แŠจแ‰ตแ‹แŠแ‰ต แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข" แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒแ‹ฐแˆแฃ แ‰ฃแˆชแ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒจแ‰†แŠ• ๐Ÿ˜“แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆแŠญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ Cultural difference แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА Respect แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•?? แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆ! Humans have the right to not be murdered, injured, or enslaved or imprisoned without charge!

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ‹แ‹แ‹แŠ• Culture, Condemn แŠฅแŠ“แˆจแŒ‹แˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ปแˆ แАแ‹ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹แˆ แŠ แŠ•แˆแˆแข


๐Ÿ“–Culture Change

๐Ÿ“ŒWhy and how do cultures change?

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹จแАแ‹ Culture แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆฐ Modify แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแˆแฃ แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰แ‰ตแŠ• Society Culture แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ตแˆแฃ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ/แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹จแˆซแˆแข

Culture change can occur as a result of the following Mechanisms:

๐Ÿ“Diffusion: The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group is called diffusion.

'Cultural elements' แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹แฃ แˆแˆ›แ‹ต (Value แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแАแ‹)แฃ แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต (Norms)...แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ Society แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆฒแˆธแŒ‹แŒˆแˆฉ แАแ‹ #Diffusion แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹แˆ Biology แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‰ณแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑแˆ๐Ÿ˜€

๐Ÿ“ŒDiffusion is direct when two cultures trade with, intermarry among, or wage war on one another.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แˆฒแŠฎแˆญแŒ…๐Ÿ˜ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Œ Diffusion is forced when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ Civilization แˆตแˆญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Society แ‹จแŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• Colonize แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แˆŠแ‰€แ‰ แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒDiffusion is indirect when items or traits move from group A to group C via group B without any firsthand contact between A and C.
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• Physics แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ณแˆ "zeroth law of thermodynamics"๐Ÿ˜ƒ๐Ÿ˜ƒ แŠจแˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต indirectly แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆ‹แŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ๐Ÿ˜‡ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แАแ‹แข

2. Acculturation

๐ŸฎIs the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑ แ‹จSociety แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต #แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แ‰ต/firsthand contact แˆฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ‘‰"This usually happens in situations of trade or colonialism."
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠจForced diffusion แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹ Continuous แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹แข

3. Invention

๐ŸฎThe process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems is a third mechanism of cultural change.

แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ invent แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆฉ แˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆณแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‰€แŒฃแŒฅแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜ แ‹ญแŠ€แ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠญแ‰ฅแˆชแ‰ตแฃ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ electric แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃแข

4. Globalization


๐Ÿฎ"Encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent."
แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แА แАแ‹แฃ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ตแˆ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹‰แ‰แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹‹แ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆŠแ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข แ‹ญแŠ€แ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹จแˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ‘ Modernism แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‹แ‰ถแ‰ต...๐Ÿ˜ข

๐Ÿ“™Marriage, Family and Kinship

1โƒฃMarriage๐Ÿ‘ฐ๐Ÿคต

The term marriage is not an easy terms to define.
แŠฅแŠ› แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แŠ แŠ•แˆแˆฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š by the way แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ Society แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰] แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Nayar, Southern India แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆˆแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ถแฃ แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ถแฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆญแ‰ถ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿ™…โ€โ™‚แข แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต Ceremony แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆดแ‰ท๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿฆณ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แˆธแ‰ แˆ‹๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ตแ‹ญแ‹แŠ“ แˆตแА แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠซแแˆˆแ‹ แˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แŠจแŒจแˆจแˆฑ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ซแˆ‰แฃ แ‰ แ‰ƒ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠฅแˆฑแˆ แŠ แ‹ซแ‹แ‰ƒแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแˆทแˆ แŠ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰€แ‹แˆแข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแŒ แˆ‹แˆ??๐Ÿ˜ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ตแˆ Society แŠ แˆˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข


๐Ÿ““Rules of Marriage

๐ŸฎSocieties also have rules that state whom one can and cannot marry.
๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘2
๐ŸฎThe most common form of prohibition is mating with certain type of kin that are defined by the society as being inappropriate sexual partners. These prohibitions on mating with certain categories of relatives known as incest taboos.

๐Ÿ”–"Incest taboos" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆซแˆจแ‰ก แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ [Nuclear Family] แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ mother-sons, father-daughters, and brother-sisters. แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆ แАแ‹แข แ‰ แˆแŒฃแˆชแˆ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแˆ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ตแข๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ“ŒMarriage is, therefore, a permanent legal union between a man and a woman. It is an important institution without which the society could never be sustained.
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จSocietyแ‹ แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆšแŠ“ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แข แ‹ฐแŒแˆžแˆ แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ““Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?๐Ÿค”
แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แŠ“แˆแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ›แŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แŒแ‰ฃ?๐Ÿ˜Š แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ… แ‹ซแˆ›แˆจแ‰ฝแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆแฃ แŠ แŠ•แ‰บแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹›แ‹แข

1. Exogamy: is the rule by which a man๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ is not allowed to marry someone๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ from his own social group.
แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŠ–แˆฉ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆˆแŠญแˆ แˆ…แŒ แАแ‹แข แŠ แˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ณแˆ แˆฐแˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ตแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆแ‰…แˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŒ… แŠ แ‰ณแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ˜

In fact, there are some definite reasons for which practice of exogamy got approval.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆฎ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• (แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แŒˆแŒ แˆซแˆ› แŠ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ข) แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ Probably แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆ แˆšแŠ•แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ• Society แˆดแ‰ต แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แАแ‹ แˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆจแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“ŒAttraction between a male and female gets lost due to close relationship in a small group.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ Adapt แŠซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ตแฅ แŠจแŒŠแ‹œ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแค แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠซแ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ถ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

2. Endogamy: A rule of endogamy requires individuals to marry within their own group and forbids them to marry outside it.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จExogamy แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ แАแ‹แข แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจSocietyแŠ แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹แŒช แˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแ‰€แ‹ตแˆแข

๐Ÿ“ŒReligious groups such as the Amish, Mormons, Catholics, and Jews have rules of endogamy.
๐Ÿ“ŒCastes in India and Nepal are also endogamous.

I think แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ณแ‹‹แ‰‚ แАแ‹แข แŠจแŠฅแАแˆฑ แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹แŒช แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแˆแ‰…แ‹ฑแˆแข

3. Preferential Cousin Marriage: This type of marriage is practiced in one form or another in most of the major regions of the world. There are two types:

๐Ÿ“Cross Cousin: are children of siblings of the opposite sex.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ด แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ" แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ‰๐Ÿ‘€ แ‹ฐแŒแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰กแ‰ต!

๐Ÿ“Parallel Cousins: is when marriage takes place between the children of the siblings of the same sex.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž "แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ด แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ" แˆฒแŒ‹แ‰ก แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ถแŠ แ‰นแ‹‹แˆ‹ Paralle แˆฒแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ†แ‰ณ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆšแŒ‹แ‰กแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแฅ แАแŒˆแˆญ parallel แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฑ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿง” แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ๐Ÿง” แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŽˆThe most common form of preferential cousin marriage is between cross cousins.
แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… Cross Cousin แАแ‹ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹แข

4. The Levirate and Sororate

๐Ÿ“The Liverate: is the custom where by a widow is expected to marry the brother (or some close male relative) of her dead husband.
แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ "แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿฆฑ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แˆตแ‰ณแŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข"

๐Ÿ“ The Sororate: is the custom where by a died women's husband is expected to marry a Sister (or some close female relative) of his died wife.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž "แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ๐Ÿง” แ‰ แˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‹ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹แŠ•แ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€" แˆฒแ‹ซแŒˆแ‰ฃ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ““Number of Spouses

แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแŒฎแŠ“ แ‹ญแŠ‘แˆจแŠ•? แˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แฅ แŠ แˆแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ› แŠฅแ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ”–Monogamy: the marriage of one man to one woman at a time.
Maths แˆ‹แ‹ญ One to One แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆซแ‰นแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ”–Polygamy: marriage of a man or woman with two or more mates. Polygamy can be of two types.

๐Ÿ“ŒPolygyny: [แ–แˆŠแŒ‚แŠ’] the marriage of a man to two or more women at a time.
๐Ÿ“ŒPolyandy: [แ–แˆŠแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ฒ] the marraige of a woman to two or more men at a time.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ซแ‹จแАแ‹ "The Sororate" แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ทแŠ• แŠซแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ตแฃ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€๐Ÿ‘ฑ แˆตแˆ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ Sororal Polygny แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ Polygamy Advantageแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ™ˆ

๐Ÿ“ŒIt produces more children, who are considered valuable for future economic and poltical assets.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆฒแ‰ แ‹™ แŠจแŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠ แ‹ตแŒŽ แˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŒฅแˆฉ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแŠ• แŠ แŒฅแŒ‹แ‰ข แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ“ŒDisAdvantageแŠกแŠ• แŠซแ‹จแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆšแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆ˜แ‰€แŠ“แŠ“แ‰ต (แŠ แŠ•แ‹ท แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆตแ‰ตแ‰€แŠ“) แˆŠแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ““Economic Consideration of Marriage

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŒŠแ‹œ แˆŠแŠ–แˆฉ แˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ญ๐Ÿ™ˆ

๐ŸฎThese may take place either before or after the marriage can be divided into three categories:

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
1. Bride Price
2. Bride Service
3. Dowry

1. Bride Price: แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆตแˆ™ "Bride Wealth" แАแ‹แฅ is the compensation given upon marriage by the family of the groom๐Ÿคต to the family of the bride๐Ÿ‘ฐ.
แ‹จแˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠซแˆณ [Compensation] แˆฒแˆฐแŒฅ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ‘ แŠ แแˆชแŠซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แАแ‹แข๐Ÿ˜Š

2. Bride Service: is when the groom works for his wife's family.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต๐Ÿ“– แ‹˜แแŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ซแ‹•แ‰†แ‰ฅ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แˆแŒ… แˆซแˆ„แˆแŠ•๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™€ แˆˆแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰ฃ๐Ÿง” แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆ14 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แАแ‰ แˆญแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Bride Service แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ แˆ™แˆฝแˆซแ‹ญแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰งแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแŒแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

3. Dowry: involves a transfer of goods or money in the opposite direction, from the bride's family to the groom's family.
แ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ™แˆฝแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ฟแˆ๐Ÿ˜‚ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแฃ แˆˆแАแŒˆแˆฉ แˆˆแˆ™แˆฝแˆฎแ‰นแŠฎ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠซแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚

๐Ÿ““Post-Marital Residence

๐Ÿ”–Is where the newly married couple lives after the marriage ritual is governed by cultural rules, which are referred to as post-marital residence rule.
แŠฅแŠ”แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ด แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฃแŠ• แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠ‘แˆญ แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆท แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‹จแŠ” แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ๐Ÿค”
แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแ‹Ÿแ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆฉแˆ!!

๐Ÿ“ŒPatrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father.

๐Ÿ“ŒMatrilocal Residence: the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

๐Ÿ“ŒAvunculocal Residence: The married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother.

๐Ÿ“ŒAmbilocal/Bilocal Residence: The married couple has a choice of living with relatives of the wife or relatives of the husband.

๐Ÿ“ŒNeolocal Residence: The Married couple forms an independent place of residence away from the relatives of either spouse.

Alright แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆˆแŠ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แ‰‚ แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜Š Athropology แˆ›แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆแฃ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆญแ‰ตแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ A/A+ แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰นแˆ๐Ÿค—

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆแŠ“แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡


ยฉAll Rights Reserved!

๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
๐Ÿ“šAnthropology
[Continued....]

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆFamily

๐Ÿ“ŒThe term โ€˜Familyโ€™ has been derived from the Roman word โ€˜Famulusโ€™ which means a servant. In Roman law the word refers to the group of producers and slaves and servants and members of common descent. 

๐Ÿ“Œis the most permanent and most pervasive of all social institutions.

๐Ÿ“ŒCultural anthropologists have identified two fundamentally different types of family structure.

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family
๐Ÿ“The extended family

1. The Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is generally defined as a family group made up of only a father, mother, and children, whether they are biological or adopted.
แ‹ญแˆ„ Nuclear family แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ "Core members of the family" แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป๐Ÿ‘† แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แАแ‹แฅ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แАแ‹ แˆตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

Some Characterstics of Nuclear family:
๐Ÿ“Within a nuclear family is the union between a mother and a father.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแŒ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แАแ‹แข Monogamous แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ Nuclear family แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข [แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จResponsibility แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠ แˆˆ๐Ÿ‘Œ]

๐Ÿ“The nuclear family is impermanent because at some point the children of that family stop living with their parents.
แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ แŒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• Family แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ณแˆ‰๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿ•บแข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ Nuclear family Temporary แАแ‹แข Parents are not actively involved in mate selection for their children. แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ณแˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ„ Family แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ?๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

2. Extended families: Consist of two or more families that are linked by blood ties.

๐Ÿ“ŒIn the case of a patrilineal extended family, the young couple takes up residence in the homestead of the husband's father and continues to work with his father.

๐Ÿ“ŒWhen a woman marries into an extended family, she most often comes under the control of her mother-in-law.

๐Ÿ“–Functions Marriage and Family

๐Ÿ“Biological Function: The institution of marriage and family serves biological (sexual and reproductive) function.
แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆตแˆซ แˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ผแˆต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแˆแˆˆแ‹๐Ÿ˜‚) แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ‘แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Economic Function: Marriage brings economic co-operation between men and women and ensure survival of individuals in a society.
แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก Economicallyแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆซแˆแข๐Ÿ˜‡

Social Function, Educational and Socialization Function, etc


๐Ÿ“šKINSHIP [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“]

๐Ÿ”–A kinship system is neither a social group nor does it correspond to organized aggregation of individuals. It is a structured system of relationships where individuals are bound together by complex interlocking and ramifying ties.
Kinship [แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“] แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ "แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ…"๐Ÿ˜‚ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ Kinship แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–Family in which he (The Person) was born and reared is called "Family of orientation".
๐Ÿ”–Family to which he (The Person) establishes relation through marriage is called "Family of Procreation".

โ•แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ•๐Ÿ‘†แ‹ซแ‹™แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แข

The relationship based on blood ties [แ‰ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต] is called "Consanguineous Kinship" and the relatives [แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰น] of this kind is called "Consanguineous kin".

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต / แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ แ‹› (Reproduction) แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ฃแˆ‰แฅ This Kind of Bond, Which arises out of a Socially or legally defined Marital relationship, is Called a "Final Relationship" and The Relatives are Called "Final Kin".

๐Ÿ“šDescent

Refers to the social recognition of the biological relationship that exists between the individuals.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแŒฎแŠ›แˆžแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแŠ“ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘จโ€โค๏ธโ€๐Ÿ‘จ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹แˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ 'แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆญ'๐Ÿ˜ƒ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆŠแ‰ฐแˆจแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

There are three important rules of decent are follows:

1. Patrilineal Descent: is When descent is traced solely through the male line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแˆ›แŠ•แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ฑ๐Ÿ‘ฑโ€โ™‚ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ตแฃ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰€แŒ แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แˆแŒ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹ Patrilineal Descent แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แˆซแ‹แข

2. Matrilineal Descent: is When the descent is traced solely through the female line.
แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ท แˆแŒ… แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แАแ‹แข

3. Cognatic Descent: Here there is no fixed rule to trace the succession and inheritance
๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutori
๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘†
๐—ฎ๐—ป๐˜๐—ต๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ฝ๐—ผ๐—น๐—ผ๐—ด๐˜† ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐˜„. ๐—•๐—ฒ๐—ฑ๐—ด๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ ๐—ฏ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—บ๐—ฏ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฏ๐—ฏ๐˜‚๐˜


๐—œ๐˜'๐˜€ ๐—”๐—ป๐˜๐—ต๐—ผ๐—น๐—ผ๐—ด๐˜† ๐—ฅ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ ๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ถ๐—น.
๐—œ๐—ณ ๐˜†๐—ผ๐˜‚ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ถ๐˜€ ๐—ผ๐—ป๐—ฒ ๐˜†๐—ผ๐ฎ ๐—ฑ๐—ผ๐—ป'๐˜ ๐—ต๐—ฎ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐˜† ๐—บ๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ
๐ˆ๐ญ'๐ฌ ๐„๐ง๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก!



๐ŸŽ–๐Ÿ“–๐ŸŽ–
โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”โ”
๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
JOIN :@GTutorialclass
โ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌโ–ฌ
Thermodynamics concepts.pptx
1.4 MB
๐Ÿ“šแˆˆ Electrical แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ•

๐Ÿ“–แˆแˆญแŒฅ แŠ แŒ‹แ‹ฅ แˆ˜แŒปแˆ…แแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ modules
แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข


โ•๐—๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
@GTutorialclass
@GTutori